Advanced search
Publication Cover
Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs Volume 14, 2005 - Issue 2
Submit an article Journal homepage
57
Views
29
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Future prospects of anticytokine therapy in chronic heart failure

Stephan von Haehling Imperial College School of Medicine, Department of Clinical Cardiology, National Heart & Lung Institute, Dovehouse Street, London, SW3 6LY, UK. [email protected]
&
Stefan D Anker Charité Medical School, Division of Applied Cachexia Research, Department of Cardiology, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany
Pages 163-176 | Published online: 22 Apr 2005

Bibliography

  • ANKER SD, VON HAEHLING S: mediators in chronic heart failure: an overview. Heart (2004) 90:464–470.
  • •Up-to-date overview that covers almost all inflammatory aspects of CHE
  • MANN DL: Recent insights into the role of tumor necrosis factor in the failing heart. Heart Fail. Rev (2001) 6:71–80.
  • KRIEGLER M, PEREZ C, DEFAY K, ALBERT I, LU SD: A novel form of TNF/cachectin is a cell surface cytotoxic transmembrane protein: ramifications for the complex physiology of TNE Cell (1988) 53:45–53.
  • BEUTLER B, VAN HUFFEL C: Unraveling function in the TNF ligand and receptor families. Science (1994) 264:667–668.
  • VON HAEHLING S, JANKOWSKA EA, ANKER SD: Tumour necrosis factor-a and the failing heart: pathophysiology and therapeutic implications. Basic Res. Cardiol (2004) 99:18–28.
  • HELLER RA, SONG K, FAN N, CHANG DJ: The p70 tumor necrosis factor receptor mediates cytotoxicity. Cell (1992) 70:47–56.
  • SETA Y, SHAN K, BOZKURT B, ORAL H, MANN DL: Basic mechanisms in heart failure: the cytokine hypothesis. J. Card. Fail. (1996) 2:243–249.
  • BOZKURT B, KRIBBS SB, CLUBB FJ Jr et al.: Pathophysiologically relevant concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-a promote progressive left ventricular dysfunction and remodeling in rats. Circulation (1998) 97:1382–1391.
  • PAGANI FD, BAKER LS, HSI C, M, FINK MP, VISNER MS: Left ventricular systolic and diastolic dysfunction after infusion of tumor necrosis-a in conscious dogs. J. Clin. Invest. (1992) 90:389–398.
  • KROWN KA, PAGE MT, NGUYEN C et al.: Tumor necrosis factor a-induced apoptosis in cardiac myocytes. Involvement of the sphingolipid signaling cascade in cardiac cell death. Clin. Invest. (1996) 98:2854–2865.
  • ANKER SD, CHUA TP, PONIKOWSKI P et al.: Hormonal changes and catabolic/anabolic imbalance in chronic heart failure and their importance for cardiac cachexia. Circulation (1997) 96:526–534.
  • ANKER SD, VOLTERRANI M, EGERER KR et al.: Tumour necrosis factor-a as a predictor of impaired peak leg blood flow in patients with chronic heart failure. Q/M(1998) 91:199–203.
  • LEYVA F, ANKER SD, GODSLAND IF et al.: Uric acid in chronic heart failure: a marker of chronic inflammation.. Heart J. (1998) 19: 1814-1822.
  • MANN DL: Inflammatory mediators and the failing heart: past, present, and the foreseeable future. Circ. Res. (2002) 91:988–998.
  • ••Up-to-date overview of the role of pro-inflammatory mediators in CHF and possible therapeutic interventions.
  • FERRARI R, BACHETTI T, R et al: Tumor necrosis factor soluble receptors in patients with various degrees of congestive heart failure. Circulation (1995) 92:1479–1486.
  • RAUCHHAUS M, DOEHNER W, FRANCIS DP et al: Plasma cytokine parameters and mortality in patients with chronic heart failure. Circulation (2000) 19(102)3060–3067.
  • DESWAL A, PETERSEN NJ, FELDMANAM, YOUNG JB, BG, MANN DL: Cytokines and cytokine receptors in advanced heart failure: an analysis of the cytokine database from Vesnarinone trial (VEST). Circulation (2001) 103:2055–2059.
  • MATSUMORI A, YAMADA T, H, MATOBA Y, SASAYAMA S: Increased circulating cytokines in patients with myocarditis and cardiomyopathy. BE Heart' (1994) 72:561–566.
  • TSUTAMOTO T, HISANAGA T, WADA A et al: Interleukin-6 spillover in the peripheral circulation increases with the severity of heart failure, and the high plasma level of interleukin-6 is an important prognostic predictor in patients with congestive heart failure. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol (1998) 31:391–398.
  • ANKER SD, EGERER KR, VOLK HD, KOX WJ, POOLE-WILSON PA, COATS AJ: Elevated soluble CD14 receptors and altered cytokines in chronic heart failure. Am. Cardiol (1997) 79:1426–1430.
  • GENTH-ZOTZ S, VON HAEHLING S, BOLGER AP et al.: Pathophysiologic quantities of endotoxin-induced tumor necrosis factor-a release in whole blood from patients with chronic heart failure. Am. J. Cardiol (2002) 90:1226–1230.
  • NIEBAUER J, VOLK HD, KEMP M et al.: Endotoxin and immune activation in chronic heart failure: a prospective cohort study. Lancet (1999) 353:1838–1842.
  • •The first publication to show elevated levels of LPS in the circulation of CHF patients.
  • MANN DL, McMURRAY JJ, PACKER M et al.: Targeted anticytokine therapy in patients with chronic heart failure: results of the Randomized Etanercept Worldwide Evaluation (RENEWAL). Circulation (2004) 109:1594–1602.
  • •The original publication to show the disappointing results of etanercept use in CHE
  • DESWAL A, BOZKURT B, SETA Y et al: and efficacy of a soluble P75 tumornecrosis factor receptor (Enbrel, etanercept) patients with advanced heart failure. Circulation (1999) 99:3224–3226.
  • ANKER SD, COATS AJ: How to RECOVER from RENAISSANCE? The significance of the results of RECOVER, RENAISSANCE, RENEWAL and ATTACH. Int. Cardiol (2002) 86:123–130.
  • •A critical summary of the etanercept and inflizimab studies in CHE
  • KLEIN B, BRAILLY H: Cytokine-binding proteins: stimulating antagonists. Immunol Today (1995) 16:216–220.
  • SUFFREDINI AF, REDA D, BANKS SM, TROPEA M, AGOSTI JM, MILLER R: Effects of recombinant dimeric TNF receptor on human inflammatory responses following intravenous endotoxin administration. Immunol (1995) 155:5038–5045.
  • CHUNG ES, PACKER M, LO KH, FASANMADE AA, WILLERSON JT: Anti-TNF therapy against congestive heart failure investigators: randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, pilot trial of infliximab, a chimeric monoclonal antibody to tumor necrosis factor-a, in patients with moderate-to-severe heart failure: results of the Anti-TNF Therapy Against Congestive Heart Failure (ATTACH) trial. Circulation (2003) 107:3133–3140.
  • •The original publication to show the disappointing results of inflizimab use in CHF.
  • TORRE-AMIONE G, KAPADIA S, LEE Jet al.: Tumor necrosis factor-a and tumor necrosis factor receptors in the failing human heart. Circulation (1996) 93:704–711.
  • TRIANTAFILOU M, K: Lipopolysaccharide recognition: CD14, TLRs and the LPS-activation cluster. Trends Immunol (2002) 23:301–304.
  • DA SILVA CORREIA J, SOLDAU K, CHRISTEN U, TOBIAS PS, ULEVITCH RJ: Lipopolysaccharide is in close proximity to each of the proteins in its membrane receptor complex. transfer from CD14 to TLR4 and MD-2. .j Biol. Chem. (2001) 276:21129–21135.
  • SHIMAZU R, AKASHI S, OGATA H et al.: MD-2, a molecule that confers lipopolysaccharide responsiveness on Toll-like receptor 4. J. Exp. Med. (1999) 189:1777–1782.
  • TRIANTAFILOU K, M, DEDRICK RL: CD14-independent LPS receptor cluster. Nat. Immun.ol (2001) 2:338–345.
  • TRIANTAFILOU M, K: Heat-shock protein 70 and heat-shock protein 90 associate with Toll-like receptor 4 in response to bacterial lipopolysaccharide. Biochem. Soc. Trans. (2004) 32(Pt 4):636–639.
  • GENTH-ZOTZ S, BOLGER AP, PR et al: Heat shock protein 70 in patients with chronic heart failure: relation to disease severity and survival. Int. J. Cardiol (2004) 96:397–401.
  • AXTELLE T, PRIBBLE J: IC14, a CD14 specific monoclonal antibody, is a potential treatment for patients with severe sepsis. Endotoxin Res. (2001) 7:310–314.
  • VERBON A, DEKKERS PE, HOVE T et al: IC14, an anti-CD14 antibody, inhibits endotoxin-mediated symptoms and inflammatory responses in humans. J. Immunol (2001) 166:3599–3605.
  • REINHART K, GLUCK T, J et al: CD14 receptor occupancy in severe sepsis: results of a Phase I clinical trial with a recombinant chimeric CD14 monoclonal antibody (IC14). Grit. Care Med. (2004) 32:1100–1108.
  • GENTH-ZOTZ S, VON HAEHLING S, SHARMA R, BOLGER AP, RAUCHHAUS M, ANKER SD: Cytokine production of isolated mononuclear cells and whole blood in patients with chronic heart failure: studies using low doses of endotoxin and a CD14 antibody. J. Card. Fail. (2002) 8:S31.
  • RAUCHHAUS M, CLARK AL, DOEHNER W et al: The relationship between cholesterol and survival in patients with chronic heart failure. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol (2003) 42:1933–1940.
  • ••A demonstration of the relationshipbetween high cholesterol and improved survival in CHF patients.
  • HORWICH TB, HAMILTON MA, MacLELLAN WR, FONAROW GC: Low serum total cholesterol is associated with marked increase in mortality in advanced heart failure. Card. Fail. (2002) 8:216–224.
  • SHARMA R, VON HAEHLING S, BOLGER AP et al: Whole blood endotoxin responsiveness in patients with chronic heart failure: the importance of serum lipoproteins. Eur. J. Heart. Fail. (2004) (In Press).
  • RAUCHHAUS M, COATS AJ, SD: The endotoxin-lipoprotein hypothesis. Lancet (2000) 356:930–933.
  • EMANCIPATOR K, CSAKO G, ELIN RJ:In vitro inactivation of bacterial endotoxin by human lipoproteins and apolipoproteins. Infect. Immun. (1992) 60:596–601.
  • MANOCHA S, FEINSTEIN D, KUMAR A, KUMAR A: Novel therapies for sepsis: antiendotoxin therapies. Expert Opin. Investig. Drugs (2002) 11:1795–1812.
  • ENDO A, TSUJITA Y, KURODA M, TANZAWA K: Inhibition of cholesterol synthesis in vitro and in vivo by ML-236A and ML-236B, competitive inhibitors of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase. Eur. I Biochem. (1977) 77:31–36.
  • ROBERTS WC: The rule of 5 and the rule of 7 in lipid-lowering by statin drugs. Am. J. Cardiol (1997) 82:106–107.
  • SCHWARTZ GG, OLSSON AG, EZEKOWITZ MD et al.: Effects of atorvastatin on early recurrent ischemic events in acute coronary syndromes: the MIRACL study: a randomised controlled trial. JAMA (2001) 285:1711–1718.
  • VAUGHAN CJ, GOTTO AM, CT: The evolving role of statins in the management of atherosclerosis. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol (2000) 35:1–10.
  • RIDKER PM, RIFAI N, PFEFFER MA, SACKS F, BRAUNWALD E: Long-term effects of pravastatin on plasma-concentrations of C-reactive protein. Circulation (1999) 100:230–235.
  • •One of the first papers to show an association between CRP reduction and the use of statins.
  • MUSIAL J, UNDAS A, GAJEWSKI P, M, SYDOR W, A: Anti-inflammatory effects of simvastatin in subjects with hypercholesterolemia. Int. J. Cardiol (2001) 77:247–253.
  • ALBERT MA, DANIELSON E, RIFAI N, RIDKER PM; PRINCE INVESTIGATORS: Effect of statin therapy on C-reactive protein levels: the pravastatin inflammation/CRP evaluation (PRINCE): a randomized trial and cohort study. JAMA (2001) 286:64–70.
  • YEH ET: CRP as a mediator of disease. Circulation (2004) 109\(Suppl. 1) :II 1 1–1114.
  • PASCERI V, WILLERSON JT, YEH ETH: Direct proinflammatory effect of C-reactive on human endothelial cells. Circulation (2000) 102:2165–2168.
  • PASCERI V, CHANG JS, JT et at. Modulation of C-reactive protein-mediated monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 induction in human endothelial cells by anti-atherosclerosis drugs. Circulation (2001) 103:2531–2534.
  • PAHAN K, SHEIKH FG, NAMBOODIRI AM, SINGH I: Lovastatin and phenyl-acetate inhibit the induction of nitric oxide synthase and cytokines in rat primary astrocytes, microglia, and macrophages. J. Chit. Invest. (1997) 100:2671–2679.
  • WEITZ-SCHMIDT G, K, BRINKMANN V et al: Statins selectively inhibit leukocyte function antigen-1 by binding to a novel regulatory integrin site. Nat. Med. (2001) 7:687–692.
  • PRUEFER D, MAKOWSKI J, SCHNELL M et al: Simvastatin inhibits inflammatory properties of Staphylococcus aureus a-toxin. Circulation (2002) 106:2104–2110.
  • VON HAEHLING S, ANKER SD, BASSENGE E: Statins and the role of nitric oxide in chronic heart failure. Heart Fail. Rev (2003) 8:99–106.
  • HECKER M, MULSCH A, E, FORSTERMANN U, BUSSE R: Subcellular localization and characterization of nitric oxide synthase(s) in endothelial cells: physiological implications. Biochem../. (1994) 299:247–252.
  • FERON O, DESSY C, MONIOTTE S, DESAGER JP, BALLIGAND JL: Hypercholesterolemia decreases nitric oxide production by promoting the interaction of caveolin and endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Clia Invest. (1999) 103:897–905.
  • FERON O, DESSY C, DESAGER JP, BALLIGAND JL: Hydroxy-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase inhibition promotes endothelial nitric oxide synthase activation through a decrease in caveolin abundance. Circulation (2001) 103:113–118.
  • PELAT M, DESSY C, MASSION P, DESAGER JP, FERON O, JL: Rosuvastatin decreases caveolin-1 and improves nitric oxide-dependent heart rate and blood pressure variability in apolipoprotein E / mice in vivo. Circulation (2003) 107:2480–2486.
  • LAUFS U, FATA VL, PLUTZKY J, LIAO JK: Upregulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase by HMG CoA reductase inhibitors. Circulation (1998) 97:1129–1135.
  • KAESEMEYER WH, CALDWELL RB, HUANG J, CALDWELL RW: Pravastatin sodium activates endothelial nitric oxide synthase independent of its cholesterol-lowering actions. J. Am. Coll Cardiol. (1999) 33:234–241.
  • WASSMANN S, LAUFS U, MULLER K eta].: Cellular antioxidant effects of atorvastatin in vitro and in vivo. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. (2002) 22:300–305.
  • VECCHIONE C, BRANDES RP: Withdrawal of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme a reductase inhibitors elicits oxidative stress and induces endothelial dysfunction in mice. Circ. Res. (2002) 91:173–179.
  • VON HAEHLING S, ANKER SD: Statins for heart failure: at the crossroads between cholesterol reduction and pleiotropism? Heart (2005) 91:1–2
  • FADOK VA, BRATTON DL, KONOWAL A, FREED PW, WESTCOTT JY, HENS ON PM: Macrophages that have ingested apoptotic cells in vitro inhibit proinflammatory cytokine production through autocrine/paracrine mechanisms involving TGF-13, PGE2, and PAE I Clin. Invest. (1998) 101:890–898.
  • TORRE-AMIONE G, SESTIER F, RADOVANCEVIC B, YOUNG J: Effects of a novel immune modulation therapy in patients with advanced chronic heart failure: results of a randomized, controlled, Phase II trial. J. Am. Coll Cardiol. (2004) 44:1181–1186.
  • ••A Phase II study showing the benefits ofImmune modulation therapy in CHE
  • FADOK VA, BRATTON DL, KONOWAL A, FREED PW, WESTCOTT JY, HENS ON PM: Macrophages that have ingested apoptotic cells in vitro inhibit proinflammatory cytokine production through autocrine/paracrine mechanisms involving TGF-13, PGE2, and PAE j Chit. Invest. (1998) 101:890–898.
  • VOLL RE, HERRMANN M, ROTH EA, STACH C, KALDEN JR, GIRKONTAITE I: Immunosuppressive effects of apoptotic cells. Nature (1997) 390:350–351.
  • GALLUCCI S, LOLKEMA M, MATZINGER P: Natural adjuvants: endogenous activators of dendritic cells. Nat. Med. (1999) 5:1249–1255.
  • JONULEIT H, SCHMITT E, SCHULER G, KNOP J, ENK AH: Induction of interleukin 10-producing, nonproliferating CD40 T cells with regulatory properties by repetitive stimulation with allogeneic immature human dendritic cells. J. Exp. Med. (2000) 192:1213–1322.
  • WARD A, CLISSOLD SP: Pentoxifylline. A review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties, and its therapeutic efficacy. Drugs (1987) 34:50–97.
  • ZABEL P, SCHADE FU, SCHLAAK M: Inhibition of endogenous TNF formation by pentoxifylline. Immunobiology (1993) 187:447–463.
  • SLIWA K, WOODIWISS A, KONE VN et al.: Therapy of ischemic cardiomyopathy with the immunomodulating agent pentoxifylline: results of a randomized study. Circulation (2004) 109:750–755.
  • SKUDICKY D, BERGEMANN A, SLIWA K, CANDY G, SARELI P: Beneficial effects of pentoxifylline in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy treated with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and carvedilol: results of a randomized study. Circulation (2001) 103:1083–1088.
  • SLIWA K, SKUDICKY D, CANDY G, WISENBAUGH T, SARELI P: Randomised investigation of effects of pentoxifylline on left-ventricular performance in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Lancet (1998) 351:1091–1093.
  • BAHRMANN P, HENGST UM, RICHARTZ BM, FIGULLA HR: Pentoxifylline in ischemic, hypertensive and idiopathic-dilated cardiomyopathy: effects on left-ventricular function, inflammatory cytokines and symptoms. Eur. J. Heart Fail. (2004) 6:195–201.
  • ANKER SD, COATS AJ: Cardiac cachexia:a syndrome with impaired survival and immune and neuroendocrine activation. Chest (1999) 115:836–847.
  • EXNER DV, DRIES DL, MJ, COHN JN: Lesser response to angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor therapy in black as compared with white patients with left ventricular dysfunction. N Engl. I Med. (2001) 344:1351–1357.
  • TAYLOR AL, ZIESCHE S, YANCY C et al.: Combination of isosorbide dinitrate and hydralazine in blacks with heart failure. N Engl. J. Med. (2004) 351:2049–2057.
  • KUNZ W: NPhthalyl-glutaminsaure-imid. Arzneimittelforschung (1956) 6:426–430.
  • ERIKSSON T, BJORKMAN S, HOGLUND P: Clinical pharmacology of thalidomide. Eur. I Clia Pharmacol (2001) 57:365–376.
  • DAVEY PP, ASHRAFIAN H: New therapies for heart failure: is thalidomide the answer? QIM (2000) 93:305–311.
  • SAMPAIO EP, SARNO EN, GALILLY R, COHN ZA, KAPLAN G: Thalidomide selectively inhibits tumor necrosis factor production by stimulated human monocytes. J. Exp. Med. (1991) 173:699–703.
  • MULLER GW, CHEN R, HUANG SY et al.: Amino-substituted thalidomide analogs: potent inhibitors of TNF-a production. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett (1999) 9:1625–1630.
  • MOREIRA AL, SAMPAIO EP, ZMUIDZINAS A, FRINDT P, SMITH KA, KAPLAN G: Thalidomide exerts its inhibitory action on tumor necrosis factor by enhancing mRNA degradation. J. Exp. Med. (1993) 177:1675–1680.
  • VON HAEHLING S, GENTH-ZOTZ S, ANKER SD, VOLK HD: Cachexia: a therapeutic approach beyond cytokine antagonism. Int. J. Cardiol (2002) 85:173–183.
  • GULLESTAD L, SEMB AG, HOLT E et al: Effect of thalidomide in patients with chronic heart failure. Am. Heart J. (2002) 144:847–850.
  • AGOSTON I, DIBBS ZI, WANG F et al:Preclinical and clinical assessment of the safety and potential efficacy of thalidomide in heart failure. J. Card. Fail. (2002) 8:306–314.
  • WAGNER DR, COMBES A, MCTIERNAN C, SANDERS VJ, LEMSTER B, FELDMAN AM: Adenosine inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced cardiac expression of tumor necrosis factor-a. Circ. Res. (1998) 82:47–56.
  • MATSUMORI A, ONO K, NISHIO R, NOSE Y, SASAYAMA S: Amiodarone inhibits production of tumor necrosis factor-a by human mononuclear cells: a mechanism for its effect in heart failure. Circulation (1997) 96:1386–1389.
  • MATSUMORI A, ONO K, NISHIO R et al.: Modulation of cytokine production and protection against lethal endotoxemia by the cardiac glycoside ouabain. Circulation (1997) 96:1501–1506.
  • KAMBAYASHI T, MAZUREK N, JACOB CO, WEI N, FONG M, STRASSMANN G: Vesnarinone is a selective inhibitor of macrophage TNRalpha) release. hit. J. Immunopharmacol (1996) 18:371–378.
  • MATSUMORI A, SHIOI T, YAMADA T, MATSUI S, SASAYAMA S: Vesnarinone, a new inotropic agent, inhibits cytokine production by stimulated human blood from patients with heart failure. Circulation (1994) 89:955–958.
  • ORAL H, FISHER SG, FAY WP, SINGH SN, FLETCHER RD, F: Effects of amiodarone on tumor necrosis factor-a levels in congestive heart failure secondary to ischemic or idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Am. J. Cardiol (1999) 83:388–391.
  • DES WAL A, PETERSEN NJ, AM, WHITE BG, DL: Effects of vesnarinone on peripheral circulating levels of cytokines and cytokine receptors in patients with heart failure: a report from the Vesnarinone Trial. Chest (2001) 120:453–459.
  • ADAMOPOULOS S, PARISSIS J, KARATZAS D et al: Physical training modulates proinflammatory cytokines and the soluble Fas/soluble Fas ligand system in patients with chronic heart failure. J. Am. Coll Cardiol (2002) 39:653–663.
  • GIELEN S, ADAMS V,-WINKLER S et al: Anti-inflammatory effects of exercise training in the skeletal muscle of patients with chronic heart failure. J. Am. Coll Cardiol (2003) 42:861–868.
  • BOLGER AP, SHARMA R, HAEHLING S et al: Effect of interleukin-10 on the production of tumor necrosis factor-a by peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with chronic heart failure. Am. J. Cardiol (2002) 90:384–389.
  • VON HAEHLING S, GENTH-ZOTZ S, BOLGER AP et al.: Effect of noradrenaline and isoproterenol on lipopolysaccharide-induced tumor necrosis factor-a production whole blood from patients with chronic heart failure and the role of 0-adrenergic receptors. Am. J. Cardiol (2005) (In Press).
  • ANKER SD: Catecholamine levels and treatment in chronic heart failure. Eur. Heart.! (1998) 19(Suppl. F):F56–F61.
  • ADAMOPOULOS S, PARISSIS JT, PARASKEVAIDIS I et al: Effects of growth hormone on circulating cytokine network, and left ventricular contractile performance and geometry in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Eur. Heart J. (2003) 24:2186–2196.
  • CICOIRA M, KALRA PR, ANKER SD: Growth hormone resistance in chronic heart failure and its therapeutic implications. J. Card. Fail. (2003) 9:219–226.
  • MADHUSUDAN S, FOSTER M, MUTHURAMALINGAM SR et al: A Phase II study of etanercept (Enbrefl, a tumor necrosis factor alpha inhibitor in patients with metastatic breast cancer. Clin. Cancer Res. (2004) 10:6528–6534.
  • MENON KV, STADHEIM L, PS et al.: A pilot study of the safety and tolerability of etanercept in patients with alcoholic hepatitis. Am. J. Castroenterol (2004) 99:255–260.

Websites

  • hap://www.crestoninfo/index.asp?did=3461 &aid=23571&11=6 &12=0&ch=Press+ releases" press releases.
  • http://www.incirculation.net/whatswhat/inde x.asp?did=11093&aid=30102 GISSI-HF information page.
  • hap://www.news-medical.net/?id=2916 News-Medical article on immune modulation therapy.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Order Reprints Request Corporate Permissions

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

Request Academic Permissions

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.

Related research

People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read.

Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine.

Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.
Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab.