Bibliography
- PANT A, LOT AG, MURA M, MARCEDDU T, LA COLLA P, MARONGIU ME: Targeting HIV: old and new players. Curr. Drug Targets Infect. Disord. (2002) 2:17–32.
- MILLER MD, HAZUDA DJ: New antiretroviral agents: looking beyond protease and reverse transcriptase. Curr. Opin. Microbial. (2001) 4:535–539.
- MOORE JP, STEVENSON M: New targets for inhibitors of HIV-1 replication. Nat. Rev Mot. Cell Biol. (2000) 1:40–49.
- FUNG HB, GUO Y: Enfuvirtide: a fusion inhibitor for the treatment of HIV infection. Clin. Ther. (2004) 26:352–378.
- STEPHENSON J: The art of HAART':researchers probe the potential and limits of aggressive HIV treatments. JAMA (1997) 277:614–616.
- KLEIN MB, WILLEMOT P, MURPHY T, LALONDE RG: The impact of initial highly active antiretroviral therapy on future treatment sequences in HIV infection. AIDS (2004) 18:1895–1904.
- LUCAS GM, CHAISSON RE, MOORE RD: Highly active antiretroviral therapy in a large urban clinic: risk factors for virologic failure and adverse drug reactions. Ann. Intern. Med. (1999) 131:81–87.
- LEE K-H: Current developments in the discovery and design of new drug candidates from plant natural product leads. J. Nat. Prod (2004) 67:273–283.
- •A review of natural products as leads in drug discovery.
- CONNOLLY JD, HILL RA: Triterpenoids. Nat. Prod Rep. (2001) 18:560–578.
- HUANG L, CHEN CH: Molecular targets of anti-HIV-1 triterpenes. Curt: Drug Targets Infect. Disord. (2002) 2:33–36.
- •A review of anti-HIV-1 triterpenes with different mechanisms of action.
- DE CLERCQ E: Current lead natural products for the chemotherapy of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Med. Res. Rev. (2000) 20:323–349.
- •A review of natural products as leads in anti-HIV drug discovery.
- HIRABAYASHI K, IWATA S, MATSUMOTO H et al: Antiviral activities of glycyrrhizin and its modified compounds against human immunodeficiency virus Type 1 (HIV-1) and herpes simplex virus Expert Op/n. lnvestig. Drugs (2005) 14(6)691Type 1 (HSV-1) in vitro. Chem. Pharm. Bull. (1991) 39:112–115.
- MAYAUX JF, BOUSSEAU A, PAUWELS R et al.: Triterpene derivatives that block entry of human immunodeficiency virus Type 1 into cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1994) 91:3564–3568.
- SOLER F, POUJADE C, EVERS Metal.:Betulinic acid derivatives: a new class of specific inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 entry. J. Med. Chem. (1996) 39:1069–1083.
- •Discovery of RPR-103116 through structural modification of betulinic acid.
- HOLZ-SMITH SL, SUN IC, JIN L, MATTHEWS TJ, LEE KH, CHEN CH: Role of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) Type 1 envelope in the anti-HIV activity of the betulinic acid derivative IC-9564. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (2001) 45:60–66.
- YUAN X, HUANG L, HOP, LABRANCHE C, CHEN CH: Conformation of gp120 determines the sensitivity of HIV-1 DH012 to the entry inhibitor IC-9564. Virology (2004) 324:525–530.
- SAHU NP: Triterpenoid saponins of Mimusops elengi Phytochemistry (1996) 41:883–886.
- EL-MEKKAWY S, MESELHY MR, NAKAMURA N et al.: Anti-HIV-1 and anti-HIV-1-protease substances from Ganoderma lucidum. Phytochemistry (1998) 49: 1651-1657.
- XU H-X, MING D-S, DONG H, BUT PP-H: A new anti-HIV triterpene from Geumjaponicum. Chem. Pharm. Bull. (2000) 48:1367–1369.
- EVERS M, POUJADE C, SOLER F et al:Betulinic acid derivatives: a new class of human immunodeficiency virus type-1-specific inhibitors with a new mode of action. ./. Med. Chem. (1996) 39:1056–1068.
- •An informative study of the structural modification of betulinic acid.
- KASHIWADA Y, HASHIMOTO F, COSENTINO LM, CHEN C-H, GARRETT PE, LEE K-H: Betulinic acid and dihydrobetulinic acid derivatives as potent anti-HIV agents. j Med. Chem. (1996) 39:1016–1017.
- ••The discovery of DSB as a potent anti-HIV-1 agent.
- KANAMOTO T, KASHIWADA Y, KANBARA K et al.: Anti-human immunodeficiency virus activity of YK-FH312 (a betulinic acid derivative), a novel compound blocking viral maturation. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (2001) 45:1225–1230.
- •The first report of the inhibition of DSB during maturation.
- LI F, GOILA-GAUR R, SALZWEDEL K et al: PA-457: A potent HIV inhibitor that disrupts core condensation by targeting a late step in Gag processing. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (2003) 100:13555–13560.
- •The first study that revealed the unique mode of action of DSB at the CA-SP1 Junction.
- FUJIOKA T, KASHIWADA Y, KILKUSKIE RE et al: Anti-AIDS agents, 11. Betulinic acid and platanic acid as anti-HIV principles from Syzigium clavillorum, and the anti-HIV activity of structurally related triterpenoids. Nat. Prod. (1994) 57:243–247.
- •Lead generation with betulinic acid as a potent anti-HIV agent.
- HASHIMOTO F, KASHIWADA Y, COSENTINO LM, CHEN C-H, GARRETT PE, LEE K-H: Anti-AIDS agents 27. Synthesis and anti-HIV activity of betulinic acid and dihydrobetulinic acid derivatives. Bioorg. Med. Chem. (1997) 5:2133–2143.
- •The detailed report of a modification and SAR study of betulinic acid as a potent anti-HIV-1 agent.
- KASHIWADA Y, WANG HK, NAGAO T et al: Anti-AIDS agents. 30. Anti-HIV activity of oleanolic acid, pomolic acid, and structurally related triterpenoids. Nat. Prod. (1998) 61:1090–1095.
- CICHEWICZ RH, KOUZI SA: Chemistry, biological activity, and chemotherapeutic potential of betulinic acid for the prevention and treatment of cancer and HIV infection. Med. Re.c. Rev. (2003) 24:90–114.
- SINGH SS, PATRO B, TRIPATHI V, SRIVASTAVA A, PANDEY SC, GHOSH AC: Betulinic acid and its pharmacological activity - a review. J. Med. Aromatic Plant Sci. (2002) 24:1031–1037.
- YUN Y, HAN S, PARK E et aL: Immunomodulatory activity of betulinic acid by producing pro-inflammatory cytokines and activation of macrophages. Arch. Pharm. Res. (2003) 26:1087–1095.
- LABROSSE B, TREBOUTE C, ALIZON M: Sensitivity to a nonpeptidic compound (RPR-103611) blocking human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Env-mediated fusion depends on sequence and accessibility of the gp41 loop region. Virol. (2000) 74:2142–2150.
- LABROSSE B, PLESKOFF 0, SQL N, JONES C, HENIN Y, ALIZON M: Resistance to a drug blocking human immunodeficiency virus Type 1 entry (RPR103611) is conferred by mutations in gp4i.j Virol. (1997) 71:8230–8236.
- DUMONCEAUX J, CHANEL C, VALENTE S, QUIVET L, BRIAND P, HAZAN U: Mutations in the env gene of human immunodeficiency virus Type 1 NDK isolates and the use of African green monkey CXCR4 as a co-receptor in COS-7 cells. J. Gen. Virol. (1999)80\(Part 8):1975–1982.
- KASHIWADA Y, HASHIMOTO F, COSENTINO LM, CHEN CH, GARRETT PE, LEE KH: Betulinic acid and dihydrobetulinic acid derivatives as potent anti-HIV agents. J. Med. Chem. (1996) 39:1016–1017.
- SUN IC, KASHIWADA Y, MORRIS-NATSCHKE SL, LEE KH: Plant-derived terpenoids and analogues as anti-HIV agents. Curr. Top. Med. Chem. (2003) 3:155–169.
- ••A useful review of anti-HIV terpenoids andtheir analogues.
- WANG BH, POLYA GM: Selective inhibition of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase by amphiphilic triterpenoids and related compounds. Phytochemistry (1996) 41:55–63.
- RECIO MC, GINER RM, MANEZ S et al.: Investigations on the steroidal anti-inflammatory activity of triterpenoids from Diospyros leucomelas. Planta Med. (1995) 61:9–12.
- SUN IC, WANG HK, KASHIWADA Y et al.: Anti-AIDS agents. 34. Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of betulin derivatives as anti-HIV agents. J. Med. Chem. (1998) 41:4648–4657.
- •A detailed report of modification and SAR study of betulin as a potent anti-HIV-1 agent.
- CANNON J: Analog design. In: Burger's Medicinal Chemistry and Drug Discovery, Wolff M (Ed.) John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, USA (1994):783.
- •A report of 3-0-amido-betulinic acid analogues.
- KASHIWADA Y, CHIYO J, IKESHIRO Y et al.: Synthesis and anti-HIV activity of 3-alkylamido-3-deoxy-betulinic acid derivatives. Chem. Pharm. Bull. (2000) 48:1387–1390.
- RAMBAUT A, POSADA D, CRANDALL KA, HOLMES EC: The causes and consequences of HIV evolution. Nat. Rev. Genet. (2004) 5:52–61.
- ZHOU J, YUAN X, DISMUKE D et al: Small-molecule inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus Type 1 replication by specific targeting of the final step of virion maturation. J. Vim]. (2004) 78:922–929.
- •A discussion of the effects of the L363F mutation in the CA-SP 1 junction.
- SWANSTROM R, WILLS JW: Synthesis, assembly, and processing of viral proteins. Retroviruses (1997):263–334.
- FREED EO: HIV-1 gag proteins: diverse functions in the virus life cycle. Virology (1998) 251:1–15.
- VOGT VM: Proteolytic processing and particle maturation. Curr. Top. Microbial. Lnmunol. (1996) 214:95–131.
- KRAUSSLICH HG, SCHNEIDER H, ZYBARTH G, CARTER CA, WIMMER E: Processing of in vitro-synthesized gagprecursor proteins of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) Type 1 by HIV proteinase generated in Echerichia coli J. Virzi]. (1988) 62:4393–4397.
- MERVIS RJ, AHMAD N, LILLEHOJ EP et al.: The gag gene products of human immunodeficiency virus Type 1: alignment within the gag open reading frame, identification of posttranslational modifications, and evidence for alternative gag precursors. J. Vim]. (1988) 62:3993–4002.
- ERICKSON-VIITANEN S, MANFREDI J, VIITANEN P et al: Cleavage of HIV-1 gag polyprotein synthesized in vitro: sequential cleavage by the viral protease. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses (1989) 5:577–591.
- KAPLAN AH, ZACK JA, KNIGGE M et al.: Partial inhibition of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 protease results in aberrant virus assembly and the formation of noninfectious particles. Virol (1993) 67:4050–4055.
- SALZWEDEL K, GOILA-GAUR R, LI F et al.: Selection for and characterization of HIV-1 isolates resistant to the maturation inhibitor PA-457. The 15th International AIDS Conference, Bangkok, Thailand (2004).
- ZHOU J, CHEN CH, AIKEN C: The sequence of the CA-SP1 junction accounts for the differential sensitivity of HIV-1 and SIV to the small molecule maturation inhibitor 3-0-(3',3'-dimethylsucciny9-betulinic acid. Retrovirology (2004) 1:15.
- •An additional investigation of HIV-1 and SIV mutation at the CA-SP1 junction.
- NAMIKAWA R, WEILBAECHER KN, KANESHIMA H, YEE EJ, McCUNE JM: Long-term human hematopoiesis in the SCID-hu mouse. I Exp. Med. (1990) 172:1055–1063.
- RABIN L, HINCENBERGS M, MORENO MB et al: Use of standardized SCID-hu Thy/Liv mouse model for preclinical efficacy testing of anti-human immunodeficiency virus Type 1 compounds. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1996) 40:755–762.
- ALLAWAY G, BARE J, KILGORE N et al:The first-in-class maturation inhibitor, PA-457, is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication both in vitro and in vivo. The 25th International AIDS Conference, Bangkok, Thailand (2004).
- MARTIN D, SMITH P, WILD C, ALLAWAY G: LI vitro and in vivo disposition of PA-457, a novel inhibitor of HIV-1 maturation. The 15th International AIDS Conference, Bangkok, Thailand (2004).
- MARTIN D, BALLOW C, DOTO J, BLUM R, WILD C, ALLAWAY G: The safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of multiple oral doses of PA-457, the first-in-class HIV maturation inhibitor, in healthy volunteers. The 12th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, MA, USA (2005).
- MARTIN D, JACOBSON J, SCHURMANN D et al: PA-457, the first-in-class maturation inhibitor, exhibits antiviral activity following a single oral dose in HIV-1-infected patients. The 12th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, MA, USA (2005).
- BARDITCH-CROVO P, DEEKS SG, COLLIER A et al: Phase I/II trial of the pharmacokinetics, safety, and antiretroviral activity of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in human immunodeficiency virus-infected adults. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (2001) 45:2733–2739.
- RICHMAN D, BOZZETTE S, MORTON S et al: The prevalence of antiretroviral drug resistance in the US. 41st Interscience Conference on Antimicrobrobial Agents Chemotherapy, IL, USA (2001).
- LABONTE J, LEBBOS J, KIRKPATRICK P: Enfuvirtide. Nat. Rev Drug Discov. (2003) 2:345–346.
- SUN IC, SHEN JK, WANG HK, COSENTINO LM, LEE KH: Anti-AIDS agents. 32. Synthesis and anti-HIV activity of betulin derivatives. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. (1998) 8:1267–1272.
Websites
- http://www.aidsinfo.nih.govidrugs/ For current information on approved and experimental anti-HIV agents.