Targeting the endocannabinoid system in treating brain disorders

Bibliography

• GRUNDY RI: The therapeutic potential of the cannabinoids in neuroprotection. Expert Opin. Investig. Drugs (2002) 11:1365-1374.
   Google Scholar
• DI MARZO V, MATIAS I: Endocannabinoid control of food intake and energy balance. Nat. Neurosci. (2005) 8:585-589.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MAKRIYANNIS A, MECHOULAM R, PIOMELLI D: Therapeutic opportunities through modulation of the endocannabinoid system. Neuropharmacology (2005) 48:1068-1071.
   Google Scholar
• MATSUDA LA, LOLAIT SJ, BROWNSTEIN MJ, YOUNG AC, BONNER TI: Structure of a cannabinoid receptor and functional expression of cloned cDNA. Nature (1990) 346:561-564.
   Google Scholar
• HERKENHAM M, LYNN AB, LITTLE MD et al.: Cannabinoid receptor localization in brain. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1990) 87:1932-1936.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GATLEY SJ, GIFFORD AN, VOLKOW ND, LAN R, MAKRIYANNIS A: 123I-labeled AM251: a radioiodinated ligand which binds in vivo to mouse brain cannabinoid CB1 receptors. Eur. J. Pharmacol. (1996) 307:331-338.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MARSICANO G, LUTZ B: Expression of the cannabinoid receptor CB1 in distinct neuronal subpopulations in the adult mouse forebrain. Eur. J. Neurosci. (1999) 12:4213-4225.
   Google Scholar
• MATO S, DEL OLMO E, PAZOS A: Ontogenetic development of cannabinoid receptor expression and signal transduction functionality in the human brain. Eur. J. Neurosci. (2003) 17:1747-1754.
   Google Scholar
• MOROZOV YM, FREUND TF: Post-natal development of Type 1 cannabinoid receptor immunoreactivity in the rat hippocampus. Eur. J. Neurosci. (2003) 18:1213-1222.
   Google Scholar
• VAN DER STELT M, VELDHUIS WB, VAN HAAFTEN GW et al.: Exogenous anandamide protects rat brain against acute neuronal injury in vivo. J. Neurosci. (2001) 21:8765-8771.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MUNRO S, THOMAS KL, ABU-SHAAR M: Molecular characterization of a peripheral receptor for cannabinoids. Nature (1993) 365:61-65.
   Google Scholar
• VAN SICKLE MD, DUNCAN M, KINGSLEY PJ et al.: Identification and functional characterization of brainstem cannabinoid CB2 receptors. Science (2005) 310:329-332.
   Google Scholar
• BENITO C, NUNEZ E, TOLON RM et al.: Cannabinoid CB2 receptors and fatty acid amide hydrolase are selectively overexpressed in neuritic plaque-associated glia in Alzheimer’s disease brains. J. Neurosci. (2003) 23:11136-11141.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BENITO C, KIM WK, CHAVARRIA I et al.: A glial endogenous cannabinoid system is upregulated in the brains of macaques with simian immunodeficiency virus-induced encephalitis. J. Neurosci. (2005) 25:2530-2536.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DEVANE WA, HANUS L, BREUER A et al.: Isolation and structure of a brain constituent that binds to the cannabinoid receptor. Science (1992) 258:1946-1949.
   Google Scholar
• FELDER CC, JOYCE KE, BRILEY EM et al.: Comparison of the pharmacology and signal transduction of the human cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 receptors. Mol. Pharmacol. (1995) 48:443-450.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SHESKIN T, HANUS L, SLAGER J, VOGEL Z, MECHOULAM R: Structural requirements for binding of anandamide-type compounds to the brain cannabinoid receptor. J. Med. Chem. (1997) 40:659-667.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LIN S, KHANOLKAR AD, FAN P et al.: Novel analogues of arachidonylethanolamide (anandamide): affinities for the CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid receptors and metabolic stability. J. Med. Chem. (1998) 41:5353-5361.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UEDA N, OKAMOTO Y, TSUBOI K: Endocannabinoid-related enzymes as drug targets with special reference to N-acylphosphatidylethanolamine-hydro- lyzing phospholipase D. Curr. Med. Chem. (2005) 12:1413-1422.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DI MARZO V, FONTANA A, CADAS H et al.: Formation and inactivation of endogenous cannabinoid anandamide in central neurons. Nature (1994) 372:686-691.
   Google Scholar
• BELTRAMO M, STELLA N, CALIGNANO A, LIN SY, MAKRIYANNIS A, PIOMELLI D: Functional role of high-affinity anandamide transport, as revealed by selective inhibition. Science (1997) 277:1094-1097.
   Google Scholar
• PIOMELLI D, BELTRAMO M, GLASNAPP S et al.: Structural determinants for recognition and translocation by the anandamide transporter. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1999) 96:5802-5807.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FEGLEY D, KATHURIA S, MERCIER R et al.: Anandamide transport is independent of fatty-acid amide hydrolase activity and is blocked by the hydrolysis-resistant inhibitor AM1172. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (2004) 101:8756-8761.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CRAVATT BF, GIANG DK, MAYFIELD SP, BOGER DL, LERNER RA, GILULA NB: Molecular characterization of an enzyme that degrades neuromodulatory fatty-acid amides. Nature (1996) 384:83-87.
   Google Scholar
• CRAVATT BF, DEMAREST K, PATRICELLI MP et al.: Supersensitivity to anandamide and enhanced endogenous cannabinoid signaling in mice lacking fatty acid amide hydrolase. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (2001) 98:9371-9376.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EGERTOVA M, CRAVATT BF, ELPHICK MR: Comparative analysis of fatty acid amide hydrolase and CB1 cannabinoid receptor expression in the mouse brain: evidence of a widespread role for fatty acid amide hydrolase in regulation of endocannabinoid signaling. Neuroscience (2003) 119:481-496.
   Google Scholar
• MOROZOV YM, BEN-ARI Y, F REUND TF: The spatial and temporal pattern of fatty acid amide hydrolase expression in rat hippocampus during postnatal development. Eur. J. Neurosci. (2004) 20:459-466.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MECHOULAM R, BEN-SHABAT S, HANUS L et al.: Identification of an endogenous 2-monoglyceride, present in canine gut, that binds to cannabinoid receptors. Biochem. Pharmacol. (1995) 50:83-90.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SUGIURA T, KONDO S, SUKAGAWA A et al.: 2-Arachidonoylglycerol: a possible endogenous cannabinoid receptor ligand in brain. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. (1995) 215:89-97.
   Google Scholar
• STELLA N, SCHWEITZER P, PIOMELLI D: A second endogenous cannabinoid that modulates long-term potentiation. Nature (1997) 388:773-778.
   Google Scholar
• BISOGNO T, SEPE N, MELCK D, MAURELLI S, DE PETROCELLIS L, DI MARZO V: Biosynthesis, release and degradation of the novel endogenous cannabimimetic metabolite 2-arachidonoylglycerol in mouse neuroblastoma cells. Biochem. J. (1997) 322:671-677.
   Google Scholar
• DI MARZO V, BISOGNO T, DE PETROCELLIS L et al.: Biosynthesis and inactivation of the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol in circulating and tumoral macrophages. Eur. J. Biochem. (1999) 264:258-267.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• DINH TP, CARPENTER D, LESLIE FM et al.: Brain monoglyceride lipase participating in endocannabinoid inactivation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (2002) 99:10819-10824.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DINH TP, KATHURIA S, PIOMELLI D: RNA interference suggests a primary role for monoacylglycerol lipase in the degradation of the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol. Mol. Pharmacol. (2004) 66:1260-1264.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BELTRAMO M, PIOMELLI D: Carrier-mediated transport and enzymatic hydrolysis of the endogenous cannabinoid 2-arachidonylglycerol. Neuroreport (2000) 11:1231-1235.
   Google Scholar
• BISOGNO T, MacCARRONE M, DE PETROCELLIS L et al.: The uptake by cells of 2-arachidonoylglycerol, an endogenous agonist of cannabinoid receptors. Eur. J. Biochem. (2001) 268:1982-1989.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• MARSICANO G, GOODENOUGH S, MONORY K et al.: CB1 cannabinoid receptors and on-demand defense against excitotoxicity. Science (2003) 302:84-88.
   Google Scholar
• HANSEN HH, SCHMID PC, BITTIGAU P et al.: Anandamide, but not 2-arachidonoylglycerol, accumulates during in vivo neurodegeneration. J. Neurochem. (2001) 78:1415-1427.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacCARRONE M, GUBELLINI P, BARI M et al.: Levodopa treatment reverses endocannabinoid system abnormalities in experimental parkinsonism. J. Neurochem. (2003) 85:1018-1025.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HOHMANN AG, SUPLITA RL, BOLTON NM et al.: An endocannabinoid mechanism for stress-induced analgesia. Nature (2005) 435:1108-1112.
   Google Scholar
• GIUFFRIDA A, LEWEKE FM, GERTH CW et al.: Cerebrospinal anandamide levels are elevated in acute schizophrenia and are inversely correlated with psychotic symptoms. Neuropsychopharmacology (2004) 29:2108-2114.
   Google Scholar
• DI MARZO V, HILL MP, BISOGNO T, CROSSMAN AR, BROTCHIE JM: Enhanced levels of endogenous cannabinoids in the globus pallidus are associated with a reduction in movement in an animal model of Parkinson’s disease. FASEB J. (2000) 14:1432-1438.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PANIKASHVILI D, SIMENIDOU C, BEN-SHABAT S et al.: An endogenous cannabinoid (2-arachidonylglycerol) is neuroprotective after brain injury. Nature (2001) 413:527-531.
   Google Scholar
• BAKER D, PRYCE G, CROXFORD JL et al.: Endocannabinoids control spasticity in a multiple sclerosis model. FASEB J. (2001) 12:300-302.
   Google Scholar
• HOWLETT AC, QUALY JM, KHACHATRIAN LL: Involvement of Gi in the inhibition of adenylate cyclase by cannabimimetic drugs. Mol. Pharmacol. (1986) 29:307-313.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MACKIE K, LAI Y, WESTENBROEK R, MITCHELL R: Cannabinoids activate an inwardly rectifying potassium conductance and inhibit Q-type calcium currents in AtT20 cells transfected with rat brain cannabinoid receptor. J. Neurosci. (1995) 15:6552-6561.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DEADWYLER SA, HAMPSON RE, MU J, WHYTE A, CHILDERS S: Cannabinoids modulate voltage sensitive potassium A-current in hippocampal neurons via a cAMP-dependent process. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. (1995) 2073:734-743.
   Google Scholar
• GOMEZ DEL PULGAR T, VELASCO G, GUZMAN M: The CB1 cannabinoid receptor is coupled to the activation of protein kinase B/Akt. Biochem. J. (2000) 347:369-373.
   Google Scholar
• MOLINA-HOLGADO F, PINTEAUX E, HEENAN L et al.: Neuroprotective effects of the synthetic cannabinoid HU-210 in primary cortical neurons are mediated by phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/AKT signaling. Mol. Cell Neurosci. (2005) 28:189-194.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KARANIAN DA, BROWN QB, MAKRIYANNIS A, BAHR BA: Blocking cannabinoid activation of FAK and ERK1/2 compromises synaptic integrity in hippocampus. Eur. J. Pharmacol. (2005) 508:47-56.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MAEJIMA T, HASHIMOTO K, YOSHIDA T, AIBA A, KANO M: Presynaptic inhibition caused by retrograde signal from metabotropic glutamate to cannabinoid receptors. Neuron (2001) 31:463-475.
   Google Scholar
• WILSON RI, NICOLL RA: Endogenous cannabinoids mediate retrograde signalling at hippocampal synapses. Nature (2001) 410:588-592.
   Google Scholar
• BERNARD C, MILH M, MOROZOV YM, BEN-ARI Y, FREUND TF, GOZLAN H: Altering cannabinoid signaling during development disrupts neuronal activity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (2005) 102:9388-9393.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HENTGES ST, LOW MJ, WILLIAMS JT: Differential regulation of synaptic inputs by constitutively released endocannabinoids and exogenous cannabinoids. J. Neurosci. (2005) 25:9746-9751.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WALLACE MJ, MARTIN BR, DELORENZO RJ: Evidence for a physiological role of endocannabinoids in the modulation of seizure threshold and severity. Eur. J. Pharmacol. (2002) 452:295-301.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WALLACE MJ, BLAIR RE, FALENSKI KW, MARTIN BR, DELORENZO RJ: The endogenous cannabinoid system regulates seizure frequency and duration in a model of temporal lobe epilepsy. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. (2003) 307:129-137.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KHASPEKOV LG, BRENZ VERCA MS, FRUMKINA LE et al.: Involvement of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in cannabinoid receptor-dependent protection against excitotoxicity. Eur. J. Neurosci. (2004) 19:1691-1698.
   Google Scholar
• PARMENTIER-BATTEUR S, JIN K, MAO XO, KIE L, GREENBERG DA: Increased severity of stroke in CB1 cannabinoid receptor knock-out mice. J. Neurosci. (2002) 22:9771-9775.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PRYCE G, AHMED Z, HANKEY DJ et al.: Cannabinoids inhibit neurodegeneration in models of multiple sclerosis. Brain (2003) 126:2192-2202.
   Google Scholar
• JACKSON SJ, PRYCE G, DIEMEL LT, CUZNER ML, BAKER D: Cannabinoid-receptor 1 null mice are susceptible to neurofilament damage and caspase 3 activation. Neuroscience (2005) 134:261-268.
   Google Scholar
• PANIKASHVILI D, MECHOULAM R, BENI SM, ALEXANDROVICH A, SHOHAMI E: CB1 cannabinoid receptors are involved in neuroprotection via NF-κB inhibition. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. (2005) 25:477-484.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BOUABOULA M, POINOT-CHAZEL C, BOURRIE B et al.: Activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases by stimulation of the central cannabinoid receptor CB1. Biochem. J. (1995) 312:637-641.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DERKINDEREN P, LEDENT C, PARMENTIER M, GIRAULT JA: Cannabinoids activate p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases through CB1 receptors in hippocampus. J. Neurochem. (2001) 77:957-960.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DERKINDEREN P, VALJENT E, TOUTANT M et al.: Regulation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase by cannabinoids in hippocampus. J. Neurosci. (2003) 23:2371-2382.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KOBAYASHI Y, ARAI S, WAKU K, SUGIURA T: Activation by 2-arachidonoylglycerol, an endogenous cannabinoid receptor ligand, of p42/44 mitogen-activated protein kinase in HL-60 cells. J. Biochem. (2001) 129:665-669.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GALVE-ROPERH I, RUEDA D, GOMEZ DEL PULGAR T, VELASCO G, GUZMAN M: Mechanism of extracellular signal-regulated kinase activation by the CB1 cannabinoid receptor. Mol. Pharmacol. (2002) 62:1385-1392.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KARANIAN DA, BROWN QB, MAKRIYANNIS A, KOSTEN TA, BAHR BA: Dual modulation of endocannabinoid transport and fatty acid amide hydrolase protects against excitotoxicity. J. Neurosci. (2005) 25:7813-7820.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BAHR BA, BENDISKE J, BROWN QB et al.: Survival signaling and selective neuroprotection through glutamatergic transmission. Exp. Neurol. (2002) 174:37-47.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DERKINDEREN P, TOUTANT M, BURGAYA F et al.: Regulation of a neuronal form of focal adhesion kinase by anandamide. Science (1996) 273:1719-1722.
   Google Scholar
• DERKINDEREN P, TOUTANT M, KADARE G et al.: Dual role of Fyn in the regulation of FAK+6,7 by cannabinoids in hippocampus. J. Biol. Chem. (2001) 276:38289-38296.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LIU J, BATKAI S, PACHER P et al.: Lipopolysaccharide induces anandamide synthesis in macrophages via CD14/MAPK/phosphoinositide 3-kinase/NF-κB independently of platelet-activating factor. J. Biol. Chem. (2003) 278:45034-45039.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BOMSER JA, QUISTAD GB, CASIDA JE: Chlorpyrifos oxon potentiates diacylglycerol-induced extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK 44/42) activation, possibly by diacylglycerol lipase inhibition. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. (2002) 178:29-36.
   Google Scholar
• HAMPSON AJ, GRIMALDI M, AXELROD J, WINK D: Cannabidiol and (-)Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol are neuroprotective antioxidants. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1998) 95:8268-8273.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SHEN M, THAYER SA: Cannabinoid receptor agonists protect cultured rat hippocampal neurons from excitotoxicity. Mol. Pharmacol. (1998) 54:459-462.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LOUW DF, YANG FW, SUTHERLAND GR: The effect of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol on forebrain ischemia in rat. Brain Res. (2000) 857:183-187.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SINOR AD, IRVIN SM, GREENBERG DA: Endocannabinoids protect cerebral cortical neurons from in vitro ischemia in rats. Neurosci. Lett. (2000) 278:137-160.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HAYASE T, YAMAMOTO Y, YAMAMOTO K: Protective effects of cannabinoid receptor agonists against cocaine and other convulsant-induced toxic behavioural symptoms. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. (2001) 53:1525-1532.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CHEN J, LEE CT, ERRICO S et al.: Protective effects of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol against N-methyl-d-aspartate-induced AF5 cell death. Mol. Brain Res. (2005) 134:215-225.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• LONG LE, MALONE DT, TAYLOR DA: Cannabidiol reverses MK-801-induced disruption of prepulse inhibition in mice. Neuropsychopharmacology (2006) (In Press).
   Google Scholar
• MARSICANO G, MOOSMANN B, HERMANN H, LUTZ B, BEHL C: Neuroprotective properties of cannabinoids against oxidative stress: role of the cannabinoid receptor CB1. J. Neurochem. (2002) 80:448-456.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KIM SH, WON SJ, MAO XO, FIN K, GREENBERG DA: Involvement of protein kinase A in cannabinoid receptor-mediated protection from oxidative neuronal injury. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. (2005) 313:88-94.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BISOGNO T, HANUS L, DE PETROCELLIS L et al.: Molecular targets for cannabidiol and its synthetic analogues: effect on vanilloid VR1 receptors and on the cellular uptake and enzymatic hydrolysis of anandamide. Br. J. Pharmacol. (2001) 134:845-852.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MISHIMA K, HAYAKAWA K, ABE K et al.: Cannabidiol prevents cerebral infarction via a serotonergic 5-hydroxytryptamine1A receptor-dependent mechanism. Stroke (2005) 36:1077-1082.
   Google Scholar
• MARTINEZ-ORGADO J, FERNANDEZ-FRUTOS B, GONZALES R et al.: Neuroprotection by the cannabinoid agonist WIN-55212 in an in vivo newborn rat model of acute severe asphyxia. Mol. Brain Res. (2003) 114:132-139.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• EL-REMESSY AB, KHALIL EI, MATRAGOON S et al.: Neuroprotective effect of (-)Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol in N-methyl-D-aspartate-induced retinal neurotoxicity: involvement of peroxynitrite. Am. J. Pathol. (2003) 163:1997-2008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MAULER F, MITTENDORF J, HORVATH E, DE VRY J: Characterization of the diarylether sulfonylester (-)-(R)-3-(2-hydroxymethylindanyl-4-oxy)- phenyl-4,4,4-trifluoro-1-sulfonate (BAY 38-7271) as a potent cannabinoid receptor agonist with neuroprotective properties. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. (2002) 302:359-368.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MAULER F, HINZ V, AUGSTEIN KH, FASSBENDER M, HORVATH E: Neuroprotective and brain edema-reducing efficacy of the novel cannabinoid receptor agonist BAY 38-7271. Brain Res. (2003) 989:99-111.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LEKER RR, GAI N, MECHOULAM R, OVADIA H: Drug-induced hypothermia reduces ischemic damage: effects of the cannabinoid HU-210. Stroke (2003) 34:2000-2006.
   Google Scholar
• SHOHAMI E, NOVIKOV M, MECHOULAM R: A nonpsychotropic cannabinoid, HU-211, has cerebroprotective effects after closed head injury in the rat. J. Neurotrauma (1993) 10:109-119.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BELAYEV L, BAR-JOSEPH A, ADAMCHIK J, BIEGON A: HU-211, a nonpsychotropic cannabinoid, improves neurological signs and reduces brain damage after severe forebrain ischemia in rats. Mol. Chem. Neuropathol. (1995) 25:19-33.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• BAR-JOSEPH A, BERKOVITCH Y, ADAMCHIK J, BIEGON A: Neuroprotective activity of HU-211, a novel NMDA antagonist, in global ischemia in gerbils. Mol. Chem. Neuropathol. (1994) 23:125-135.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• YOLES E, BELKIN M, SCHWARTZ M: HU-211, a nonpsychotropic cannabinoid, produces short- and long-term neuroprotection after optic nerve axotomy. J. Neurotrauma (1996) 13:49-57.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FILBERT MG, FORSTER JS, SMITH CD, BALLOUGH GP: Neuroprotective effects of HU-211 on brain damage resulting from soman-induced seizures. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. (1999) 890:505-514.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LEKER RR, SHOHAMI E, ABRAMSKY O, OVADIA H: Dexanabinol; a novel neuroprotective drug in experimental focal cerebral ischemia. J. Neurol. Sci. (1999) 162:114-119.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NAGAYAMA T, SINOR AD, SIMON RP et al.: Cannabinoids and neuroprotection in global and focal cerebral ischemia and in neuronal cultures. J. Neurosci. (1999) 19:2987-2995.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ZHUANG SY, BRIDGES D, GRIGORENKO E et al.: Cannabinoids produce neuroprotection by reducing intracellular calcium release from ryanodine-sensitive stores. Neuropharmacology (2005) 48:1086-1096.
   Google Scholar
• RAMIREZ B, BLAZQUEZ C, GOMEZ DEL PULGAR T, GUZMAN M, DE CEBALLOS M: Prevention of Alzheimer’s disease pathology by cannabinoids: neuroprotection mediated by blockade of microglia activation. J. Neurosci. (2005) 258:1904-1913.
   Google Scholar
• IUVONE T, ESPOSITO G, ESPOSITO R, SANTAMARIA R, DI ROSA M, IZZO AA: Neuroprotective effect of cannabidiol, a non-psychoactive component from Cannabis sativa, on β-amyloid-induced toxicity in PC12 cells. J. Neurochem. (2004):89134-89141.
   Google Scholar
• RAMAN C, McALLISTER SD, RIZVI G, PATEL SG, MOORE DH, ABOOD ME: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: delayed disease progression in mice by treatment with a cannabinoid. Amyotroph. Lateral Scler. Other Motor Neuron Disord. (2004) 5:33-39.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WEYDT P, HONG S, WITTING A et al.: Cannabinol delays symptom onset in SOD1 (G93A) transgenic mice without affecting survival. Amyotroph. Lateral Scler. Other Motor Neuron Disord. (2005) 6:182-184.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LASTRES-BECKER I, MOLINE-HOLGADO F, RAMOS JA, MECHOULAM R, FERNANDEZ-RUIZ J: Cannabinoids provide neuroprotection against 6-hydroxydopamine toxicity in vivo and in vitro: relevance to Parkinson’s disease. Neurobiol. Dis. (2005) 19:96-107.
   Google Scholar
• PETRO DJ, ELLENBERGER CJ: Treatment of human spasticity with Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol. J. Clin. Pharmacol. (1981) 21:413S-416S.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CLIFFORD DB: Tetrahydrocannabinol for tremor in multiple sclerosis. Ann. Neurol. (1983) 13:669-671.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LYMAN WD, SONETT JR, BROSNAN CF, ELKIN R, BORNSTEIN MB: Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol: a novel treatment for experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J. Neuroimmunol. (1989) 23:73-81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WIRGUIN I, MECHOULAM R, BREUER A, SCHEZEN E, WEIDENFELD J, BRENNER T: Suppression of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by cannabinoids. Immunopharmacology (1994) 28:209-214.
   Google Scholar
• ACHIRON A, MIRON S, LAVIE V, MARGALIT R, BIEGON A: Dexanabinol (HU-211) effect on experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis: implications for the treatment of acute relapses of multiple sclerosis. J. Neuroimmunol. (2000) 102:26-31.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BAKER D, PRYCE G, CROXFORD JL et al.: Cannabinoids control spasticity and tremor in a multiple sclerosis model. Nature (2000) 404:84-87.
   Google Scholar
• ELMES SJ, WINYARD LA, MEDHURST SJ et al.: Activation of CB1 and CB2 receptors attenuates the induction and maintenance of inflammatory pain in the rat. Pain (2005) 118:327-335.
   Google Scholar
• SAGAR DR, KELLY S, MILLNS PJ et al.: Inhibitory effects of CB1 and CB2 receptor agonists on responses of DRG neurons and dorsal horn neurons in neuropathic rats. Eur. J. Neurosci. (2005) 22:371-379.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MULLER-VAHL KR: Cannabinoids reduce symptoms of Tourette’s syndrome. Expert Opin. Pharmacother. (2003) 4:1717-1725.
   Google Scholar
• HANSEN HH, AZCOITIA I, PONS S et al.: Blockade of cannabinoid CB1 receptor function protects against in vivo disseminating brain damage following NMDA-induced excitotoxicity. J. Neurochem. (2002) 82:154-158.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GASPERI V, FEZZA F, SPAGNUOLO P, PASQUARIELLO N, MacCARRONE M: Further insights into the regulation of human FAAH by progesterone and leptin implications for endogenous levels of anandamide and apoptosis of immune and neuronal cells. Neurotoxicology (2005) 26:811-817.
   Google Scholar
• CHAN GC, HINDS TR, IMPEY S, STORM DR: Hippocampal neurotoxicity of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol. J. Neurosci. (1998) 18:5322-5332.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SARAFIAN TA, RASHKIN DP, ROTH MD: Marijuana smoke and Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol promote necrotic cell death but inhibit Fas-mediated apoptosis. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. (2001) 174:264-272.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CLEMENT AB, HAWKINS EG, LICHTMAN AH, CRAVATT BF: Increased seizure susceptibility and proconvulsant activity of anandamide in mice lacking fatty acid amide hydrolase. J. Neurosci. (2003) 23:3916-3923.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GONCHAROV I, WEINER L. VOGEL Z: Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol increases C6 glioma cell death produced by oxidative stress. Neuroscience (2005) 134:567-574.
   Google Scholar
• KATHURIA S, GAETANI S, FEGLEY D et al.: Modulation of anxiety through blockade of anandamide hydrolysis. Nat. Med. (2003) 9:76-81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GIFFORD AN, BRUNEUS M, LIN S et al.: Potentiation of the action of anandamide on hippocampal slices by the fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibitor, palmitylsulphonyl fluoride (AM 374). Eur. J. Pharmacol. (1999) 383:9-14.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ARIZZI MN, CERVONE KM, ABERMAN JE et al.: Behavioral effects of inhibition of cannabinoid metabolism: the amidase inhibitor AM374 enhances the suppression of lever pressing produced by exogenously administered anandamide. Life Sci. (2004) 74:1001-1011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KARANIAN DA, BUTLER D, MAKRIYANNIS A, BAHR BA: A reversible FAAH inhibitor exhibits efficient bioavailability while enhancing neuroprotective endocannabinoid responses. FASEB J. (2006) (In Press).
   Google Scholar
• GIUFFRIDA A, RODRIQUEZ DE FONSECA FK, NAVA F, LOUBET-LESCOULIE P, PIOMELLI D: Elevated circulating levels of anandamide after administration of the transport inhibitor, AM404. Eur. J. Pharmacol. (2000) 408:161-168.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MESTRE L, CORREA F, AREVALO-MARTIN A et al.: Pharmacological modulation of the endocannabinoid system in a viral model of multiple sclerosis. J. Neurochem. (2005) 6:1327-1339.
   Google Scholar
• HAJOS N, KATHURIA S, DINH T, PIOMELLI D, FREUND TF: Endocannabinoid transport tightly controls 2-arachidonoyl glycerol actions in the hippocampus: effects of low temperature and the transport inhibitor AM404. Eur. J. Neurosci. (2004) 19:2991-2996.
   Google Scholar
• FERNANDEZ-ESPEJO E, CARABALLO I, RODRIQUEZ DE FONSECA F et al.: Experimental parkinsonism alters anandamide precursor synthesis, and functional deficits are improved by AM404: a modulator of endocannabinoid function. Neuropsychopharmacology (2004) 29:1134-1142.
   Google Scholar
• DE LAGO E, FERNANDEZ-RUIZ J, ORTEGA-GUTIERREZ et al.: UCM707, an inhibitor of the anandamide uptake, behaves as a symptom control agent in models of Huntington’s disease and multiple sclerosis, but fails to delay/arrest the progression of different motor-related disorders. Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol. (2006) 16:7-18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LASTRES-BECKER I, DE MIGUEL R, DE PETROCELLIS L, MAKRIYANNIS A, DI MARZO V, FERNANDEZ-RUIZ J: Compounds acting at the endocannabinoid and/or endovanilloid systems reduce hyperkinesia in a rat model of Huntington’s disease. J. Neurochem. (2003) 84:1097-1109.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BELTRAMO M, DE FONSECA FR, NAVARRO M et al.: Reversal of dopamine D2 receptor responses by an anandamide transport inhibitor. J. Neurosci. (2000) 20:3401-3407.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LIGRESTI A, CASCIO MG, PRYCE G et al.: New potent and selective inhibitors of anandamide reuptake with antispastic activity in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis. Br. J. Pharmacol. (2006) 147:83-91.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MAKARA JK, MOR M, FEGLEY D et al.: Selective inhibition of 2-AG hydrolysis enhances endocannabinoid signaling in hippocampus. Nat. Neurosci. (2005) 8:1139-1141.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ROMERO J, BERENDERO F, MANZANARES J et al.: Time-course of the cannabinoid receptor down-regulation in the adult rat brain caused by repeated exposure to Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol. Synapse (1998) 30:298-308.
   Google Scholar
• PARIA BC, MA W, ANDRENYAK DM et al.: Effects of cannabinoids on preimplantation mouse embryo development and implantation are mediated by brain-type cannabinoid receptors. Biol. Reprod. (1998) 58:1490-1495.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BREIVOGEL CS, CHILDERS SR, DEADWYER SA et al.: Chronic Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol treatment produces a time-dependent loss of cannabinoid receptors and cannabinoid receptor-activated G proteins in rat brain. J. Neurochem. (1999) 73:2447-2459.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HAMPSON RE, DEADWYLER SA: Cannabinoids reveal the necessity of hippocampal neural encoding for short-term memory in rats. J. Neurosci. (2000) 20:8932-8942.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KIM D, THAYER SA: Cannabinoids inhibit the formation of new synapses between hippocampal neurons in culture. J. Neurosci. (2001) 21:RC146.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• ANTONELLI T, TANGANELLI S, TOMASINI MC et al.: Long-term effects on cortical glutamate release induced by prenatal exposure to the cannabinoid receptor agonist (R)-(+)-[2,3-dihydro-5-methyl-3-(4-morph-olinyl-methyl)pyrrolo[1,2,3-de]-1,4-benzo-xazin-6-yl]-1-naphthalenylmethanone: an in vivo microdialysis study in the awake rat. Neuroscience (2004) 124:367-375.
   Google Scholar
• FERGUSSON DM, HORWOOD LJ, NORTHSTONE K: Maternal use of cannabis and pregnancy outcome. Br. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. (2002) 109:21-27.
   Google Scholar
• FRIED PA, WATKINSON B, GRAY R: Differential effects on cognitive functioning in 13- to 16-year-olds prenatally exposed to cigarettes and marihuana. Neurotoxicol. Teratol. (2003) 25:427-436.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ZAJICEK JP, SANDERS HP, WRIGHT DE et al.: Cannabinoids in multiple sclerosis (CAMS) study: safety and efficacy data for 12 months follow up. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry (2005) 76:1664-1669.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MATO S, ROBBE D, PUENTE N, GRANDES P, MANZONI OJ: Presynaptic homeostatic plasticity rescues long-term depression after chronic Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol exposure. J. Neurosci. (2005) 25:11619-11627.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WILEY JL, SMITH FL, RAZDAN RK, DEWEY WL: Task specificity of cross-tolerance between Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol and anandamide analogs in mice. Eur. J. Pharmacol. (2005) 510(1-2):59-68.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar