Advanced search
Publication Cover
Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs Volume 17, 2008 - Issue 8
Submit an article Journal homepage
118
Views
11
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Inflammatory lipids as a target for therapy in the rheumatic diseases

Maureen McMahon David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, UCLA Rheumatology, 1000 Veteran Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1670, USA +1 310 825 9447; +1 310 206 8606; [email protected]
, MD &
Ernest Brahn David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, UCLA Rheumatology, 1000 Veteran Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1670, USA +1 310 825 9447; +1 310 206 8606; [email protected]
, MD
Pages 1213-1224 | Published online: 10 Jul 2008

Bibliography

  • Del Rincon ID, Williams K, Stern MP, et al. High incidence of cardiovascular events in a rheumatoid arthritis cohort not explained by traditional cardiac risk factors. Arthritis Rheum 2001;44:2737-45
  • Manzi S, Meilahn EN, Rairie JE, et al. Age-specific incidence rates of myocardial infarction and angina in women with systemic lupus erythematosus: comparison with the Framingham Study. Am J Epidemiol 1997;145:408-15
  • Esdaile JM, Abrahamowicz M, Grodzicky T, et al. Traditional Framingham risk factors fail to fully account for accelerated atherosclerosis in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 2001;44:2331-7
  • Gonzalez-Juanatey C, Testa A, Garcia-Castelo A, et al. HLA-DRB1 status affects endothelial function in treated patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Am J Med 2003;114:647-52
  • Fontecchio G, Fioroni MA, Azzarone R, et al. Genetic predisposition to rheumatoid arthritis in a Tuscan (Italy) ancient human remain. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2007;20:103-9
  • Hahn BH, Grossman J, Chen W, et al. The pathogenesis of atherosclerosis in autoimmune rheumatic diseases: roles of inflammation and dyslipidemia. J Autoimmun 2007;28:69-75
  • Gerli R, Sherer Y, Bocci EB, et al. Precocious atherosclerosis in rheumatoid arthritis: role of traditional and disease-related cardiovascular risk factors. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2007;1108:372-81
  • Ross R. Atherosclerosis – an inflammatory disease. N Engl J Med 1999;340:115-26
  • Hansson GK. Inflammation, atherosclerosis, and coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med 2005;352:1685-95
  • Hansson GK. Immune mechanisms in atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2001;21:1876-90
  • Berliner J, Leitinger N, Watson A, et al. Oxidized lipids in atherogenesis: formation, destruction and action. Thromb Haemost 1997;78:195-9
  • Camejo G, Olofsson SO, Lopez F, et al. Identification of Apo B-100 segments mediating the interaction of low density lipoproteins with arterial proteoglycans. Arteriosclerosis 1988;8:368-77
  • Navab M, Imes SS, Hama SY, et al. Monocyte transmigration induced by modification of low density lipoprotein in cocultures of human aortic wall cells is due to induction of monocyte chemotactic protein 1 synthesis and is abolished by high density lipoprotein. J Clin Invest 1991;88:2039-46
  • Navab M, Hama SY, Cooke CJ, et al. Normal high density lipoprotein inhibits three steps in the formation of mildly oxidized low density lipoprotein: step 1. J Lipid Res 2000;41:1481-94
  • Navab M, Berliner JA, Watson AD, et al. The yin and yang of oxidation in the development of the fatty streak. A review based on the 1994 George Lyman Duff Memorial Lecture. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1996;16:831-42
  • Kume N, Cybulsky MI, Gimbrone MA Jr. Lysophosphatidylcholine, a component of atherogenic lipoproteins, induces mononuclear leukocyte adhesion molecules in cultured human and rabbit arterial endothelial cells. J Clin Invest 1992;90:1138-44
  • Watson AD, Leitinger N, Navab M, et al. Structural identification by mass spectrometry of oxidized phospholipids in minimally oxidized low density lipoprotein that induce monocyte/endothelial interactions and evidence for their presence in vivo J Biol Chem 1997;272:13597-607
  • Navab M, Fogelman AM, Berliner JA, et al. Pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Am J Cardiol 1995;76:C18-23
  • Tsimikas S, Brilakis ES, Miller ER, et al. Oxidized phospholipids, Lp(a) lipoprotein, and coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med 2005;353:46-57
  • Kim SH, Lee CK, Lee EY, et al. Serum oxidized low-density lipoproteins in rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatol Int 2004;24:230-3
  • Frostegard J, Svenungsson E, Wu R, et al. Lipid peroxidation is enhanced in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and is associated with arterial and renal disease manifestations. Arthritis Rheum 2005;52:192-200
  • Svenungsson E, Jensen-Urstad K, Heimburger M, et al. Risk factors for cardiovascular disease in systemic lupus erythematosus. Circulation 2001;104:1887-93
  • Posadas-Romero C, Torres-Tamayo M, Zamora-Gonzalez J, et al. High insulin levels and increased low-density lipoprotein oxidizability in pediatric patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 2004;50:160-5
  • Doria A, Shoenfeld Y, Wu R, et al. Risk factors for subclinical atherosclerosis in a prospective cohort of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann Rheum Dis 2003;62:1071-7
  • Wu R, Nityanand S, Berglund L, et al. Antibodies against cardiolipin and oxidatively modified LDL in 50-year-old men predict myocardial infarction. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1997;17:3159-63
  • Salonen JT, Yla-Herttuala S, Yamamoto R, et al. Autoantibody against oxidised LDL and progression of carotid atherosclerosis. Lancet 1992;339:883-7
  • Hulthe J, Bokemark L, Fagerberg B. Antibodies to oxidized LDL in relation to intima-media thickness in carotid and femoral arteries in 58-year-old subjectively clinically healthy men. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2001;21:101-7
  • Vaarala O, Alfthan G, Jauhiainen M, et al. Crossreaction between antibodies to oxidised low-density lipoprotein and to cardiolipin in systemic lupus erythematosus. Lancet 1993;341:923-5
  • Aho K, Vaarala O, Tenkanen L, et al. Antibodies binding to anionic phospholipids but not to oxidized low-density lipoprotein are associated with thrombosis in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Exp Rheumatol 1996;14:499-506
  • Soep JB, Mietus-Snyder M, Malloy MJ, et al. Assessment of atherosclerotic risk factors and endothelial function in children and young adults with pediatric-onset systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 2004;51:451-7
  • Romero FI, Amengual O, Atsumi T, et al. Arterial disease in lupus and secondary antiphospholipid syndrome: association with anti-beta2-glycoprotein I antibodies but not with antibodies against oxidized low-density lipoprotein. Br J Rheumatol 1998;37:883-8
  • Hayem G, Nicaise-Roland P, Palazzo E, et al. Anti-oxidized low-density-lipoprotein (OxLDL) antibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus with and without antiphospholipid syndrome. Lupus 2001;10:346-51
  • Gomez-Zumaquero JM, Tinahones FJ, De Ramon E, et al. Association of biological markers of activity of systemic lupus erythematosus with levels of anti-oxidized low-density lipoprotein antibodies. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2004;43:510-3
  • Wada Y, Kuroda T, Murasawa A, et al. Autoantibodies against oxidized low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and carotid atherosclerosis in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2005;23:482-6
  • Deguchi H, Fernandez JA, Hackeng TM, et al. Cardiolipin is a normal component of human plasma lipoproteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2000;97:1743-8
  • Hasunuma Y, Matsuura E, Makita Z, et al. Involvement of beta 2-glycoprotein I and anticardiolipin antibodies in oxidatively modified low-density lipoprotein uptake by macrophages. Clin Exp Immunol 1997;107:569-73
  • Kobayashi K, Kishi M, Atsumi T, et al. Circulating oxidized LDL forms complexes with beta2-glycoprotein I: implication as an atherogenic autoantigen. J Lipid Res 2003;44:716-26
  • Kobayashi K, Matsuura E, Liu Q, et al. A specific ligand for beta2;-glycoprotein I mediates autoantibody-dependent uptake of oxidized low density lipoprotein by macrophages. J Lipid Res 2001;42:697-709
  • Dai L, Lamb DJ, Leake DS, et al. Evidence for oxidised low density lipoprotein in synovial fluid from rheumatoid arthritis patients. Free Radic Res 2000;32:479-86
  • Lee HS, Kim YS. Identification of oxidized low density lipoprotein in human renal biopsies. Kidney Int 1998;54:848-56
  • Kamanna VS, Pai R, Roh DD, et al. Oxidative modification of low-density lipoprotein enhances the murine mesangial cell cytokines associated with monocyte migration, differentiation, and proliferation. Lab Invest 1996;74:1067-79
  • Zhang Y, Zanotti I, Reilly MP, et al. Overexpression of apolipoprotein A-I promotes reverse transport of cholesterol from macrophages to feces in vivo. Circulation 2003;108:661-3
  • Remaley AT, Thomas F, Stonik JA, et al. Synthetic amphipathic helical peptides promote lipid efflux from cells by an ABCA1-dependent and an ABCA1-independent pathway. J Lipid Res 2003;44:828-36
  • Shah PK, Yano J, Reyes O, et al. High-dose recombinant apolipoprotein A-I(milano) mobilizes tissue cholesterol and rapidly reduces plaque lipid and macrophage content in apolipoprotein e-deficient mice. Potential implications for acute plaque stabilization. Circulation 2001;103:3047-50
  • Martinez LO, Agerholm-Larsen B, Wang N, et al. Phosphorylation of a pest sequence in ABCA1 promotes calpain degradation and is reversed by ApoA-I. J Biol Chem 2003;278:37368-74
  • Navab M, Hama S, Hough G, et al. Oral synthetic phospholipid (DMPC) raises high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, improves high-density lipoprotein function, and markedly reduces atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-null mice. Circulation 2003;108:1735-9
  • Navab M, Hama SY, Anantharamaiah GM, et al. Normal high density lipoprotein inhibits three steps in the formation of mildly oxidized low density lipoprotein: steps 2 and 3. J Lipid Res 2000;41:1495-508
  • Cockerill GW, Rye KA, Gamble JR, et al. High-density lipoproteins inhibit cytokine-induced expression of endothelial cell adhesion molecules. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1995;15:1987-94
  • Calabresi L, Franceschini G, Sirtori CR, et al. Inhibition of VCAM-1 expression in endothelial cells by reconstituted high density lipoproteins. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1997;238:61-5
  • Barter PJ, Baker PW, Rye KA. Effect of high-density lipoproteins on the expression of adhesion molecules in endothelial cells. Curr Opin Lipidol 2002;13:285-8
  • Sugatani J, Miwa M, Komiyama Y, et al. High-density lipoprotein inhibits the synthesis of platelet-activating factor in human vascular endothelial cells. J Lipid Mediat Cell Signal 1996;13:73-88
  • O'Connell BJ, Genest J Jr. High-density lipoproteins and endothelial function. Circulation 2001;104:1978-83
  • Zeiher AM, Schachinger V. Coronary endothelial vasodilator dysfunction: clinical relevance and therapeutic implications. Z Kardiol 1994;83(Suppl 4):7-14
  • Navab M, Ananthramaiah GM, Reddy ST, et al. The oxidation hypothesis of atherogenesis: the role of oxidized phospholipids and HDL. J Lipid Res 2004;45:993-1007
  • Shih DM, Gu L, Xia YR, et al. Mice lacking serum paraoxonase are susceptible to organophosphate toxicity and atherosclerosis. Nature 1998;394:284-7
  • Watson AD, Navab M, Hama SY, et al. Effect of platelet activating factor-acetylhydrolase on the formation and action of minimally oxidized low density lipoprotein. J Clin Invest 1995;95:774-82
  • Forte TM, Subbanagounder G, Berliner JA, et al. Altered activities of anti-atherogenic enzymes LCAT, paraoxonase, and platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase in atherosclerosis-susceptible mice. J Lipid Res 2002;43:477-85
  • Van Lenten BJ, Hama SY, De Beer FC, et al. Anti-inflammatory HDL becomes pro-inflammatory during the acute phase response. Loss of protective effect of HDL against LDL oxidation in aortic wall cell cocultures. J Clin Invest 1995;96:2758-67
  • Gabay C, Kushner I. Acute-phase proteins and other systemic responses to inflammation. N Engl J Med 1999;340:448-54
  • Navab M, Hama SY, Hough GP, et al. A cell-free assay for detecting HDL that is dysfunctional in preventing the formation of or inactivating oxidized phospholipids. J Lipid Res 2001;42:1308-17
  • Ansell BJ, Navab M, Hama S, et al. Inflammatory/antiinflammatory properties of high-density lipoprotein distinguish patients from control subjects better than high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and are favorably affected by simvastatin treatment. Circulation 2003;108:2751-6
  • McMahon M, Grossman J, Fitzgerald J, et al. Proinflammatory high-density lipoprotein as a biomarker for atherosclerosis in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2006;54:2541-9
  • McMahon M, Grossman J, Skaggs B, et al. The novel biomarker pro-inflammatory HDL is associated with carotid artery plaque in women with SLE, and may be partially explained by apoJ activity. Arthritis Rheum (abstract) 2007;(Suppl):S216
  • French LE, Chonn A, Ducrest D, et al. Murine clusterin: molecular cloning and mRNA localization of a gene associated with epithelial differentiation processes during embryogenesis. J Cell Biol 1993;122:1119-30
  • Jones SE, Jomary C. Clusterin. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2002;34:427-31
  • Navab M, Hama-Levy S, Van Lenten BJ, et al. Mildly oxidized LDL induces an increased apolipoprotein J/paraoxonase ratio. J Clin Invest 1997;99:2005-19
  • Park YB, Lee SK, Lee WK, et al. Lipid profiles in untreated patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 1999;26:1701-4
  • Vuilleumier N, Reber G, James R, et al. Presence of autoantibodies to apolipoprotein A-1 in patients with acute coronary syndrome further links autoimmunity to cardiovascular disease. J Autoimmun 2004;23:353-60
  • Dinu AR, Merrill JT, Shen C, et al. Frequency of antibodies to the cholesterol transport protein apolipoprotein A1 in patients with SLE. Lupus 1998;7:355-60
  • Hyka N, Dayer JM, Modoux C, et al. Apolipoprotein A-I inhibits the production of interleukin-1 beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha by blocking contact-mediated activation of monocytes by T lymphocytes. Blood 2001;97:2381-9
  • Bresnihan B, Gogarty M, FitzGerald O, et al. Apolipoprotein A-I infiltration in rheumatoid arthritis synovial tissue: a control mechanism of cytokine production? Arthritis Res Ther 2004;6:R563-6
  • Devauchelle V, Essabbani A, De Pinieux G, et al. Characterization and functional consequences of underexpression of clusterin in rheumatoid arthritis. J Immunol 2006;177:6471-9
  • Goldstein JL, Brown MS. Regulation of the mevalonate pathway. Nature 1990;343:425-30
  • Shepherd J, Cobbe SM, Ford I, et al. Prevention of coronary heart disease with pravastatin in men with hypercholesterolemia. West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study Group. N Engl J Med 1995;333:1301-7
  • Downs JR, Clearfield M, Weis S, et al. Primary prevention of acute coronary events with lovastatin in men and women with average cholesterol levels: results of AFCAPS/TexCAPS. Air Force/Texas Coronary Atherosclerosis Prevention Study. JAMA 1998;279:1615-22
  • Miyagishima K, Hiramitsu S, Kato S, et al. Efficacy of atorvastatin therapy in ischaemic heart disease – effects on oxidized low-density lipoprotein and adiponectin. J Int Med Res 2007;35:534-9
  • Rikitake Y, Kawashima S, Takeshita S, et al. Anti-oxidative properties of fluvastatin, an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, contribute to prevention of atherosclerosis in cholesterol-fed rabbits. Atherosclerosis 2001;154:87-96
  • Chen H, Ikeda U, Shimpo M, et al. Direct effects of statins on cells primarily involved in atherosclerosis. Hypertens Res 2000;23:187-92
  • Leung BP, Sattar N, Crilly A, et al. A novel anti-inflammatory role for simvastatin in inflammatory arthritis. J Immunol 2003;170:1524-30
  • Xu ZM, Zhao SP, Li QZ, et al. Atorvastatin reduces plasma MCP-1 in patients with acute coronary syndrome. Clin Chim Acta 2003;338:17-24
  • Aktas O, Waiczies S, Smorodchenko A, et al. Treatment of relapsing paralysis in experimental encephalomyelitis by targeting Th1 cells through atorvastatin. J Exp Med 2003;197:725-33
  • Youssef S, Stuve O, Patarroyo JC, et al. The HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, atorvastatin, promotes a Th2 bias and reverses paralysis in central nervous system autoimmune disease. Nature 2002;420:78-84
  • Neuhaus O, Strasser-Fuchs S, Fazekas F, et al. Statins as immunomodulators: comparison with interferon-beta 1b in MS. Neurology 2002;59:990-7
  • Hakamada-Taguchi R, Uehara Y, Kuribayashi K, et al. Inhibition of hydroxymethylglutaryl-coenzyme a reductase reduces Th1 development and promotes Th2 development. Circ Res 2003;93:948-56
  • Cherfan P, Tompa A, Wikby A, et al. Effects of simvastatin on human T cells in vivo. Atherosclerosis 2007;193:186-92
  • Kwak B, Mulhaupt F, Myit S, et al. Statins as a newly recognized type of immunomodulator. Nat Med 2000;6:1399-402
  • Kwak B, Mulhaupt F, Veillard N, et al. The HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor simvastatin inhibits IFN-gamma induced MHC class II expression in human vascular endothelial cells. Swiss Med Wkly 2001;131:41-6
  • Weitz-Schmidt G, Welzenbach K, Brinkmann V, et al. Statins selectively inhibit leukocyte function antigen-1 by binding to a novel regulatory integrin site. Nat Med 2001;7:687-92
  • Chung HK, Lee IK, Kang H, et al. Statin inhibits interferon-gamma-induced expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) in vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells. Exp Mol Med 2002;34:451-61
  • Rasmussen LM, Hansen PR, Nabipour MT, et al. Diverse effects of inhibition of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase on the expression of VCAM-1 and E-selectin in endothelial cells. Biochem J 2001;360:363-70
  • Schonbeck U, Gerdes N, Varo N, et al. Oxidized low-density lipoprotein augments and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors limit CD40 and CD40L expression in human vascular cells. Circulation 2002;106:2888-93
  • Grundy SM, Cleeman JI, Merz CN, et al. Implications of recent clinical trials for the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III guidelines. Circulation 2004;110:227-39
  • Salonen R, Nyyssonen K, Porkkala E, et al. Kuopio Atherosclerosis Prevention Study (KAPS). A population-based primary preventive trial of the effect of LDL lowering on atherosclerotic progression in carotid and femoral arteries. Circulation 1995;92:1758-64
  • Haruna Y, Morita Y, Yada T, et al. Fluvastatin reverses endothelial dysfunction and increased vascular oxidative stress in rat adjuvant-induced arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2007;56:1827-35
  • Aprahamian T, Bonegio R, Rizzo J, et al. Simvastatin treatment ameliorates autoimmune disease associated with accelerated atherosclerosis in a murine lupus model. J Immunol 2006;177:3028-34
  • Charles-Schoeman C, Khanna D, Furst DE, et al. Effects of high-dose atorvastatin on antiinflammatory properties of high density lipoprotein in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a pilot study. J Rheumatol 2007;34:1459-64
  • Paragh G, Torocsik D, Seres I, et al. Effect of short term treatment with simvastatin and atorvastatin on lipids and paraoxonase activity in patients with hyperlipoproteinaemia. Curr Med Res Opin 2004;20:1321-7
  • Bergheanu SC, Van Tol A, Dallinga-Thie GM, et al. Effect of rosuvastatin versus atorvastatin treatment on paraoxonase-1 activity in men with established cardiovascular disease and a low HDL-cholesterol. Curr Med Res Opin 2007;23:2235-40
  • Delgado Alves J, Ames PR, Donohue S, et al. Antibodies to high-density lipoprotein and beta2-glycoprotein I are inversely correlated with paraoxonase activity in systemic lupus erythematosus and primary antiphospholipid syndrome. Arthritis Rheum 2002;46:2686-94
  • Tikiz C, Utuk O, Pirildar T, et al. Effects of Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition and statin treatment on inflammatory markers and endothelial functions in patients with long term rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 2005;32:2095-101
  • Hermann F, Forster A, Chenevard R, et al. Simvastatin improves endothelial function in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005;45:461-4
  • Van Doornum S, McColl G, Wicks IP. Atorvastatin reduces arterial stiffness in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2004;63:1571-5
  • Maki-Petaja KM, Booth AD, Hall FC, et al. Ezetimibe and simvastatin reduce inflammation, disease activity, and aortic stiffness and improve endothelial function in rheumatoid arthritis. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007;50:852-8
  • Ferreira GA, Navarro TP, Telles RW, et al. Atorvastatin therapy improves endothelial-dependent vasodilation in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: an 8 weeks controlled trial. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2007;46:1560-5
  • Petri M, Kiani A, Post W, Madger L. Lupus Atherosclerosis Prevention Study (LAPS): a randomized double blind placebo controlled trial of atorvatstatin versus placebo. Arthritis Rheum 2006;54:S520
  • Kang S, Wu Y, Li X. Effects of statin therapy on the progression of carotid atherosclerosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Atherosclerosis 2004;177:433-42
  • Nagashima T, Okazaki H, Yudoh K, et al. Apoptosis of rheumatoid synovial cells by statins through the blocking of protein geranylgeranylation: a potential therapeutic approach to rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2006;54:579-86
  • Barsante MM, Roffe E, Yokoro CM, et al. Anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of atorvastatin in a rat model of adjuvant-induced arthritis. Eur J Pharmacol 2005;516:282-9
  • Palmer G, Chobaz V, Talabot-Ayer D, et al. Assessment of the efficacy of different statins in murine collagen-induced arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2004;50:4051-9
  • Okamoto H, Koizumi K, Kamitsuji S, et al. Beneficial action of statins in patients with rheumatoid arthritis in a large observational cohort. J Rheumatol 2007;34:964-8
  • McCarey DW, McInnes IB, Madhok R, et al. Trial of Atorvastatin in Rheumatoid Arthritis (TARA): double-blind, randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2004;363:2015-21
  • Nanjee MN, Cooke CJ, Garvin R, et al. Intravenous apoA-I/lecithin discs increase pre-beta-HDL concentration in tissue fluid and stimulate reverse cholesterol transport in humans. J Lipid Res 2001;42:1586-93
  • Navab M, Anantharamaiah GM, Hama S, et al. Oral administration of an ApoA-I mimetic peptide synthesized from D-amino acids dramatically reduces atherosclerosis in mice independent of plasma cholesterol. Circulation 2002;105:290-2
  • Navab M, Anantharamaiah GM, Reddy ST, et al. An oral apoJ peptide renders HDL antiinflammatory in mice and monkeys and dramatically reduces atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-null mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2005;25:1932-7
  • Navab M, Anantharamaiah GM, Reddy ST, et al. Apolipoprotein A-I mimetic peptides. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2005;25:1325-31
  • Datta G, Epand RF, Epand RM, et al. Aromatic residue position on the nonpolar face of class A amphipathic helical peptides determines biological activity. J Biol Chem 2004;279:26509-17
  • Van Lenten BJ, Wagner AC, Navab M, et al. D-4F, an apolipoprotein A-I mimetic peptide, inhibits the inflammatory response induced by influenza A infection of human type II pneumocytes. Circulation 2004;110:3252-8
  • Ou J, Wang J, Xu H, et al. Effects of D-4F on vasodilation and vessel wall thickness in hypercholesterolemic LDL receptor-null and LDL receptor/apolipoprotein A-I double-knockout mice on western diet. Circ Res 2005;97:1190-7
  • Navab M, Anantharamaiah GM, Hama S, et al. D-4F and statins synergize to render HDL antiinflammatory in mice and monkeys and cause lesion regression in old apolipoprotein E-null mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2005;25:1426-32
  • Bayes M, Rabasseda X, Prous JR. Gateways to clinical trials. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol 2007;29:359-73
  • Weihrauch D, Xu H, Shi Y, et al. Effects of D-4F on vasodilation, oxidative stress, angiostatin, myocardial inflammation, and angiogenic potential in tight-skin mice. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2007;293:H1432-41
  • Charles-Schoeman C, Banquerigo ML, Hama S, et al. Treatment with an apolipoprotein A-1 mimetic peptide in combination with pravastatin inhibits collagen-induced arthritis. Clin Immunol 2008;127:234-44
  • Manzi S, Selzer F, Sutton-Tyrrell K, et al. Prevalence and risk factors of carotid plaque in women with systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 1999;42:51-60
  • Petri M. Detection of coronary artery disease and the role of traditional risk factors in the Hopkins Lupus Cohort. Lupus 2000;9:170-5
  • Petri M, Perez-Gutthann S, Spence D, et al. Risk factors for coronary artery disease in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Am J Med 1992;93:513-9
  • Roman MJ, Shanker BA, Davis A, et al. Prevalence and correlates of accelerated atherosclerosis in systemic lupus erythematosus. N Engl J Med 2003;349:2399-406
  • Dixon WG, Symmons DP. What effects might anti-TNFalpha treatment be expected to have on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in rheumatoid arthritis? A review of the role of TNFalpha in cardiovascular pathophysiology. Ann Rheum Dis 2007;66:1132-6
  • Barath P, Fishbein MC, Cao J, et al. Detection and localization of tumor necrosis factor in human atheroma. Am J Cardiol 1990;65:297-302
  • Galis ZS, Muszynski M, Sukhova GK, et al. Cytokine-stimulated human vascular smooth muscle cells synthesize a complement of enzymes required for extracellular matrix digestion. Circ Res 1994;75:181-9
  • Vis M, Nurmohamed MT, Wolbink G, et al. Short term effects of infliximab on the lipid profile in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 2005;32:252-5
  • Popa C, Netea MG, Radstake T, et al. Influence of anti-tumour necrosis factor therapy on cardiovascular risk factors in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2005;64:303-5
  • Popa C, Netea MG, van Riel PL, et al. The role of TNF-alpha in chronic inflammatory conditions, intermediary metabolism, and cardiovascular risk. J Lipid Res 2007;48:751-62
  • Peters MJ, Vis M, van Halm VP, et al. Changes in lipid profile during infliximab and corticosteroid treatment in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2007;66:958-61
  • Del Porto F, Lagana B, Nofroni I, et al. Effects of tumour necrosis factor alpha blockade on lipid profile in active rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2007;46:1626-7
  • Bosello S, Santoliquido A, Zoli A, et al. TNF-alpha blockade induces a reversible but transient effect on endothelial dysfunction in patients with long-standing severe rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Rheumatol 2007
  • Irace C, Mancuso G, Fiaschi E, et al. Effect of anti TNF-alpha therapy on arterial diameter and wall shear stress and HDL cholesterol. Atherosclerosis 2004;177:113-8
  • Gonzalez-Juanatey C, Testa A, Garcia-Castelo A, et al. Active but transient improvement of endothelial function in rheumatoid arthritis patients undergoing long-term treatment with anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha antibody. Arthritis Rheum 2004;51:447-50
  • Gonzalez-Juanatey C, Llorca J, Garcia-Porrua C, et al. Effect of anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha therapy on the progression of subclinical atherosclerosis in severe rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2006;55:150-3
  • Solomon DH, Avorn J, Katz JN, et al. Immunosuppressive medications and hospitalization for cardiovascular events in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2006;54:3790-8
  • Suissa S, Bernatsky S, Hudson M. Antirheumatic drug use and the risk of acute myocardial infarction. Arthritis Rheum 2006;55:531-6
  • Charles-Schoeman C, Banquerigo ML, Navab M, et al. An apolipoprotein J mimetic peptide in combination with pravastatin reduces clinical disease activity and structural damage in collagen-induced arthritis. Arthritis Rheum (abstract) 2006

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Order Reprints Request Corporate Permissions

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

Request Academic Permissions

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.

Related research

People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read.

Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine.

Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.
Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab.