Capsular polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccines and intravenous immunoglobulins

Bibliography

• KOLLE W: Zur aktiven immunisierung des Menschengegen cholera. Zentralbl. Bakteriol. I Abt. Orig. (1896) 19:97–104.
   Google Scholar
• MANIFOLD CC: Report of a case inoculation with carbo-lized anti-choleraic vaccine (Haffkine). Indian Med. Gaz. (1893) 28:101–103.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• PFEIFFER R, KOLLE W: Experimentelle untersuchungenzur frage der schutzimpfung des Menschen gegen ty-phus abdominalis. Dtsch. Med. Wochenschr. (1896) 22:735–737.
   Google Scholar
• WRIGHT AK: On the association of haemorrhages with conditions and defective blood coagulability. Lancet (1896) 2:807–809.
   Google Scholar
• ROUX E, YERSIN A: Contribution a l'etude de la diph-therie. Ann. Inst. Pasteur (1888) 2:629–661.
   Google Scholar
• PARK WH: Toxin-antitoxin immunisation against diphtheria. JAMA. (1922) 79:1584–1591.
   Google Scholar
• RAMON G: L'Anatoxine diphtherique. Ses pro-prietesses applications. Ann. Inst. Pasteur. (1928) 42:959–1009.
   Google Scholar
• GLENNY AT, HOPKINS BE: Diphtheria toxoid as an im-munising agent. Br. J. Exp. Pathol (1923) 4:183–188.
   Google Scholar
• DOCHEZ AR, AVERY OT: The elaboration of specific soluble substance by pneumococcus during growth. Exp. Med. (1917) 26:477–493.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• HEIDELBERGER M, AVERY OT: Soluble specific sub-stance of pneumococcus. J. Exp. Med. (1923) 38:73–79.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• FINNE J: Occurrence of unique polysialosyl carbohy-drate units in glycoproteins of developing brains. J. Biol. Chem. (1982) 257:11966–11970.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FINNE J, LEINONEN M, MAKELA PH: Antigenic similari-ties between brain components and bacteria causing meningitis. Implications for vaccine development and pathogenesis. Lancet (1983) ii:355–357.
   Google Scholar
• ROTH J, TAATJES DJ, BITTER-SUERMAN D, FINNE J: Polysialic acid units are spatially and temporally ex-pressed in developing postnatal rat kidney. Proc. Natl. Acad. ScL USA (1987) 84:1969–1973.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MACLEOD CM, HODGES RG, HEIDELBERGER M, BERN-HARD WG: Prevention of pneumococcal pneumonia by immunisation with specific capsular polysaccha-rides. J. Exp. Med. (1945) 82:445–465.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CRYZ SJ, Jr., PITT TL, FUERER E, GERMMNIER R: Role of lipopolysaccharide in virulence of Pseudomonas ae-ruginosa. Infect. Immun. (1984) 44:508–513.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ENGELS W, ENDERT J, KAMPS MAF, VAN BOVEN CPA: Role of lipopolysaccharide in opsonisation and phagocytosis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Infect. Im-mun. (1985) 49:182–189.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CROSS AS, KIM KS, WRIGHT DC, SADOFF JC, GEMSKI P: Role of lipopolysaccharide and capsule in the serum resistance of bacteremic strains of Escherichia coli. Infect. Dis. (1986) 154:497–503.
   Google Scholar
• PLUSCHKE G, ACHTMAN M: Antibodies to O-antigen of lipopolysaccharide are protective against neonatal in-fection against Escherichia colt Kl. Infect. Immun. (1983) 42:907–913.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KIM KS, KANG JH, CROSS AS et al: Functional activities of monoclonal antibodies to the O-side chain of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharides in vitro and in vivo. J. Infect. Dis. (1988) 157:47–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• THOMAS JM, BENEDI VJ, CIURANA B, JOFRE J: Role of capsule and O-antigen in resistance of Klebsiella pneu-moniae to serum bactericidal activity. Infect. Immun. (1986) 54:85–89.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JENNINGS HJ: Capsular polysaccharides as human vac-cines. Adv. Cabohydr. Chem. Biochem. (1983) 41:155–208.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LEE CJ: Bacterial capsular polysaccharides: immuno-genicity and vaccines. In: New Generation Vaccines. Levine MM, Woodrow GC, Kaper JB, Cobon GS (Eds.), Mar-cel Decker, New York (1997):411–442.
   Google Scholar
• ROBBINS JB: Vaccines for the prevention of encapsu- lated bacterial diseases: current status, problems and prospectus for the future. Immunochemistry (1978) 15:839–854.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• GOTSCHLICH EC, GOLDSCHNEIDER I, LEPOW ML, GOLD R: The immune responses to bacterial polysaccharides in man. In: Antibodies in Human Diagnosis and Therapy. Haber E, Krause RM (Eds.), Raven Press, New York (1977):391–402.
   Google Scholar
• FINLAND M: Emergence of antibiotic resistance in hos-pitals, 1935-1975. Rev. Infect. Dis. (1979) 1:4–22.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• GRABENSTEIN JD: Pneumococcal vaccine, 23-valent. In: ImmunoFacts Vaccines and Immunologic Drugs. St Louis (1995):101–105.
   Google Scholar
• BUTLER JC, BREIMAN RF, CAMPBELL JF et al.: Pneumo-coccal polysaccharide vaccine efficacy an evaluation of current recommendations. JAMA (1993) 270:1826–1831.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SHAPRIO ED, CLEMENS JD: A controlled evaluation of the protective efficacy of pneumococcal vaccine for patients at high risk of serious pneumococcal infec-tions. Ann. Intern. Merl. (1984) 101:325–330.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SIMS RV, STEINMANN WC, MCCONVELLE JH et al.: The clinical effectiveness of pneumococcal vaccine in the elderly. Ann. Intern. Med. (1988) 108:653–657.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MUFSON M, KRAUSE H, SCHIFFMAN G, HUGHEY DF: Pneumococcal antibody levels one decade after immu-nisation of healthy adults. Am. J. Merl. ScL (1987) 293:179–184.
   Google Scholar
• RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE IMMUNISATION PRAC-TICES ADVISORY COMMITTEE (ACIP): Meningococcal vaccines. MMWR (1985) 34:255–259.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• PLOTKIN SA, CAM NB: A new typhoid vaccine com-posed of the Vi capsular polysaccharide. Arch. Intern. Merl. (1995) 155:2293–2299.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PELTOLA H, MAKELA PH, KAYHTY H et al.: Clinical effi-cacy of meningococcus Group A capsular polysaccha-ride vaccine in children three months to five years of age. New Engl. J. Med. (1977) 297:686–691.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AMATO NV, FINGER H, GOTSCHLICH EC et al.: Serologic response to sero group C meningococcal vaccine in Brazilian pre-school children. Rev. Inst. Trop. Sao Paulo (1974) 16:149–153.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• BRUNDAGE JF, ZOLLINGER WD: Evolution of meningo-coccal disease epidemiology in the US army. In: Evolu-tion of Meningococcal Disease. Vedros NA (Ed.), CRC Press, Boca Raton (1987):5–26.
   Google Scholar
• FELIX A, PITT RM: A new antigen of B. typhosus: its rela-tion to virulence and to active and passive immunisa-tion. Lancet (1934) 2:186–191.
   Google Scholar
• GAINES S, LANDY M, EDSALL G et al.: Studies on infec-tion and immunity in experimental typhoid fever, III: effect of prophylactic immunisation. J. Exp. Merl. (1961) 114:327–342.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ROBBINS JD, ROBBINS JB: Re-examination of the pro-tective role of the capsular polysaccharide (Vi antigen) of Salmonella typhL J. Infect. Dis. (1984) 150:436–449.
   Google Scholar
• WONG KH, FEELEY JC, NORTHRUP RS, FORLINES ME: Vi antigen from Salmonella typhosa and immunity against typhoid fever, I: isolation and immunologic properties in animals. Infect. Immun. (1974) 9:348–353.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KEITEL W: Safety and immunogenicity of Vi polysac-charide vaccine in healthy adults. Pasteur Merieux, Marnes-la-Coquette, France (1990).
   Google Scholar
• TACKET CO, LEVINE MM, ROBBINS JB: Persistence of an-tibody titers three years after vaccination with Vi poly-saccharide vaccine against typhoid fever. Vaccine (1988) 6:307–308.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KLUGMAN KP, KOORNHOF HJ, ROBBINS JB: Immuno-genicity and protective efficacy of Vi vaccine against typhoid fever 3 years after immunisation. In: Programs and Abstracts of the Second Asia-Pacific Symposium on Ty-phoid Fever and Other Salmonellosis. Bangkok, Thailand (November 7–9, 1994).
   Google Scholar
• ACHARYA IL, LOWE CU, THAPA R et al.: Prevention of ty-phoid fever in Nepal with the Vi capsular polysaccha-ride of Salmonella typhi, a preliminary report. New Engl. J. Med. (1987) 317:1101–1104.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KLUGMAN KP, GILBERTSON IT, KOORNHOF HJ et al.: Protective activity of Vi capsular polysaccharide vac-cine against typhoid fever. Lancet (1987) 2:1165–1169.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PELTOLA H, KAYHTY H, SIVONEN A, MAKELA PH: Hae-mophilus influenzae Type b capsular polysaccharide vaccine in children: a double blind field study of 100,000 vaccine in children 3 month to 5 years of age in Finland. Pediatrics (1977) 60:730–737.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GOEBEL WF, AVERY OT: Chem-immunological studies on conjugated carbohydrate proteins. IV. The synthe-sis of p-aminobenzyl ether of the soluble specific sub-stance of Type III pneumococcus and its coupling with protein. J. Exp. Med. (1931) 54:431–436.
   Google Scholar
• AVERY OT, GOEBEL WF: Chem-immunological studies on conjugated carbohydrate proteins. V. Immunologi-cal specificity of an antigen prepared by combining the capsular polysaccharide of Type III pneumococcus with foreign protein. J. Exp. Merl. (1931) 54:437–447.
   Google Scholar
• ANDERSON PW, STEIN CW, INSEL RA: Background and indications for Haemophilus influenzae Type b vac-cines consisting of capsular antigen coupled to pro-tein carriers. In: Contributions to Microbiology and Immunology. Cruse JM, Lewis RE, Jr. (Eds.), S Kargare, Basel (1989) 10:115–124.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• SCHOENDORF KC, ADAMS WG, KIELY JL, WENGER JD: National trends in Haemophilus influenzae meningi-tis mortality and hospitalisation among children, 1980 through 1991. Pediatrics (1994) 93:663–668.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Progress towards elimination of Haemophilus influ-enzae Type b disease among infants and children. MMWR (1994) 2:144–147.
   Google Scholar
• MURPHY TV, PASTOR P, MEDLEY F, OSTERHOLM MT, GRANOFF DM: Decreased Haemophilus colonisation in children vaccinated with Haemophilus influenzae Type b conjugate vaccine. J. Pediatr. (1993) 122:517–523.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MOHLE-BOETANI JC, AJELLO G, BRENNEMAN E et al.: Carriage of Haemophilus influenzae Type b in chil-dren after widespread vaccination with conjugate Haemophilus influenzae Type b vaccines. Pediatr. In-fec. Dis. J. (1993) 12:589–593.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TAKALA AK, ESKOLA J, LEINONEN M et al.: Reduction of oropharyngeal carriage of Haemophilus influenzae Type b (Hib) in children immunised with Hib conju-gate vaccine. J. Infect. Dis. (1991) 164:982–986.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DEGAN R, MUALLEM M, MELAMED R et al.: Reduction of pneumococcus nasopharyngeal carriage after immu-nisation with tetravalent pneumococcal vaccines con-jugated to either tetanus toxoid (Pnc-T) or diphtheria toxoid (Pnc-D) in early infancy. 36th ICAAC. New Or-leans, USA (1996):G39.
   Google Scholar
• DEGAN R, MELAMED R, MUALLEM M et al.: Reduction ofnasopharyngeal carriage of pneumococci during sec-ond year of life by a heptavalent conjugate pneumo-coccal vaccine. Lancet (1996) 348:271.
   Google Scholar
• GRABENSTEIN JD: Haemophilus Influenzae Type b conjugate vaccines. In: ImmunoFacts Vaccines and Im-munologic Drugs. St Louis (1995):85–91.
   Google Scholar
• DECKER MD, EDWARDS KM, BRADLEY R, PALMER P: Comparative trial in infants of four conjugate Haemo-philus influenzae Type b vaccines. J. Pediatr. (1992) 120:184–189.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AMBROSINO DM, BOLON D, COLLARD H et al: Effect of Haemophilus influenzae polysaccharide outer mem-brane protein complex conjugate vaccine on macro-phage. J. Immunol (1992) 149:3978–3983.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HARRISON LH, TAJKOWSKI C, CROLL G et al.: Post-licensure effectiveness of the Haemophilus in fluenzae Type b polysaccharide - Neisseria meningitidis outer-membrane protein complex conjugate vaccine among Navajo children. J. Pediatr. (1994) 125:571–576.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JENNINGS HJ, SOOD RK: Synthetic glycoconjugates ashuman vaccines. In: Neoglycoconjugates: Preparations and Applications. Lee YC, Lee RT (Eds.), Academic Press, San Diego (1990325–371.
   Google Scholar
• ••A comprehensive review covering various aspects of conju-gate preparations.
   Google Scholar
• DICK WE, Jr., BEURRET M: Glycoconjugates of bacterialcarbohydrate antigens. In: Contributions to Microbiology and Immunology. Cruse JM, Lewis RE (Eds.), S Kargare, Basel (1989) 10:48–114.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• SOOD RK, FATTOM A, PAVLIAK V, NASO RB: Capsularpolysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccines. Drug Dis-coy. Today (1996) 1:381–387.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JENNINGS HJ, PON RA: Polysaccharides and glycocon-jugates as human vaccines. In: Polysaccharides in Medici-nal Applications. Dumitriu S (Ed.), Mercel Dekker, Inc., New York (1997):443–479.
   Google Scholar
• ROBBINS JB, SCHNEERSON R: Polysaccharide-proteinconjugates: a new generation of vaccines. J. Infect Dis. (1990) 161:821–832.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BUTLER JC, BREIMAN RF, LIPMAN HB, HOFMANN J, FACK-LAM RR: Serotype distribution of Streptococcus pneu-moniae infections among pre-school children in the United States, 1978-1994: implications for develop-ment of a conjugate vaccine. J. Infect. Dis. (1995) 171:885–889.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KLEIN DL, ELLIS RW: Conjugate vaccines against Strep-tococcus pneumoniae. In: New Generation Vaccines. Levine MM, Woodrow GC, Kaper JB, Cobon GS (Eds.), Mar-cel Decker, New York (1997):503–525.
   Google Scholar
• ••Excellent review giving the current status of pneumococcalconjugate vaccines
   Google Scholar
• ANDERSON P, BETTS R: Human adult immunogenicityof protein coupled pneumococcal capsular antigens of serotypes prevalent in otitis media. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. (1989) 8:S50–S53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• STEINHOFF MC, EDWARDS K, KEYSERLING H et al.: A ran-domised comparison of three bivalent Streptococcus pneumoniae glycoprotein conjugate vaccines in young children: effect of polysaccharide size and link-age characteristics. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. (1994) 13:368–372.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KAYHTY H, AHMAN H, RONNBERG PR, TILLIKAINEN R,ESKOLA J: Pneumococcal polysaccharide-meningococcal outer membrane protein complex conjugate vaccine is immunogenic in infants and chil-dren. J. Infect. Dis. (1995) 172:1273–1278.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AHMAN H, KAYHTY H, TAMMINEN P et al.: Pentavalentpneumococcal oligosaccharide conjugate vaccine PncCRM is well tolerated and able to induce an anti-body response in infants. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. (1996) 15:134–139.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PICHICHERO ME, SHELLY MA, TREANOR JJ: Evaluation ofa pentavalent conjugated pneumococcal vaccine in toddlers. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. (1997) 16:72–74.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KING JC, Jr., VINK PE, FARLEY JJ et al.: Safety and immu-nogenicity of three doses of a five-valent pneumococ-cal conjugate vaccine in children younger than two years with and without human immunodeficiency vi-rus infection. Pediatrics (1997) 99:575–580.
   Google Scholar
• DEVI SJN, ZOLLINGER WD, SNOY PJ: Preclinical evalua-tion of Group B Neisseria meningitidis and Escheri-chia coli K92 capsular polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccines in juvenile rhesus monkeys. Infect. Immun. (1997) 65:1045–1052.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ZOLLINGER WD: New and improved vaccines against meningococcal disease. In: New Generation Vaccines. Levine MM, Woodrow GC, Kaper JB, Cobon GS (Eds.), Mar-cel Decker, New York (1997):469–488.
   Google Scholar
• ••An excellent review giving the current status of meningo-coccal vaccines
   Google Scholar
• ANDERSON EL, BOWERS T, MINK CM et al.: Safety and im- munogenicity of meningococcal A and C polysaccha-ride conjugate vaccine in adults. Infect. Immun. (1994) 62:3391–3395.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TWUMASI PA, Jr., KUMAH S, LEACH A et al.: A trial of group A plus group C meningococcal polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccine in African infants. J. Infect. Dis. (1995) 171:632–638.
   Google Scholar
• FAIRLEY CK, BEGG N, BORROW R et al.: Conjugate men-ingococcal serogroup A and C vaccine: reactogenicity and immunogenicity in United Kingdom infants. J. In-fect. Dis. (1996) 174:1360–1363.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LIEBERMAN JM, CHIU SS, WONG VK et al.: Safety and im-munogenicity of a serogroups A/C Neisseria meningi-tidis oligosaccharide-protein conjugate vaccine in young children. A randomised controlled trial. JAMA (1997) 275:1499–1503.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LEACH A, TWUMASI PA, KUMAH S et al.: Induction of im-munologic memory in Gambian children by vaccina-tion in infancy with a group A plus group C meningococcal polysaccharide-protein conjugate vac-cine. J. Infect. Dis. (1997) 175:200–204.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GREGSON NA, MORENO C, LIFELY MR: Monoclonal anti-bodies against meningococcal polysaccharide with cross-reactivity against brain antigens. Biochem. Soc. Trans. (1985) 13:462.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HAYRINEN J, BITTER-SUERMANN D, FINNE J: Interaction of meningococcal group B monoclonal antibody and its fab fragment with a2-8 linked sialic acid polymers - requirement of a long oligosaccharide segment for binding. Mol. Immunol. (1989) 26:523–529.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HAYRINEN J, JENNINGS HJ, RAFF HV et al.: Antibodies to polysialic acid and its N-propyl derivative: binding properties and interaction with human embryonal brain glycopeptides. J. Infect. Dis. (1995) 171:1481–1490.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AZMI FH, LUCAS AH, SPIEGELBERG HL, GRANOFF DM: Human immunoglobulin M paraproteins cross-reactive with Neisseria meningitidis Group B polysac-charide and fetal brain. Infect. Immun. (1995) 63:1906–1913.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BARTOLONI A, NORELLI F, CECCARINI C, RAPPUOLI R,COSTANTINO P: Immunogenicity of meningococcal B polysaccharide conjugated to tetanus toxoid or CRM197 via adipic acid dihydrizide. Vaccine (1995) 13:463–470.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DEVI SJN, ROBBINS JB, SCHNEERSON R: Antibodies to poly [(2-8)-a-N-acetylneuraminic acid] and poly[(2-9)-a-N-acetylneuraminic acid] are elicited by immunisation of mice with Escherichia coli K92 con-jugates: potential vaccines for Group B and Group C meningococci and E. coli Kl. Proc. NatI Acad. ScL USA (1991) 88:7175–7179.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JENNINGS HJ, ROY R, GAMIAN A: Induction of meningo-coccal Group B polysaccharide-specific IgG antibodies in mice using an N-propionylated B polysaccharide-tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccine. J. Immunol. (1986) 137:1708–1713.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JENNINGS HJ, GAMIAN A, ASHTON FE: N-propionylated Group B meningococcus polysaccharide mimics a unique epitope on Group B Neisseria meningitidis. Exp. Med. (1987) 165:1207–1211.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DANVE B, BRUGE N, CAM NB et al.: Safety and immuno-genicity of an N-propionylated Group B meningococ-cal polysaccharide conjugate vaccine in adult volunteers. In: Abstracts of the Tenth International Patho-genic Neisseria Conference. Zollinger WD, Frasch C, Deal CD (Eds.), Baltimore, USA (1996). Poster 73.
   Google Scholar
• LAGERGARD T, SHILOACH J, ROBBINS JB, SCHNEERSON R: Synthesis and immunological properties of conju-gates composed of Group B streptococcus Type III cap-sular polysaccharide covalently bound to tetanus toxoid. Infect. Immun. (1990) 58:687–694.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PAOLETTI LC, KASPER DL, MICHON F et al.: An oligosaccharide-tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccine against Type III Group B streptococcus. J. Biol. Chem. (1990) 265:18278–18283.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PAOLETTI LC, KASPER DL, MICHON F et al.: Effect of chain length on the immunogenicity in rabbit of Group B streptococcus Type III oligosaccharide-tetanus toxoid conjugates. J. Clin. Invest. (1992) 89:203–209.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PAOLETTI LC, WESSELS MR, MICHON F et al.: Group B streptococcus Type II polysaccharide-tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccine. Infect. Immun. (1992) 60:4009–4014.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PAOLETTI LC, WESSELS MR, MICHON F, JENNINGS HJ, KASPER DL: Group B streptococcus glycoconjugate vac-cines. Trends GlycoscL Glycotechnol. (1992) 4:269–278.
   Google Scholar
• PAOLETTI LC, WESSELS MR, JENNINGS HJ et al.: Neonatal mouse protection against infection with multiple Group B streptococcal (GBS) serotypes by maternal immunisation with a tetravalent GBS polysaccharide-tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccine. Infect. Immun. (1994) 62:3236–3243.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MADOFF LC, PAOLETTI LC, TAI JY, KASPER DL: Maternalimmunisation of mice with Group B streptococcal Type III polysaccharide-beta C protein conjugate elic-its protective antibody to multiple serotypes. J. Clin. In-vest. (1994) 94:286–292.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KASPER DL, PAOLETTI LC, WESSELS MR et al.: Immune re-sponse to Type III Group B streptococcal polysaccharide-tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccine. J. Clin. Invest. (1996) 96:2308–2314.
   Google Scholar
• FORD-JONES EL, MINDOFF CM, LANGLEY JM et al.: Epide-miologic study of 4684 hospital-acquired infections in pediatric patients. Pediatr. Infec. Dis. (1989) 8:668–685.
   Google Scholar
• CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL: Nosocomial infec-tions surveillance. MMWR (1986) 35:17–29.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• MCGOWAN JE, BARNES MW, FINLAND M: Bacteremia atBoston city hospital; occurrence and mortality during selective years (1935-1972), with special reference to hospital-acquired cases. J. Infect. Dis. (1975) 132:316–335.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WEINSTEIN RA: Epidemiology and control of noso-comial infections in adult intensive care units. Am. J. Med. (1991) 91 (Suppl. 3B):179–184.
   Google Scholar
• MUSHER DM, MCKENZIE SO: Infections due to S. au-reus. Medicine (1977) 56:383–409.
   Google Scholar
• LINNEMANN CC, MOORE P, STANECK JL, PFALLER MA: Reemergence of epidemic methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in general hospital associated with changing staphylococcal strain. Am. J. Med. (1991) 91 (Suppl. 3B):238–244.
   Google Scholar
• BITAR CM, MAYHALL CG, LAMB VA: Outbreak due to me-thicillin- and rifampin-resistant Staphylococcus au-reus: epidemiology and eradication of the resistant strain from the hospital. Infect. Control. (1987) 8:15–23.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• ROBINSON-DUNN B, JENNINGS G, MITCHELL J et al.: Characterisation of a unique isolate of vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus (VISA). 37th ICAAC. Toronto, Canada. (1997):LB14.
   Google Scholar
• BOYCE JM, MEDEIROS AA, HIRAMATSU K: Clinical iso-lates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) from the United States with subpopulations of cells with reduced susceptibility to vancomycin. 37th ICAAC Meeting, Toronto, Canada. (1997):LB15.
   Google Scholar
• FATTOM Al, SARWAR J, ORTIZ A, NASO R: Staphylococ-cus aureus capsular polysaccharide (CP) vaccine and CP-specific antibodies protect mice against bacterial challenge. Infect. Immun. (1996) 64:1659–1665.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FATTOM A, SCHNEERSON R, KARAKAWA WW et al: Labo-ratory and clinical evaluation of conjugate vaccines composed of Staphylococcus aureus Type 5 and 8 cap-sular polysaccharides bound to Pseudomonas aerugi-nosa recombinant exoprotein A. Infect. Immun. (1993) 61:1023–1032.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FATTOM A, WELCH P, SHILOACH J et al.: Conjugate vac-cines against Staphylococcus aureus Type 5 and 8 cap-sular polysaccharide. 33rd ICAAC. New Orleans, USA (1993). Abstract 784.
   Google Scholar
• NEAL JB: Serum treatment of meningitis. NY State J Med. (1933) 33:94–96.
   Google Scholar
• HERRICK WW: The intravenous serum treatment of epi-demic cerebrospinal meningitis. Arch. Intern. Med. (1918) 21:541–563.
   Google Scholar
• BULLOWA JGM: Serum therapy. In: The Management of the Pneumonias. Oxford University Press, New York (1937):283–362.
   Google Scholar
• FISCHER GW, HEMMING VG, GLOSER HP et al.: Polyva-lent Group B streptococcal immune globulin for intra-venous administration: overview. Rev. Infect. Dis. (1990) 12 (Suppl. 4):S483–S491.
   Google Scholar
• FISCHER GW, WEISMAN LE, HEMMING VG: Directed im-munoglobulin for the prevention or treatment of neo-natal Group B streptococcal infections: a review. Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol. (1992) 62:S92–S97.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• CASADEVALL A, SCHARFF MD: Serum therapy revisited: animal models of infection and development of pas-sive antibody therapy. Antimicrob. Agents Chem other. (1994) 38:1695–1702.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LEE JC, PARK JS, SHEPHERD SE et al.: Protective efficacy of antibodies to Staphylococcus aureus Type 5 capsu-lar polysaccharide in a modified model of endocarditis in rats. Infect. Immun. (1997) 65:4146–4151.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MOLRINE DC, GEORGE S, TARBELL N et al.: Antibody re-sponse to polysaccharide and polysaccharide conju-gate vaccines after treatment of Hodgkin disease. Ann. Intern. Med. (1995) 123:828–834.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FATTOM A, CHO YH, CHU C et al.: Epitopic overload at the site of injection may result in suppression of the immune response to combined capsular polysaccha-ride conjugate vaccines. Vaccine (1998). (Submitted.)
   Google Scholar
• INSEL RA: Potential alterations in the immunogenicity by combining or simultaneously administering vac-cine components. In: Combined Vaccines and Simultane-ous Administration: Current Issues and Perspectives. William JC, Goldenthal KL, Burns DL, Lewis BP, Jr. (Eds.), Ann. NY Acad. ScL (1995) 754:35–47.
   Google Scholar
• BARINGTON T, SKETTRUP M, JUUL L, HEILMAN C: Non-epitope-specific suppression of antibody response to Haemophilus influenzae Type b conjugate vaccine by preimmunisation with vaccine components. Infect. Im-mun. (1993) 61:432–438.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BARINGTON T, GYHRS A, KRISTENSEN A, HEILMANN C: Opposite effect of actively and passively acquired im-munity to the carrier on response of human infants to Haemophilus influenzae Type b conjugate vaccine. In-fect. Immun. (1994) 64:9–14.
   Google Scholar
• PEETERS CCAM, EVENBERD D, HOOGERHOUT P et al.: Synthetic trimer and tetramer of 3-13-n-ribose41-11-n-ribitol-5-phosphate conjugated to protein induce antibody response to Haemophilus in-fluenzae Type b capsular polysaccharide in mice and monkeys. Infect. Immun. (1992) 60:826–1833.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• PANZA L, RONCHETTI F, TOMA L: Streptococcus pneu-moniae Type 19A polysaccharide. Synthesis of the tri-saccharide component of the repeating unit. Carbohydr. Res. (1988) 181:242–245.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PAULSEN H, HELPAP B: Synthesis einer tetrasaccha-rideinheit des kapselpolysaccharides von Streptococ-cus pneumoniae Typ 9V. Carbohydr. Res. (1989) 186:189–205.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• VAN STEIJN AMP, KAMERLING JP, VLEIGENTHART FG: Synthesis of a spacer-containing repeating unit of the capsular polysaccharide of Streptococcus pneumo-niae Type 23F. Carbohydr. Res. (1991) 211:261–277.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• POZSGAY V, BRISSON J-R, JENNINGS HJ: Combined chemical and enzymatic synthesis of a pentasaccha-ride repeating unit of the capsular polysaccharide of Group B streptococcus and one- and two-dimensional spectroscopic studies. J. Org. Chem. (1991) 56:3377–3385.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar