Bibliography
- AGUILAR-BRYAN L, BRYAN J: Molecular biology of adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium channels. Endocrine Rev. (1999) 20:101–135.
- SEINO S: ATP-sensitive potassium channels: a model of heteromultimeric potassium channel/receptor assemblies. Ann. Rev. Physic] (1999) 61:337–362.
- QUAST U: Potassium channel openers: Pharmacological and clinical aspects. Fundarn. Clin. Pharmacol (1992) 6:279–293.
- JAHANGIR A, SHEN WK, TERZIC A:Potassium channel openers: novel therapeutics in Cardiovascular Medicine. Heart Physiology and Pathophysiology Sperelakis N et al. (Eds.), Academic Press, San Diego, CA, USA (2001):829–836.
- YAMADA K, JI JJ, YUAN HJ et al.: Protective role of ATP-sensitive potassium channels in hypoxia-induced generalized seizure. Science (2001) 292:1543–1546.
- •An important study demonstrating the critical role for KATp channels in controlling cellular excitability under metabolic stress.
- ASHCROFT FM, GRIBBLE FM: New windows on the mechanism of action of K-ATP channel openers. Trends Pharmacol Sri. (2000) 21:439–445.
- CARRASCO AJ, DZEJA PP, ALEKSEEV AE et al.: Adenylate kinase phosphotransfer communicates cellular energetic signals to ATP-sensitive potassium channels. Proc. Natl. Acad. Li. USA (2001) 98:7623–7628.
- ZINGMAN LV, ALEKSEEV AE, BIENENGRAEBER M et al.: Signaling in channel/enzyme multimers. ATPase transitions in SUR module gate ATP-sensitive K+ conductance. Neuron (2001) 31:233–45.
- JOVANOVIC N, JOVANOVIC S, JOVANOVIC A, TERZIC A: Gene delivery of KiR6.2/SUR2A in conjunction with pinacidil handles intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis under metabolic stress. FASEB (1999) 13:923–929.
- QUAYLE JM, NELSON MT, STANDEN NB: ATP-sensitive and inwardly rectifying potassium channels in smooth muscle. Physiol. Rev (1997) 77:1165–1232.
- EDWARDS G, WESTON AH: Recent advances in potassium channel modulation. Prog. Drug Res. (1997) 49:93–121.
- BABENKO AP AGUILAR-BRYAN L, BRYAN J: A view of SUR/K1R6.x KAip channels. Ann. Rev Physic] (1998) 60:667–687.
- INAGAKI N, GONOI T, CLEMENT JP et al: Reconstitution of IKAjp: an inward rectifier subunit plus the sulfonylurea receptor. Science (1995) 270:1166–1170.
- ••The original study reporting the molecularcomponents of the KATp channel complex.
- LORENZ E, ALEKSEEV AE, KRAPIVINSKY GB, CARRASCO AJ, CLAPHAM DE, TERZIC A: Evidence for direct physical association between a K+ channel (KiR6.2) and an ATP-binding cassette protein (SURI) which affects cellular distribution and kinetic behavior of an ATP-sensitive K+ channel. Mal Cell. Biol. (1998) 18:1652–1659.
- INAGAKI N, GONOI T, CLEMENT JP et al: A family of sulfonylurea receptors determines the pharmacological properties of ATP-sensitive K+ channels. Neuron (1996) 16:1011–1017.
- ISOMOTO S, KONDO C, YAMADA M et al: A novel sulfonylurea receptor forms with BIR (KiR6.2) a smooth muscle type ATP-sensitive K+ channel. J. Biol. Chem. (1996) 271:24321–24324.
- TERZIC A, VIVAUDOU M: Molecular pharmacology of ATP-sensitive K+ channels: how and why? In: Potassium Channels in Cardiovascular Biology Archer SL, Rusch NJ (Eds.), Academic Press, San Diego, CA, USA (2001):257–277.
- YAMADA M, ISOMOTO S, MATSUMOTO S et al.: Sulphonylurea receptor 2B and KiR6.1 form a sulphonylurea-sensitive but ATP-insensitive K+ channel. J. Physiol (1997) 499:715–720.
- SHYNG S, FERRIGNI T, NICHOLS CG: Regulation of KATp channel activity by diazoxide and MgADP. Distinct functions of the two nucleotide binding folds of the sulfonylurea receptor. J. Cen. Physiol (1997) 110:643–654.
- MOREAU C, JACQUET H, PROST AL, D'HAHAN N, VIVAUDOU M: The molecular basis of the specificity of action of K(ATP) channel openers. EMBO J. (2000) 19:6644–6651.
- SCHWANSTECHER M, SIEVERDING C, DORSCHNER H etal.: Potassium channel openers require ATP to bind to and act through sulfonylurea receptors. EMBO J. (1998) 17:5529–5535.
- HAMBROCK A, LOFFLER-WALZ C, KLOOR D et al.: ATP-sensitive K+ channel modulator binding to sulfonylurea receptors SUR2A and SUR2B: opposite effects of MgADP. Mal Pharmacol (1999) 55:832–840.
- GROSS GJ, FRYER RM: Sarcolemmal versus mitochondrial ATP-sensitive K+ channels and myocardial preconditioning. Circ Res. (1999) 84:973–979.
- GROVER GJ, GARLID KD: ATP-Sensitive potassium channels: a review of their cardioprotective pharmacology. I Mal Cell. Cardiol (2000) 32:677–695.
- COHEN MV, BAINES CP, DOWNEY JM: Ischemic preconditioning: from adenosine receptor to KATP channel. Ann. Rev Physiol (2000) 62:79–109.
- KLONER RA, BOLLI R, MARBAN E, REINLIB L, BRAUNWALD E: Medical and cellular implications of stunning, hibernation, and preconditioning: an NHLBI workshop. Circulation (1998) 97:1848–1867.
- TOMAI F, CREA F, GASPARD ONE A etal.: Ischemic preconditioning during coronary angioplasty is prevented by glibenclamide, a selective ATP-sensitive K+ channel blocker. Circulation (1994) 90:700–705.
- JOVANOVIC A, JOVANOVIC S, CARRASCO AJ, TERZIC A: Acquired resistance of a mammalian cell line to hypoxia-reoxygenation through co-transfection of KiR6.2 and SUR1 clones. Lab. Invest. (1998) 78:1101–1107.
- JOVANOVIC A, JOVANOVIC S, LORENZ E, TERZIC A: Recombinant cardiac ATP-sensitive K+ channel subunits confer resistance to chemical hypoxia-reoxygenation injury. Circulation (1998) 98:1548–1555.
- OZCAN C, HOLMUHAMEDOV EL, JAHANGIR A, TERZIC A: Diazoxide protects mitochondria from anoxic injury: Implications for myopreservation. I Thome. Cardiovasc. Surg. (2001) 121:298–306.
- HOLMUHAMEDOV EL, JOVANOVIC S, DZEJA PP, JOVANOVIC A, TERZIC A: Mitochondrial ATP-sensitive K+ channels modulate cardiac mitochondrial function. Am. J. Physic] (1998) 44:H1567–H1576.
- LIU Y, SATO T, O'ROURKE B, MARBAN E: Mitochondrial ATP-dependent potassium channels: novel effectors of cardioprotection? Circulation (1998) 97:2463–2469.
- JAHANGIR A, OZCAN C, HOLMUHAMEDOV EL, TERZIC A: Increased calcium vulnerability of senescent cardiac mitochondria: protective role for a mitochondrial potassium channel opener. Mech. Ageing Dev. (2001) 122:1073–1086.
- SAITO S, MIZUMURA T, TAKAYAMA et al.: Antiischemic effects of nicorandil during coronary angioplasty in humans. Cardiovasc. Drugs Ther. (1995) 9:257–263.
- HOLMUHAMEDOV EL, OZCAN C, JAHANGIR A, TERZIC A: Restoration of Ca2+ -inhibited oxidative phosphorylation in cardiac mitochondria by mitochondrial Ca2+ unloading. Mal Cell. Biochem. (2001) 220:135–140.
- HOENICKE EM, SUN XW, STRANGE RG, DAMIANO RJ: Donor heart preservation with a novel hyperpolarising solution: superior protection compared with University of Wisconsin solution. J. Thome. Cardiovasc. Surg. (2000) 120:746–754.
- HOLMUHAMEDOV EL, WANG L, TERZIC A: ATP-sensitive K+ channel openers prevent Ca2+ overload in rat cardiac mitochondria. J. Physiol (1999) 519:347–360.
- D'HAHAN N, MOREAU C, PROST AL et al.: Pharmacological plasticity of cardiac ATP-sensitive potassium channels toward diazoxide revealed by ADP. Proc. Natl. Acad. Li. (1999) 96:12162–12167.
- CHAMBERS DJ, HEARSE DJ: Developments in cardioprotection: Polarized' arrest as an alternative to 'depolarised' arrest. Ann. Thorac. Surg. (1999) 68:1960–1966.
- HAYASHI Y, SAWA Y, OHTAKE S, NISHIMURA M, ICHIKAWA H, MATSUDA H: Controlled nicorandil administration for myocardial protection during coronary artery bypass grafting under cardiopulmonary bypass. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol (2001) 38:21–28.
- JAHANGIR A, TERZIC A, KURACHI Y: Intracellular acidification and ADP enhance nicorandil induction of ATP sensitive potassium channel current in cardiomyocytes. Cardiovasc. Res. (1994) 28:831–835.
- TERZIC A, JAHANGIR A, KURACHI Y:HOE-234, a second generation K+ channel opener, antagonizes the ATP-dependent gating of cardiac ATP-sensitive K+ channels. Pharmacol Esp. Ther. (1994) 268:818–825.
- MURRY CE, JENNINGS RB, REIMER KA: Preconditioning with ischaemia: a delay of lethal cell injury in ischemic myocardium. Circulation (1986) 74:1124–1136.
- ••Original report on the protective effect of 2006 Expert Op/n. Pharmacother. (2001) 2(12) ischaemic preconditioning.
- GROSS GJ, AUCHAMPACH JA: Blockade of ATP-sensitive potassium channel prevents myocardial preconditioning in dogs. Circ. Res. (1992) 70:223–233.
- •Critical study demonstrating involvement of KATp channels in cardioprotection.
- YAMADA M, TERZIC A, FINDLAY I, JAHANGIR A, SHEN WK, KURACHI Y: YM934, a novel K+ channel opener, activates ATP-sensitive K+ channels in cardiac myocytes. j Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. (1993) 267:1544–1549.
- YASUDA T, HASHIMURA K, MATSU-URA Y et al.: Nicorandil, a hybrid between nitrate and ATP-sensitive potassium channel opener, preconditions human heart to ischaemia during percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. bit. Circ. J. (2001) 65:526–530.
- QUAST U, GUILLON JM, CAVERO I: Cellular pharmacology of potassium channel openers in vascular smooth muscle. Cardiovasc. Res. (1994) 28:805–810.
- OKADA Y, YANAGISAWA T, TAIRA N: BRL 38227 (levcromakalim)-induced hyperpolarisation reduces the sensitivity to Ca2+ of contractile elements in canine coronary artery. Nailing] Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol (1993) 347:438–444.
- DONNELLY R, ELLIOTT HL, MEREDITH PA, REID JL: Clinical studies with the potassium channel activator cromakalim in normotensive and hypertensive subjects. j Cardiovasc. Pharmacol (1990) 16:790–795.
- FRYDMAN A: Pharmacokinetic profile of nicorandil in humans. j Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. (1992) 20:S34–S44.
- SURYAPRANATA H: Coronary haemodynamics and vasodilatory profile of a potassium channel opener in patients with coronary artery disease. Eur. Heart j (1993) 14:16–21.
- ANGERBACH D, NICHOLSON CD: Enhancement of muscle blood cell flux and p02 by cromakalim (BRL 34915) and other compounds enhancing membrane K+ conductance, but not by Ca2+ antagonists or hydralazine, in an animal model of occlusive arterial disease. Nailing] Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol. (1988) 337:341–346.
- KEVELAITIS E, OUBENAISSA A, PEYNET J, MOUAS C, MENASCHE P: Preconditioning by mitochondrial ATP-sensitive potassium channel openers - an effective approach for improving the preservation of heart transplants. Circulation (1999) 100:345–350.
- ANDERSSON KE: Clinical pharmacology of potassium channel openers. Pharmacol Toxicol. (1992) 70:244–254.
- COOK NS, CHAPMAN ID: Therapeutic potential of potassium channel openers in peripheral vascular disease and asthma. Cardiovasc. Drugs Ther. (1993) 7:555–563.
- HAVERKAMP W, BORGGREFE M, BREITHARDT G: Electrophysiologic effects of potassium channel openers. Cardiovasc. Drugs Ther. (1995) 9:195–202.
- SHIMIZU W, KURITA T, MATSUO K et al.: Improvement of repolarisation abnormalities by a K+ channel opener in the LQT1 form of congenital long-QT syndrome. Circulation (1998) 97:1581–1588.
- SHIMIZU W, ANTZELEVITCH C: Effects of a K(+) channel opener to reduce transmural dispersion of repolarisation and prevent torsade de pointes in LQT1, LQT2, and LQT3 models of the long-QT syndrome. Circulation (2000) 102:706–712.
- LOPEZ JR, JAHANGIR R, JAHANGIR A, SHEN WK, TERZIC A: Potassium channel openers prevent potassium-induced calcium loading of cardiac cells: possible implications in cardioplegia. j Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. (1996) 112:820–831.
- HORINAKA S, KOBAYASHI N, HIGASHI T, HARA K, HARA S, MATSUOKA H: Nicorandil enhances cardiac endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression via activation of adenosine triphosphate-sensitive K channel in rat. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol (2001) 38:200–210.
- PATEL DJ, PURCELL HJ, FOX KM: Cardioprotection by opening of the K-ATP channel in unstable angina: is this a clinical manifestation of myocardial preconditioning? Results of a randomised study with nicorandil. Eur. Heart 1. (1999) 20:51–57.
- DORING G: Antianginal and anti-ischemic efficacy of nicorandil in comparison with isosorbide-5-mononitrate and isosorbide dinitrate: results from two multicentre, double-blind, randomised studies with stable coronary heart disease patients. j Cardiovasc. Pharmacol (1992) 20:S74–S81.
- MARKHAM A. PLOSKER GL. GOA KL: Nicorandil - an updated review of its use in ischaemic heart disease with emphasis on its cardioprotective effects. Drugs (2000) 60:955–974.
- ULVENSTAM G, DIDERHOLM E, FRITHZ G etal.: Antianginal and anti-ischemic efficacy of nicorandil compared with nifedipine in patients with angina pectoris and coronary heart disease: a double-blind, randomised, multicentre study. I Cardiovasc Pharmacol (1992) 20:S67–S73.
- ITO H, TANIYAMA Y, IWAKURA K et al.: Intravenous nicorandil can preserve microvascular integrity and myocardial viability in patients with reperfused anterior wall myocardial infarction. I Am. Coll. Cardiol (1999) 33:654–660.
- SCHLEPPER M, THORMANN J, BERWING K, STRASSER R, MITROVIC V: Effects of nicorandil on regional perfusion and left ventricular function. Cardiovasc. Drugs Ther (1995) 9:203–211.
- SAKATA Y, KODAMA K, KOMAMURA K et al.: Salutary effect of adjunctive intracoronary nicorandil administration on restoration of myocardial blood flow and functional improvement in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Am. Heart J. (1997) 133:616–621.
- JARAKI 0, STRAUSS WE, FRANCIS S, LOSCALZO J, STAMLER JS: Antiplatelet effects of a novel antianginal agent, nicorandil. j Cardiovasc. Pharmacol (1994) 23:24–30.
- TSUTAMOTO T, KINOSHITA M, HISANAGA T etal.: Comparison of hemodynamic effects and plasma cyclic guanosine monophosphate of nicorandil and nitroglycerin in patients with congestive heart failure. Am. j Cardiol (1995) 75:1162–1165.
- DI SOMMA S, LIGUORI V, PETITTO M et al.: A double-blind comparison of nicorandil and metoprolol in stable effort angina pectoris. Cardiovasc. Drugs Ther. (1993) 7:119–123.
- WITCHITZ S, DARMON JY: Nicorandil safety in the long-term treatment of coronary heart disease. Cardiovasc. Drugs Ther. (1995) 9:237–243.
- KASKI JC: Management of vasospastic angina - role of nicorandil. Cardiovasc. Drugs Ther. (1995) 9:221–227.
- CHEN JW, LEE WL, HSU NW etal.: Effects of short-term treatment of nicorandil on exercise-induced myocardial ischaemia and abnormal cardiac autonomic activity in microvascular angina. Am. Cardiol. (1997) 80:32–38.
- AKAR F, UYDES-DOGAN BS, TUFAN H, ASLAMACI S, KOKSOY C, KANZIK I: The comparison of the responsiveness of human isolated internal mammary and gastroepiploic arteries to levcromakalim: an alternative approach to the management of graft spasm. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol (1997) 44:49–56.
- HE GW, YANG CQ: Inhibition of vasoconstriction by potassium channel opener aprikalim in human conduit arteries used as bypass grafts. Br I Clin. Pharmacol (1997) 44:353–359.
- FRIEDEL HA, BROGDEN RN: Pinacidil:a review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties, and therapeutic potential in the treatment of hypertension. Drugs (1990) 39:929–967.
- YAMAUCHI T, MATZNO S, IMADA T, EDA M, INOUE Y, NAKAMURA N: AL0671, a new potassium channel opener, inhibits nonenzymatic glycation of protein and LDL oxidation. Gen. Pharmacol. (1996) 27:257–262.
- DUMAS JP, BARDOU M, GOIRAND E DUMAS M: Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction. Gen Pharmacol. (1999) 33:289–297.
- CLAPP LH, GURNEY AM: ATP-sensitiveK+ channels regulate resting potential of pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells. Am. J Physiol. (1992) 262:H916–920.
- OKA M, MORRIS KG, MCMURTRY IF: NIP-121 is more effective than nifedipine in acutely reversing chronic pulmonary hypertension. I Appl. Physiol. (1993) 75:1075–1080.
- YAMASHITA M, SCHMID RA, FUJINO S, COOPER JD, PATTERSON GA: Nicorandil, a potent adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium-channel opener, ameliorates lung allograft reperfusion injury. I Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. (1996) 112:1307–1314.
- ANTZELEVITCH C, DI DIEGO JM: Role of K+ channel activators in cardiac electrophysiology and arrhythmias. Circulation (1992) 85:1627–1629.
- KONDO M, TSUTSUMI T, MASHIMA S: Potassium channel openers antagonize the effects of class III antiarrhythmic agents in canine Purkinje fiber action potentials - implications for prevention of proarrhythmia induced by class III agents. Jun. Heart J. (1999) 40:609–619.
- VEGH A, GYORGYI K, PAPP JG, SAKAI K, PARRATT JR: Nicorandil suppressed ventricular arrhythmias in a canine model of myocardial ischaemia. Eur I Pharmacol (1996) 305:163–168.
- CARLSSON L, ABRAHAMSSON C, DREWS L, DUKER G: Antiarrhythmic effects of potassium channel openers in rhythm abnormalities related to delayed repolarisation. Circulation (1992) 85:1491–1500.
- SATO T, HATA Y, YAMAMOTO M et al.:Early after depolarisation abolished by potassium channel opener in a patient with idiopathic long QT syndrome. Cardiovasc. Electrophysiol (1995) 6:279–282.
- ROBERT E, AYA AGM, DE LA COUSSAYE JE etal.: Dispersion-based reentry: mechanism of initiation of ventricular tachycardia in isolated rabbit hearts. Am. I Physiol. (1999) 45:H413–H423.
- WILDE AA, JANSE MJ: Electrophysiological effects of ATP sensitive potassium channel modulation: implications for arrhythmogenesis. Cardiovasc. Res. (1994) 28:16–24.
- MIYAZAKI T, MORITANI K, MIYOSHI S et al.: Nicorandil augments regional ischaemia-induced monophasic action potential shortening and potassium accumulation without serious proarrhythmia. I Cardiovasc. Pharmacol (1995) 26:949–956.
- ALLEN SL, BOYLE JP CORTIJO J, FOSTER RW, MORGAN GP, SMALL RC: Electrical and mechanical effects of BRL34915 in guinea-pig isolated trachealis. Br. I Pharmacol (1986) 89:395–405.
- MORLEY J: K+ channel openers and suppression of airway hyperreactivity. Trends Pharmacol ScL (1994) 15:463–468.
- ICHINOSE M, MIURA M, TAKAHASHI T et al.: Allergic airway response and potassium channels: histamine release and airway inflammation. Methods Find. Exp. Pharmacol. (1995) 17:36–39.
- NIELSEN-KUDSK JE: Potassium channel modulation: a new drug principle for regulation of smooth muscle contractility. Studies on isolated airways and arteries. Dan. Med. Bull. (1996) 43:429–447.
- ISHIKAWA J, SAITOH C, MASAKI K, ASANO M: Effect of YM934, a novel potassium-channel opener, in various experimental asthma models in guinea-pigs. Pharm. Pharmacol (1996) 48:1034–1040.
- RAMNARINE SI, LIU YC, ROGERS DF:Neuroregulation of mucus secretion by opioid receptors and K(ATP) and BK(Ca) channels in ferret trachea in vitro. Br Pharmacol. (1998) 123:1631–1638.
- WILLIAMS AJ, LEE TH, COCHRANE GM et al.: Attenuation of nocturnal asthma by cromakalim. Lancet (1990) 336:334–336.
- CHEUNG D, TIMMERS MC, ZWINDERMAN AFT, BEL EH, DIJKMAN JH, STERK PJ: Long-term effects of a long-acting beta 2-adrenoceptor agonist, salmeterol, on airway hyperresponsiveness in patients with mild asthma. N Eng] J. Med (1992) 327:1198–1203.
- ANDO T, KUME H, URATA Y, TAKAGI K: Effects of JTV-506, a new K+ channel activator, on airway smooth muscle contraction and systemic blood pressure. Clin. Exp. Allergy (1997) 27:705–713.
- ANDERSSON KE: Treatment of overactivebladder: other drug mechanisms. Urology (2000) 55:51–57.
- PETKOV GV, HEPPNER TJ, BONEV AD, HERRERA GM, NELSON MT: Low levels of K-ATP channel activation decrease excitability and contractility of urinary bladder. Am. I Physiol. (2001) 280:R1427–R1433.
- NURSE DE, RESTORICK JM, MUNDY AR: The effect of cromakalim on the normal and hyper-reflexic human detrusor muscle. Br. J. Ural. (1991) 68:27–31.
- WOJDAN A, FREEDEN C, WOODS M etal.: Comparison of the potassium channel openers, WAY-133537, ZD6169, and celikalim on isolated bladder tissue and in vivo bladder instability in rat. I Pharmacol. Esp. Therap. (1999) 289:1410–1418.
- SUDOH K, MASUDA N, UCHIDA W: Different effect of anticholinergic agents and potassium channel openers on urinary bladder response to pelvic nerve stimulation in anaesthetized dogs. I Auton. Pharmacol (1997) 17:91–96.
- BUTERA JA, ANTANE MM, ANTANE SA et al.: Design and SAR of novel potassium channel openers targeted for urge urinary incontinence. 1. N-cyanoguanidine bioisosteres possessing in vivo bladder selectivity. I Med Chem. (2000) 43:1187–1202.
- GOLDSTEIN I, LUE TF, PADMA-NATHAN H, ROSEN RC, STEERS WD, WICKER PA: Oral sildenafil in the treatment of erectile dysfunction. Sildenafil Study Group. N Engl. j Med (1998) 338:1397–1404.
- HEDLUND P, HOLMQUIST F, HEDLUND H, ANDERSSON KE: Effects of nicorandil on human isolated corpus cavernosum and cavernous artery. Ural (1994) 151:1107–1113.
- TRIGO-ROCHA E DONATUCCI CE HSU GL, NUNES L, LUE TF, TANAGHO EA: The effect of intracavernous injection of potassium channel openers in monkeys and dogs. Int. Impot. Res. (1995) 7:41–48.
- CAVALLINI G: Minoxidil versus nitroglycerin: a prospective double-blind controlled trial in transcutaneous erection facilitation for organic impotence. I Ural (1991) 146:50–53.
- HONG SJ, CHANG CC: Trauma-induced changes of skeletal muscle membrane: decreased K+ and increased Na+ permeability. I Appl. Physiol. (1997) 83:1096–1103.
- SPULER A, LEHMANN-HORN F, GRAFE P: Cromakalim (BRL 34915) restores in vitro the membrane potential of depolarised human skeletal muscle fibers. Naurtyri Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol (1989) 339:327–331.
- QUASTHOFF S, SPULER A, LEHMANN-HORN E GRAFE P: Cromakalim, pinacidil and RP 49356 activate a tolbutamide-sensitive K+ conductance in human skeletal muscle fibers. Pllugers Arch. (1989) 414:S179–180.
- QUASTHOFF S, SPULER A, SPITTELMEISTER W, LEHMAN-HORN F, GRAFE P: K+ channel openers suppress myotonic activity of human skeletal muscle in vitro. Eur. j Pharmacol (1990) 186:125–128.
- GRAFE P, QUASTHOFF S, STRUPP M, LEHMANN-HORN F: Enhancement of K+ conductance improves in vitro the contraction force of skeletal muscle in hypokalemic periodic paralysis. Muscle Nerve (1990) 13:451–457.
- LIGTENBERG JJ, VAN HAEFTEN TW, VAN DER KOLK LE et al.: Normal insulin release during sustained hyperglycaemia in hypokalemic periodic paralysis: role of the potassium channel opener pinacidil in impaired muscle strength. Gun. Sci. (1996) 91:583–589.
- PANG CY, NELIGAN E XU H et al.: Role of ATP-sensitive K+ channels in ischemic preconditioning of skeletal muscle against infarction. Am. I Physiol (1997) 273:H44–51.
- HARDER DR, DERNBACH E WATERS A: Possible cellular mechanism for cerebral vasospasm after experimental subarachnoid haemorrhage in the dog. I Gun. Invest. (1987) 80:875–880.
- SOBEY CG, FARACI FM: Subarachnoid haemorrhage - what happens to the cerebral arteries. Clin. Exp. Pharmacol Physiol (1998) 25:867–876.
- TOYODA K, FUJII K, IBAYASHI S, KITAZONO T, NAGAO T, FUJISHIMA M: Role of ATP-sensitive potassium channels in brain stem circulation during hypotension. Am. I Physiol (1997) 273:H1342–1346.
- VELTKAMP R, DOMOKI F, BARI F, BUSIJA DW: Potassium channel activators protect the N-methyl-D-aspartate-induced cerebral vascular dilatation after combined hypoxia and ischaemia in piglets. Stroke (1998) 29:837–842.
- BEN-ARI Y, KRNJEVIC K, CREPEL V: Activators of ATP-sensitive K+ channels reduce anoxic depolarisation in CA3 hippocampal neurons. Neuroscience (1990) 37:55–60.
- BLONDEAU N, PLAMONDON H, RICHELME C, HEURTEAUX C, LAZDUNSKI M: K-ATP channel openers, adenosine agonists and epileptic preconditioning are stress signals inducing hippocampal neuroprotection. Neuroscience (2000) 100:465–474.
- CHI X, SUTTON ET, HELLERMANN G, PRICE JM: Potassium channel openers prevent beta-amyloid toxicity in bovine vascular endothelial cells. Neurosci. Lett. (2000) 290:9–12.
- HEURTEAUX C, BERTAINA V, WIDMANN C, LAZDUNSKI M: K+ channel openers prevent global ischaemia-induced expression of c-fos, c-jun, heat shock protein, and amyloid protein precursor genes and neuronal death in rat hippocampus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1993) 90:9431–9495.
- ALZHEIMER C, TEN BRUGGENCATE G: Actions of BRL 34915 (Cromakalim) upon convulsive discharges in guinea pig hippocampal slices. Naurtyri Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol (1988) 337:429–434.
- HEURTEAUX C, LAURITZEN I, WIDMANN C, LAZDUNSKI M: Essential role of adenosine, adenosine Al receptors, and ATP-sensitive K+ channels in cerebral ischemic preconditioning. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1995) 92:4666–4670.
- FUJIMURA N, TANAKA E, YAMAMOTO S, SHIGEMORI M, HIGASHI H: Contribution of ATP-sensitive potassium channels to hypoxic hyperpolarisation in rat hippocampal CA1 neurons in vitro. I Neurophysiol (1997) 77:378–385.
- LAURITZEN I, DE WEILLE J, LAZDUNSKI M: The potassium channel opener 0-cromakalim prevents glutamate-induced cell death in hippocampal neurons. Neurocliem. (1997) 69:1570–1579.
- BIERVERT C, SCHROEDER BC, KUBISCH C etal.: A potassium channel mutation in neonatal human epilepsy. Science (1998) 279:403–406.
- GANDOLFO G, ROMETTINO S, GOTTESMANN C et al.:K± channel openers decrease seizures in genetically epileptic rats. Eur. j Pharmacol. (1989) 167:181–183.
- GANDOLFO G, GOTTESMANN C, BIDARD JN, LAZDUNSKI M: K+ channels openers prevent epilepsy induced by the bee venom peptide MCD. Eur. Pharmacol (1989) 159:329–330.
- CAMPBELL VC, WELCH SP: The role of minoxidil on endogenous opioid peptides in the spinal cord: a putative co-agonist relationship between K-ATP openers and opioids. Eur. Pharmacol (2001) 417:91–98.
- KANG Y, ZHANG Z, YANG S, QIAO J, DAFNY N: ATP-sensitive K+ channels are involved in the mediation of intrathecal norepinephrine- or morphine-induced antinociception at the spinal level: a study using EMG planimetry of flexor reflex in rats. Brain Res. Bull. (1998) 45:269–273.
- ROBLES LI, BARRIOS M, BAEYENS JM: ATP-sensitive K+ channel openers inhibit morphine withdrawal. Eur. I Pharmacol (1994) 251:113–115.
- DUNNE MJ, KANE C, SHEPHERD RIVI et al.: Familial persistent hyperinsulinemic hypoglycaemia of infancy and mutations in the sulfonylurea receptor. N Eng] I Med. (1997) 336:703–706.
- ••Important study relating mutation in aKATT, channel subunit with human disease.
- NESTOROWICZ A, GLASER B, WILSON BA et al.: Genetic heterogeneity in familial hyperinsulinism. Hum. Mol Genet. (1998) 7:1119-1128. Expert Op/n. Pharmacother. (2001) 2(12)
- ABRAHAM MR, JAHANGIR A, ALEKSEEV AE, TERZIC A: Inwardly-rectifying K+ channels and associated diseases. FASEB J. (1999) 13:1901–1910.
- BUHL AE, CONRAD SJ, WALDON DJ, BRUNDEN MN: Potassium channel conductance as a control mechanism in hair follicles. J. Invest. Dermatyl. (1993) 101:148S–152S.
- HARMON CS, LUTZ D, DUCOTE J: Potassium channel openers stimulate DNA synthesis in mouse epidermal keratinocyte and whole hair follicle cultures. Skin Pharmacy]. (1993) 6:170–178.
- GRANAI CO, FREDERICKSON H, GAJEWSKI W, GOODMAN A, GOLDSTEIN A, BADEN H: The use of minoxidil to attempt to prevent alopecia during chemotherapy for gynecologic malignancies. Eur. 1 Cyriaecyl. Once] (1991) 12:129–132.
- DUVIC M, LEMAK NA, VALERO V et al.: A randomised trial of minoxidil in chemotherapy-induced alopecia. 1 Am. Acad. Dermatyl. (1996) 35:74–78.
- GOPALAKRISHNAN M, JANIS RA, TRIGGLE DJ: ATP-sensitive KE channels: Pharmacologic properties, regulation, and therapeutic potential. Drug Devel. Res. (1993) 28:95–127.
- JOVANOVIC A, JOVANOVIC S, TERZIC A: Emerging therapeutic strategies in myocardial preservation: focus on ATP-sensitive K+ channels. Emerg. Ther. Targ. (1998) 2:1–13.
- GUMINA RJ, JAHANGIR A, GROSS GJ, TERZIC A: Cardioprotection: emerging pharmacotherapy. Exp. Opin. Pharmacyther. (2001) 2:739–752.
- DUNN N, FREEMANTLE S, PEARCE G, WILTON LV, MANN RD: Safety profile of nicorandil: prescription-event monitoring (PM study. Pharmacvepidemia Drug Sal (1999) 8:197–205.
- THE IONA STUDY GROUP: Trial to show the impact of nicorandil in angina (IONA): design, methodology, and management. Heart (2001) 85:e9.
- LAWSON K, DUNNE MJ: Peripheral channelopathies as targets for potassium channel openers. Expert Opiri. Investig. Drugs (2001) 10:1345–1359.
- •Recent review on channelopathies and the therapeutic potential of KCOs.
- ATWAL KS, GROVER GJ, LODGE NJ et al.: Binding of ATP-sensitive potassium channel KAip openers to cardiac membranes: correlation of binding affinities with cardioprotective and smooth muscle relaxing potencies. 1 Med. Chem. (1998) 41:271–275.
- GROVER GJ, MCCULLOUGH JR, D'ALONZO AJ, SARGENT CA, ATWAL KS: Cardioprotective profile of the cardiac-selective ATP-sensitive potassium channel opener BMS- 180448.j Cardio vase. Pharmacy]. (1995) 25:40–50.