Bibliography
- MARKENSON JA: World-wide trends in the socio-economic impact and long term prognosis of rheumatoid arthritis. Semin Arthritis Rheum. (1991) 21\(Supp1.1):4–12.
- •A review of the impact of RA on society.
- LAWRENCE RC, HELMICK CG, ARNETT FC etaL: Estimates of the prevalence of arthritis and selected Musculoskeletal disorders in the United States. Arthritis Rheum. (1998) 41:778–799.
- FELTS W, YELIN EH: The economic impact of the rheumatic diseases in the United States. j Rheumatel. (1989) 16:867–884.
- FUCHS HA, KAYE JJ, CALLAHAN LENANCE EP, PINCUS T: Evidence of significant radiographic damage in rheumatoid arthritis within the first 2 years of disease. j Rheumatel. (1989) 16:585–591.
- ANON: Modifying disease in rheumatoidarthritis. Drug and Therapeutics Bulletin (1998) 36(1):3–6.
- •A review of disease modifying therapy in RA.
- EMERY P: Rheumatoid arthritis: not yet curable with early intensive therapy. Lancet (1997) 350(9074):304–305.
- OLD LJ: Tumour necrosis factor. Sci. Am. (1988) 258:59–60; 69–75.
- •A review of the discovery of TNE
- BEUTLER BA: The role of TNF in health and disease. j Rheumatel. (1999) 26 (Suppl. 57):16–21.
- THORNTON SC, POR SB, PENNY R etal.: Identification of the major fibroblast growth factors released spontaneously in inflammatory arthritis as platelet derived growth factor and tumour necrosis factor alpha. Clin. Exp. Immune]. (1991) 86:79–86.
- CHU CQ, FIELD M, FELDMAN M et al.: Localisation of tumour necrosis factor-alpha in synovial tissues and at the cartilage-pannus junction in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. (1991) 34:1125–1132.
- COPE AE ADERKA D, DOHERTY M et al.: Increased levels of tumour necrosis factor receptors in the sera and synovial fluid of patients with rheumatic diseases. Arthritis Rheum. (1992) 35:1160–1169.
- BECKHAM JC, CALDWELL DS, PETERSON BL etal.: Disease severity in rheumatoid arthritis. Relationships of plasma tumour necrosis factor-alpha, soluble Interleukin 2-receptor, soluble CD4/CD8 ratio, neopterin and fibrin D-dimer to traditional severity and functional measures. J. Gun. Immurrol (1992) 12:353–361.
- BRENNAN FM, CHANTRY D, JACKSON A et al: Inhibitory effect of TNF-alpha antibodies on synovial cell Interleukin- I production in rheumatoid arthritis. Lancet (1989) 2:244–247.
- KEFFER J, PORBERT L, CAZLARIS H etal.: Transgenic mice expressing human tumour necrosis factor: a predictive genetic model of arthritis. EMBO J. (1991) 10:4025–4031.
- WILLIAMS RO, FELDMAN M, MAINI RN: Anti-tumour necrosis factor ameliorates joint disease in murine collagen-induced arthritis. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA (1992) 89:9784–9788.
- WOOLEY PH, DUTCHER J, WIDMER MB et al.: Influence of a recombinant human soluble tumour necrosis factor receptor FC fusion protein on Type II collagen-induced arthritis in mice. J. Immurrol. (1993) 11:6602–6607.
- BRENNAN FM, FELDMANN M: Cytokines in autoimmunity. Curr. Opin. Immurrol. (1992) 4:754–759.
- CARS WELL DA, OLD LJ, KASSEL RL etal.: An endotoxin-induced serum factor that causes necrosis of tumours. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (1975) 72:3666–3670.
- WILLIAMS TW, GRABGER GA: Lymphocyte in vitro cytotoxicity: Lymphotoxins of several mammalian species. Nature (1968) 219:1076–1077.
- SAXNE T, PALLADINO MA, Jr., HEINNGARD D et al: Detection of tumour necrosis factor-alpha but not tumour necrosis factor-beta in rheumatoid arthritis synovial fluid and serum. Arthritis Rheum. (1988) 31:1041–1045.
- SMITH CA, DAVIS T, ANDERSON D et al.: A receptor for tumour necrosis factor defines an unusual family of cellular and viral proteins. Science (1990) 248:1019–1023.
- VILCEK J, LEE TH: Tumour necrosis factor: A new insight into the molecular mechanisms of its multiple actions. J. Biol. Chem. (1991) 266:7313–7316.
- MOHLER KM, TORRANCE DS, SMITH CA et al: Soluble tumour necrosis factor (TNF) receptors are effective therapeutic agents in lethal endotoxemia and simultaneously as both TNF carriers and TNF antagonists. J. Immurrol (1993) 151:1548–1561.
- WEE S, PASCUAL M, EASON JD et al: Biological effects and fate of a soluble, dimeric, 80kDa tumour necrosis factor receptor in renal transplant recipients who receive OKT3 therapy. Transplantation (1997) 63:570–577.
- IMMUNEX CORPORATION: Enbrel: prescribing information (Nov 1998).
- EASON JD, PASCUAL M, WEE S et al: Evaluation of recombinant human soluble dimeric tumour necrosis factor receptor for prevention of OKT3 associated acute clinical syndrome. Transplantation (1996) 61 (2):224–228.
- NOVAK EJ, BLOSCH CM, PERKINS JD et al.: Recombinant human tumour necrosis factor receptor Fc fusion protein therapy in kidney transplant recipients undergoing OKT3 induction therapy. Transplantation (1998) 27(66):1732–1735.
- WOOLEY PH, DUTCHER J, WIDMER MB et al.: The influence of recombinant human TNF receptor Fc fusion protein on Type II collagen induced arthritis in mice. Immurrol. (1993) 151:6602–6607.
- IMMUNEX CORPORATION: Data on file.
- WYETH EUROPA LTD: Summary of Product Characteristics - EnbrelTM (September 2000).
- MORELAND LW, MARGOLIES GM, HECK LW et al: Recombinant soluble tumour necrosis factor receptor (p80) fusion protein: Toxicity and dose finding trial in refractory rheumatoid arthritis. j Rheurnatol (1996) 23: 1849-1855.
- •Phase I dose finding study of etanercept in refractory RA.
- MORELAND LW, BAUMGARTNER SW, SCHIFF MH et al.: Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with a recombinant human tumour necrosis factor receptor (p75)-Fc fusion protein. N Engl. J. Med. (1997) 337:141–147.
- •Phase II study of etanercept in refractory RA.
- MORELAND LW, SCHIFF MH, SCOTT W et al: Etanercept therapy in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann. Intern. Med. (1999) 130:478–486.
- ••Phase III study of etanercept in refractory RA.
- WEINBLATT ME, KREMER JM, BANKHURST AD et al: A trial of Etanercept, a recombinant tumour necrosis factor receptor:Fc fusion protein, in patients with rheumatoid arthritis receiving methotrexate. N Engl. J. Med. (1999) 340:253–259.
- ••Phase III study of etanercept vs.etanercept plus MTX in refractory RA.
- MORELAND LW, BAUMGARTNER SW, TINDALL EA et al.: Long-term Safety and efficacy of TNF receptor (p75) Fc fusion protein (TNFR: Fc; Enbrel) in DMARD refractory rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Presented at: The European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) meeting: June 6–11, 1999: Glasgow, Scotland, UK.
- BATHON JM, MARTIN RW, FLEISCHMANN RM et al: A comparison of etanercept and methotrexate in patients with early arthritis. N Engl. J. Med. (2000) 343(22):1586–1593.
- ••Phase III study of etanercept vs. MTX inearly RA.
- SHARP JT, LIDSKY MD, COLLINS LC, MORELAND J: Methods of scoring the progression of radiologic changes in rheumatoid arthritis: correlation of radiographic, clinical and laboratory abnormalities. Arthritis Rheum. (1971) 14:706–720.
- British Society for Rheumatology (BSR): Guidelines for prescribing TNF-a blockers in adults with RA - Report of a working party of the British Society for Rheumatology.
- •BSR guidance on the role and impact of TNF-a blockers in the treatment of RA.
- WYETH PHARMACEUTICALS. Taplow, Maidenhead, England - Data on file.
- VAN OOSTEN BW, BARKHOF F, TRUEN L et al: Increased MRI activity and immune activation in two multiple sclerosis patients treated with the monoclonal anti-tumour necrosis factor antibody CA2. Neurology (1996) 47:1531–1534.
- ARNASON BGW et al (LENERCEPTMULTIPLE SCLEROSIS GROUP): TNF neutralisation in MS: Results of a randomised, placebo controlled multicentre study. Neurology (1999) 53:457–465.
- MCINTOSH E: The cost of rheumatoidarthritis. Br. J. Rheumatol (1996) 35(8):781–790.
- JONSSON B, REHNBERG C, BORGQUIST L, LARSSON SE: Locomotor status and costs in destructive RA. Acta Orthop. Land. (1992) 63:207–212.
- Monthly Index of Medical Specialities (MIMS), March 2001.
- Personal Communication. Professor Paul Emery, ARC Professor of Rheumatology, Rheumatology and Rehabilitation Research Unit, University of Leeds, Leeds, England UK.
- O'DELL JR: Anticytokine therapy - A newera in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis? N. Engl. J. Med. (1999) 340:310–312.