Bibliography
- National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Development Panel on Total Knee Replacement. National Institutes of Health consensus statement on total knee replacement. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS); Washington, DC: 2003
- Ng CY, Ballantyne JA, Brenkel IJ. Quality of life and functional outcome after primary total hip replacement. A five-year follow-up. J Bone Joint Surg Br 2007;89:868-73
- Bozic KJ, Kurtz SM, Lau E, The epidemiology of revision total hip arthroplasty in the United States. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2009;91:128-33
- Bozic KJ, Katz P, Cisternas M, Hospital resource utilization for primary and revision total hip arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2005;87:570-6
- Ong KL, Mowat FS, Chan N, Economic burden of revision hip and knee arthroplasty in medicare enrollees. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2006;446:22-8
- Kurtz SM, Ong K, Lau E, Prosthetic joint infection risk following total hip and knee arthroplasty in the medicare population. J Arthroplasty 2009;24:e4
- Kurtz S, Mowat F, Ong K, Prevalence of primary and revision total hip and knee arthroplasty in the United States from 1990 through 2002. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2005;87:1487-97
- Kurtz S, Ong K, Lau E, Projections of primary and revision hip and knee arthroplasty in the United States from 2005 to 2030. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2007;89:780-5
- Crowther MA, Warkentin TE. Bleeding risk and the management of bleeding complications in patients undergoing anticoagulant therapy: focus on new anticoagulant agents. Blood 2008;111:4871-9
- Levine MN, Raskob G, Beyth RJ, Hemorrhagic complications of anticoagulant treatment: the seventh ACCP conference on antithrombotic and thrombolytic therapy. Chest 2004;126:287S-310S
- Lieberman JR, Hsu WK. Prevention of venous thromboembolic disease after total hip and knee arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2005;87:2097-112
- American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons Clinical Guideline on Prevention of Symptomatic Pulmonary Embolism in Patients Undergoing Total Hip or Knee Arthroplasty. American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons; Rosemont, IL: 2007
- Parvizi J, Ghanem E, Joshi A, Does “excessive” anticoagulation predispose to periprosthetic infection? J Arthroplasty 2007;22:24-8
- Saleh K, Olson M, Resig S, Predictors of wound infection in hip and knee joint replacement: results from a 20 year surveillance program. J Orthop Res 2002;20:506-15
- Patel VP, Walsh M, Sehgal B, Factors associated with prolonged wound drainage after primary total hip and knee arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2007;89:33-8
- Asensio A, Ramos A, Munez E, Preoperative low molecular weight heparin as venous thromboembolism prophylaxis in patients at risk for prosthetic infection after knee arthroplasty. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2005;26:903-9
- Pulido L, Ghanem E, Joshi A, Periprosthetic joint infection: the incidence, timing, and predisposing factors. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2008;466:1710-15
- Jamsen E, Huhtala H, Puolakka T, Moilanen T. Risk factors for infection after knee arthroplasty. A register-based analysis of 43,149 cases. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2009;91:38-47
- Galat DD, McGovern SC, Larson DR, Surgical treatment of early wound complications following primary total knee arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2009;91:48-54
- Galat DD, McGovern SC, Hanssen AD, Early return to surgery for evacuation of a postoperative hematoma after primary total knee arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2008;90:2331-6
- Choong PF, Dowsey MM, Carr D, Risk factors associated with acute hip prosthetic joint infections and outcome of treatment with a rifampin-based regimen. Acta Orthop 2007;78:755-65
- Minnema B, Vearncombe M, Augustin A, Risk factors for surgical-site infection following primary total knee arthroplasty. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2004;25:477-80
- Sanchez-Ballester J, Smith M, Hassan K, Wound infection in the management of hip fractures: a comparison between low-molecular weight heparin and mechanical prophylaxis. Acta Orthop Belg 2005;71:55-9
- Dowsey MM, Choong PF. Obesity is a major risk factor for prosthetic infection after primary hip arthroplasty. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2008;466:153-8
- Innerhofer P, Klingler A, Klimmer C, Risk for postoperative infection after transfusion of white blood cell-filtered allogeneic or autologous blood components in orthopedic patients undergoing primary arthroplasty. Transfusion 2005;45:103-10
- Bongartz T, Halligan CS, Osmon DR, Incidence and risk factors of prosthetic joint infection after total hip or knee replacement in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2008;59:1713-20
- Peersman G, Laskin R, Davis J, ASA physical status classification is not a good predictor of infection for total knee replacement and is influenced by the presence of comorbidities. Acta Orthop Belg 2008;74:360-4
- Ridgeway S, Wilson J, Charlet A, Infection of the surgical site after arthroplasty of the hip. J Bone Joint Surg Br 2005;87:844-50
- Kourbatova EV, Halvosa JS, King MD, Emergence of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus USA 300 clone as a cause of health care-associated infections among patients with prosthetic joint infections. Am J Infect Control 2005;33:385-91
- Smabrekke A, Espehaug B, Havelin LI, Furnes O. Operating time and survival of primary total hip replacements: an analysis of 31,745 primary cemented and uncemented total hip replacements from local hospitals reported to the Norwegian Arthroplasty Register 1987-2001. Acta Orthop Scand 2004;75:524-32
- Brandt C, Hansen S, Sohr D, Finding a method for optimizing risk adjustment when comparing surgical-site infection rates. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2004;25:313-18
- van Kasteren ME, Mannien J, Ott A, Antibiotic prophylaxis and the risk of surgical site infections following total hip arthroplasty: timely administration is the most important factor. Clin Infect Dis 2007;44:921-7
- Huotari K, Lyytikainen O, Seitsalo S. Patient outcomes after simultaneous bilateral total hip and knee joint replacements. J Hosp Infect 2007;65:219-25
- Babkin Y, Raveh D, Lifschitz M, Incidence and risk factors for surgical infection after total knee replacement. Scand J Infect Dis 2007;39:890-5
- Cumming D, Parker MJ. Urinary catheterisation and deep wound infection after hip fracture surgery. Int Orthop 2007;31:483-5
- Engesaeter LB, Espehaug B, Lie SA, Does cement increase the risk of infection in primary total hip arthroplasty? Revision rates in 56,275 cemented and uncemented primary THAs followed for 0-16 years in the Norwegian Arthroplasty Register. Acta Orthop 2006;77:351-8
- Dowsey MM, Choong PF. Obese diabetic patients are at substantial risk for deep infection after primary TKA. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2009;467:1577-81
- Ritter MA, Olberding EM, Malinzak RA. Ultraviolet lighting during orthopaedic surgery and the rate of infection. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2007;89:1935-40
- SooHoo NF, Zingmond DS, Lieberman JR, Ko CY. Primary total knee arthroplasty in California 1991 to 2001: does hospital volume affect outcomes? J Arthroplasty 2006;21:199-205
- Geubbels EL, Grobbee DE, Vandenbroucke-Grauls CM, Improved risk adjustment for comparison of surgical site infection rates. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2006;27:1330-9
- Browne JA, Pietrobon R, Olson SA. Hip fracture outcomes: does surgeon or hospital volume really matter? J Trauma 2009;66:809-14
- Katz JN, Barrett J, Mahomed NN, Association between hospital and surgeon procedure volume and the outcomes of total knee replacement. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2004;86-A:1909-16
- Kurtz SM, Lau E, Schmier J, Infection burden for hip and knee arthroplasty in the United States. J Arthroplasty 2008;23:984-91
- Chesney D, Sales J, Elton R, Brenkel IJ. Infection after knee arthroplasty a prospective study of 1509 cases. J Arthroplasty 2008;23:355-9
- Thomas C, Cadwallader HL, Riley TV. Surgical-site infections after orthopaedic surgery: statewide surveillance using linked administrative databases. J Hosp Infect 2004;57:25-30
- Ibrahim SA, Stone RA, Han X, Racial/ethnic differences in surgical outcomes in veterans following knee or hip arthroplasty. Arthritis Rheum 2005;52:3143-51
- Muilwijk J, Walenkamp GH, Voss A, Random effect modelling of patient-related risk factors in orthopaedic procedures: results from the Dutch nosocomial infection surveillance network ‘PREZIES’. J Hosp Infect 2006;62:319-26
- Lee J, Singletary R, Schmader K, Surgical site infection in the elderly following orthopaedic surgery. Risk factors and outcomes. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2006;88:1705-12
- Lai K, Bohm ER, Burnell C, Hedden DR. Presence of medical comorbidities in patients with infected primary hip or knee arthroplasties. J Arthroplasty 2007;22:651-6
- Namba RS, Paxton L, Fithian DC, Stone ML. Obesity and perioperative morbidity in total hip and total knee arthroplasty patients. J Arthroplasty 2005;20:46-50
- Lubbeke A, Moons KG, Garavaglia G, Hoffmeyer P. Outcomes of obese and nonobese patients undergoing revision total hip arthroplasty. Arthritis Rheum 2008;59:738-45
- Lubbeke A, Stern R, Garavaglia G, Differences in outcomes of obese women and men undergoing primary total hip arthroplasty. Arthritis Rheum 2007;57:327-34
- Grant JA, Viens N, Bolognesi MP, Two-year outcomes in primary THA in obese male veterans administration medical center patients. Rheumatol Int 2008;28:1105-9
- Moon HK, Han CD, Yang IH, Cha BS. Factors affecting outcome after total knee arthroplasty in patients with diabetes mellitus. Yonsei Med J 2008;49:129-37
- Myers E, O'Grady P, Dolan AM. The influence of preclinical anaemia on outcome following total hip replacement. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 2004;124:699-701
- Thromboembolic Risk Factors (THRIFT) Consensus Group. Risk of and prophylaxis for venous thromboembolism in hospital patients. BMJ 1992;305:567-74
- Novicoff WM, Brown TE, Cui Q, Mandated venous thromboembolism prophylaxis: possible adverse outcomes. J Arthroplasty 2008;23:15-19
- Camporese G, Bernardi E, Prandoni P, Low-molecular-weight heparin versus compression stockings for thromboprophylaxis after knee arthroscopy: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 2008;149:73-82
- Levine MN, Gent M, Hirsh J, Ardeparin (low-molecular-weight heparin) vs graduated compression stockings for the prevention of venous thromboembolism. A randomized trial in patients undergoing knee surgery. Arch Intern Med 1996;156:851-6
- Boyd HS. VTE prevention in major orthopedic surgery. Cleve Clin J Med 2008;75:471-2
- Geerts WH, Bergqvist D, Pineo GF, Prevention of venous thromboembolism: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines (8th Edition). Chest 2008;133:381S-453S
- Johanson NA, Lachiewicz PF, Lieberman JR, Prevention of symptomatic pulmonary embolism in patients undergoing total hip or knee arthroplasty. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 2009;17:183-96
- Robins J. The control of confounding by intermediate variables. Stat Med 1989;8:679-701
- Robins JM, Greenland S. Identifiability and exchangeability for direct and indirect effects. Epidemiology 1992;3:143-55