Current treatment options for hyperprolactinemia

Bibliography

• Wallis OC, Mac-Kwashie AO, Makri G, et al. Molecular evolution of prolactin in primates. J Mol Evol 2005;60(5):606-14
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Forsyth IA, Wallis M. Growth hormone and prolactin–molecular and functional evolution. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2002;7(3):291-312
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stricker P, Grueter R. Action du lobe anterieur de l'hypophyse sur la montee laiteuse. C R Seances Soc Biol Fil 1928;99:1978-80
   Google Scholar
• Riddle O, Bates R, Dykshorn S. The preparation, identification and assay of prolactin - a hormone of the anterior pituitary. Am J Physiol 1933;105:191-216
   Google Scholar
• Freeman ME, Kanyicska B, Lerant A, et al. Prolactin: structure, function, and regulation of secretion. Physiol Rev 2000;80(4):1523-631
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shelly S, Boaz M, Orbach H. Prolactin and autoimmunity. Autoimmun Rev 2012;11(6-7):A465-70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ben-Jonathan N, LaPensee CR, LaPensee EW. What can we learn from rodents about prolactin in humans? Endocr Rev 2008;29(1):1-41
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bernichtein S, Touraine P, Goffin V. New concepts in prolactin biology. J Endocrinol 2010;206(1):1-11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernandez I, Touraine P, Goffin V. Prolactin and human tumourogenesis. J Neuroendocrinol 2010;22(7):771-7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Franchini M, Lippi G, Manzato F, et al. Hemostatic abnormalities in endocrine and metabolic disorders. Eur J Endocrinol 2010;162(3):439-51
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• van Zaane B, Reuwer AQ, Buller HR, et al. Hormones and cardiovascular disease: a shift in paradigm with clinical consequences? Semin Thromb Hemost 2009;35(5):478-87
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Roelfsema F, Pijl H, Keenan DM, et al. Prolactin secretion in healthy adults is determined by gender, age and body mass index. PLoS One 2012;7(2):e31305
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waldstreicher J, Duffy JF, Brown EN, et al. Gender differences in the temporal organization of prolactin (PRL) secretion: evidence for a sleep-independent circadian rhythm of circulating PRL levels- a clinical research center study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1996;81(4):1483-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vekemans M, Delvoye P, L'Hermite M, et al. Serum prolactin levels during the menstrual cycle. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1977;44(5):989-93
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Franchimont P, Dourcy C, Legros JJ, et al. Prolactin levels during the menstrual cycle. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1976;5(6):643-50
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Turkington RW, Underwood LE, Van Wyk JJ. Elevated serum prolactin levels after pituitary-stalk section in man. N Engl J Med 1971;285(13):707-10
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Munemura M, Cote TE, Tsuruta K, et al. The dopamine receptor in the intermediate lobe of the rat pituitary gland: pharmacological characterization. Endocrinology 1980;107(6):1676-83
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Goldsmith PC, Cronin MJ, Weiner RI. Dopamine receptor sites in the anterior pituitary. J Histochem Cytochem 1979;27(8):1205-7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Caron MG, Beaulieu M, Raymond V, et al. Dopaminergic receptors in the anterior pituitary gland. Correlation of [3H]dihydroergocryptine binding with the dopaminergic control of prolactin release. J Biol Chem 1978;253(7):2244-53
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Asa SL, Kelly MA, Grandy DK, et al. Pituitary lactotroph adenomas develop after prolonged lactotroph hyperplasia in dopamine D2 receptor-deficient mice. Endocrinology 1999;140(11):5348-55
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ben-Jonathan N, Mershon JL, Allen DL, et al. Extrapituitary prolactin: distribution, regulation, functions, and clinical aspects. Endocr Rev 1996;17(6):639-69
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen CC, Stairs DB, Boxer RB, et al. Autocrine prolactin induced by the Pten-Akt pathway is required for lactation initiation and provides a direct link between the Akt and Stat5 pathways. Genes Dev 2012;26(19):2154-68
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerlo S, Davis JR, Mager DL, et al. Prolactin in man: a tale of two promoters. Bioessays 2006;28(10):1051Mind the (gender) gap-5
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gellersen B, Kempf R, Telgmann R, et al. Nonpituitary human prolactin gene transcription is independent of Pit-1 and differentially controlled in lymphocytes and in endometrial stroma. Mol Endocrinol 1994;8(3):356-73
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Piwnica D, Fernandez I, Binart N, et al. A new mechanism for prolactin processing into 16K PRL by secreted cathepsin D. Mol Endocrinol 2006;20(12):3263-78
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Goldhar AS, Vonderhaar BK, Trott JF, et al. Prolactin-induced expression of vascular endothelial growth factor via Egr-1. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2005;232(1-2):9-19
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Clapp C, Gonzalez C, Macotela Y, et al. Vasoinhibins: a family of N-terminal prolactin fragments that inhibit angiogenesis and vascular function. Front Horm Res 2006;35:64-73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis UJ, Singh RN, Sinha YN, et al. Glycosylated human prolactin. Endocrinology 1985;116(1):359-63
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Haro LS, Lee DW, Singh RN, et al. Glycosylated human prolactin: alterations in glycosylation pattern modify affinity for lactogen receptor and values in prolactin radioimmunoassay. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1990;71(2):379-83
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pellegrini I, Gunz G, Ronin C, et al. Polymorphism of prolactin secreted by human prolactinoma cells: immunological, receptor binding, and biological properties of the glycosylated and nonglycosylated forms. Endocrinology 1988;122(6):2667-74
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sinha YN. Structural variants of prolactin: occurrence and physiological significance. Endocr Rev 1995;16(3):354-69
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanaka T, Yano H, Umezawa S, et al. Heterogeneity of big-big hPRL in hyperprolactinemia. Horm Metabo Res 1989;21(2):84-8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gibney J, Smith TP, McKenna TJ. Clinical relevance of macroprolactin. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2005;62(6):633-43
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ohnami S, Eto S, Ohnami S, et al. Characterization of "big big prolactin" in serum and tumor extract in patients with PRL-secreting tumor. Endocrinol Jpn 1987;34(3):325-34
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Leanos-Miranda A, Cardenas-Mondragon G, Rivera-Leanos R, et al. Application of new homologous in vitro bioassays for human lactogens to assess the actual bioactivity of human prolactin isoforms in hyperprolactinaemic patients. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2006;65(2):146-53
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Glezer A, Soares CR, Vieira JG, et al. Human macroprolactin displays low biological activity via its homologous receptor in a new sensitive bioassay. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006;91(3):1048-55
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brooks CL. Molecular mechanisms of prolactin and its receptor. Endocr Rev 2012;33(4):504-25
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bole-Feysot C, Goffin V, Edery M, et al. Prolactin (PRL) and its receptor: actions, signal transduction pathways and phenotypes observed in PRL receptor knockout mice. Endocr Rev 1998;19(3):225-68
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muthuswamy SK. Autocrine prolactin: an emerging market for homegrown (prolactin) despite the imports. Genes Dev 2012;26(20):2253-8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Courtillot C, Chakhtoura Z, Bogorad R, et al. Characterization of two constitutively active prolactin receptor variants in a cohort of 95 women with multiple breast fibroadenomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010;95(1):271-9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bergh T, Skarin G, Nillius SJ, et al. Pulsatile GnRH therapy–an alternative successful therapy for induction of ovulation in infertile normo- and hyperprolactinaemic amenorrhoeic women with pituitary tumours. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 1985;110(4):440-4
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Carter JN, Tyson JE, Warne GL, et al. Adrenocortical function in hyperprolactinemic women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1977;45(5):973-80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lobo RA, Kletzky OA, Kaptein EM, et al. Prolactin modulation of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate secretion. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1980;138(6):632-6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Langan EA, Ramot Y, Goffin V, et al. Mind the (gender) gap: does prolactin exert gender and/or site-specific effects on the human hair follicle? J Investig Dermatol 2010;130(3):886-91
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Greenspan SL, Neer RM, Ridgway EC, et al. Osteoporosis in men with hyperprolactinemic hypogonadism. Ann Intern Med 1986;104(6):777-82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klibanski A, Biller BM, Rosenthal DI, et al. Effects of prolactin and estrogen deficiency in amenorrheic bone loss. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1988;67(1):124-30
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vestergaard P, Jorgensen JO, Hagen C, et al. Fracture risk is increased in patients with GH deficiency or untreated prolactinomas–a case-control study. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2002;56(2):159-67
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Klibanski A, Greenspan SL. Increase in bone mass after treatment of hyperprolactinemic amenorrhea. N Engl J Med 1986;315(9):542-6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Melmed S, Casanueva FF, Hoffman AR, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of hyperprolactinemia: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011;96(2):273-88
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• March CM, Kletzky OA, Davajan V, et al. Longitudinal evaluation of patients with untreated prolactin-secreting pituitary adenomas. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1981;139(7):835-44
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schlechte J, Dolan K, Sherman B, et al. The natural history of untreated hyperprolactinemia: a prospective analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1989;68(2):412-18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiss MH, Teal J, Gott P, et al. Natural history of microprolactinomas: six-year follow-up. Neurosurgery 1983;12(2):180-3
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sisam DA, Sheehan JP, Sheeler LR. The natural history of untreated microprolactinomas. Fertil Steril 1987;48(1):67-71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mori H, Mori S, Saitoh Y, et al. Effects of bromocriptine on prolactin-secreting pituitary adenomas. Mechanism of reduction in tumor size evaluated by light and electron microscopic, immunohistochemical, and morphometric analysis. Cancer 1985;56(2):230-8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Biller BM, Molitch ME, Vance ML, et al. Treatment of prolactin-secreting macroadenomas with the once-weekly dopamine agonist cabergoline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1996;81(6):2338-43
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Katz E, Schran HF, Adashi EY. Successful treatment of a prolactin-producing pituitary macroadenoma with intravaginal bromocriptine mesylate: a novel approach to intolerance of oral therapy. Obstet Gynecol 1989;73(3 Pt 2):517-20
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Darwish AM, Farah E, Gadallah WA, et al. Superiority of newly developed vaginal suppositories over vaginal use of commercial bromocriptine tablets: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Reprod Sci 2007;14(3):280-5
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Darwish AM, El-Sayed AM, El-Harras SA, et al. Clinical efficacy of novel unidirectional buccoadhesive vs. vaginoadhesive bromocriptine mesylate discs for treating pathologic hyperprolactinemia. Fertil Steril 2008;90(5):1864-8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wang AT, Mullan RJ, Lane MA, et al. Treatment of hyperprolactinemia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Syst Rev 2012;1(1):33
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Di Sarno A, Landi ML, Cappabianca P, et al. Resistance to cabergoline as compared with bromocriptine in hyperprolactinemia: prevalence, clinical definition, and therapeutic strategy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001;86(11):5256-61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verhelst J, Abs R, Maiter D, et al. Cabergoline in the treatment of hyperprolactinemia: a study in 455 patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999;84(7):2518-22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miyagi M, Itoh F, Taya F, et al. Dopamine receptor affinities in vitro and stereotypic activities in vivo of cabergoline in rats. Biol Pharm Bull 1996;19(9):1210-13
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kvernmo T, Hartter S, Burger E. A review of the receptor-binding and pharmacokinetic properties of dopamine agonists. Clin Ther 2006;28(8):1065-78
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Webster J, Piscitelli G, Polli A, et al. A comparison of cabergoline and bromocriptine in the treatment of hyperprolactinemic amenorrhea. Cabergoline Comparative Study Group. N Engl J Med 1994;331(14):904-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pascal-Vigneron V, Weryha G, Bosc M, et al. Hyperprolactinemic amenorrhea: treatment with cabergoline versus bromocriptine. Results of a national multicenter randomized double-blind study. Presse Med 1995;24(16):753-7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• dos Santos Nunes V, El Dib R, Boguszewski CL, et al. Cabergoline versus bromocriptine in the treatment of hyperprolactinemia: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials and meta-analysis. Pituitary 2011;14(3):259-65
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shimon I, Benbassat C, Hadani M. Effectiveness of long-term cabergoline treatment for giant prolactinoma: study of 12 men. Eur J Endocrinol 2007;156(2):225-31
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Clayton RN, Webb J, Heath DA, et al. Dramatic and rapid shrinkage of a massive invasive prolactinoma with bromocriptine: a case report. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1985;22(5):573-81
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Woodhouse NJ, Khouqueer F, Sieck JO. Prolactinomas and optic nerve compression: disappearance of suprasellar extension and visual recovery after two weeks bromocriptine treatment. Horm Res 1981;14(3):141-7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Scarone P, Losa M, Mortini P, et al. Obstructive hydrocephalus and intracranial hypertension caused by a giant macroprolactinoma. Prompt response to medical treatment. J Neurooncol 2006;76(1):51-4
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Colao A, Di Sarno A, Landi ML, et al. Macroprolactinoma shrinkage during cabergoline treatment is greater in naive patients than in patients pretreated with other dopamine agonists: a prospective study in 110 patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000;85(6):2247-52
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cannavo S, Bartolone L, Blandino A, et al. Shrinkage of a PRL-secreting pituitary macroadenoma resistant to cabergoline. J Endocrinol Invest 1999;22(4):306-9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Leong KS, Foy PM, Swift AC, et al. CSF rhinorrhoea following treatment with dopamine agonists for massive invasive prolactinomas. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2000;52(1):43-9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jones SE, James RA, Hall K, et al. Optic chiasmal herniation – an underrecognized complication of dopamine agonist therapy for macroprolactinoma. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2000;53(4):529-34
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vroonen L, Jaffrain-Rea ML, Petrossians P, et al. Prolactinomas resistant to standard doses of cabergoline: a multicenter study of 92 patients. Eur J Endocrinol 2012;167(5):651-62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delgrange E, Daems T, Verhelst J, et al. Characterization of resistance to the prolactin-lowering effects of cabergoline in macroprolactinomas: a study in 122 patients. Eur J Endocrinol 2009;160(5):747-52
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ono M, Miki N, Kawamata T, et al. Prospective study of high-dose cabergoline treatment of prolactinomas in 150 patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008;93(12):4721-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pellegrini I, Rasolonjanahary R, Gunz G, et al. Resistance to bromocriptine in prolactinomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1989;69(3):500-9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Filopanti M, Barbieri AM, Angioni AR, et al. Dopamine D2 receptor gene polymorphisms and response to cabergoline therapy in patients with prolactin-secreting pituitary adenomas. Pharmacogenomics J 2008;8(5):357-63
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Caccavelli L, Feron F, Morange I, et al. Decreased expression of the two D2 dopamine receptor isoforms in bromocriptine-resistant prolactinomas. Neuroendocrinology 1994;60(3):314-22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caccavelli L, Morange-Ramos I, Kordon C, et al. Alteration of G alpha subunits mRNA levels in bromocriptine resistant prolactinomas. J Neuroendocrinol 1996;8(10):737-46
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Colao A, Di Sarno A, Sarnacchiaro F, et al. Prolactinomas resistant to standard dopamine agonists respond to chronic cabergoline treatment. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997;82(3):876-83
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Iyer P, Molitch ME. Positive prolactin response to bromocriptine in 2 patients with cabergoline-resistant prolactinomas. Endocr Pract 2011;17(3):e55-8
   Google Scholar
• Behan LA, Draman MS, Moran C, et al. Secondary resistance to cabergoline therapy in a macroprolactinoma: a case report and literature review. Pituitary 2011;14(4):362-6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Delgrange E, Crabbe J, Donckier J. Late development of resistance to bromocriptine in a patient with macroprolactinoma. Horm Res 1998;49(5):250-3
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Karavitaki N, Dobrescu R, Byrne JV, et al. Does hypopituitarism recover when macroprolactinomas are treated with cabergoline? Clin Endocrinol 2012; Epub ahead of print
   Google Scholar
• Dekkers OM, Lagro J, Burman P, et al. Recurrence of hyperprolactinemia after withdrawal of dopamine agonists: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010;95(1):43-51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colao A, Di Sarno A, Guerra E, et al. Predictors of remission of hyperprolactinaemia after long-term withdrawal of cabergoline therapy. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2007;67(3):426-33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kharlip J, Salvatori R, Yenokyan G, et al. Recurrence of hyperprolactinemia after withdrawal of long-term cabergoline therapy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009;94(7):2428-36
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wass JA, Thorner MO, Besser GM. Letter: digital vasospasm with bromocriptine. Lancet 1976;1(7969):1135
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Martinkova J, Trejbalova L, Sasikova M, et al. Impulse control disorders associated with dopaminergic medication in patients with pituitary adenomas. Clin Neuropharmacol 2011;34(5):179-81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner TH, Cookson JC, Wass JA, et al. Psychotic reactions during treatment of pituitary tumours with dopamine agonists. BMJ 1984;289(6452):1101-3
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Athanasoulia AP, Sievers C, Ising M, et al. Polymorphisms of the drug transporter gene ABCB1 predict side effects of treatment with cabergoline in patients with PRL adenomas. Eur J Endocrinol 2012;167(3):327-35
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dorevitch A, Aronzon R, Stark M. Psychotic exacerbation attributed to low-dose bromocriptine treatment of galactorrhea and hyperprolactinemia. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1991;70(4-5):375-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang SC, Chen CH, Lu ML. Cabergoline-induced psychotic exacerbation in schizophrenic patients. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2008;30(4):378-80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Byerly MJ, Marcus RN, Tran QV, et al. Effects of aripiprazole on prolactin levels in subjects with schizophrenia during cross-titration with risperidone or olanzapine: analysis of a randomized, open-label study. Schizophr Res 2009;107(2-3):218-22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freeman B, Levy W, Gorman JM. Successful monotherapy treatment with aripiprazole in a patient with schizophrenia and prolactinoma. J Psychiatr Pract 2007;13(2):120-4
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Steinhagen CK. Normalization of prolactin with aripiprazole in a patient with psychotic depression and a comorbid pituitary microadenoma. Psychosomatics 2007;48(4):350-1
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schade R, Andersohn F, Suissa S, et al. Dopamine agonists and the risk of cardiac-valve regurgitation. N Engl J Med 2007;356(1):29-38
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zanettini R, Antonini A, Gatto G, et al. Valvular heart disease and the use of dopamine agonists for Parkinson's disease. N Engl J Med 2007;356(1):39-46
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamamoto M, Uesugi T, Nakayama T. Dopamine agonists and cardiac valvulopathy in Parkinson disease: a case-control study. Neurology 2006;67(7):1225-9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yamashiro K, Komine-Kobayashi M, Hatano T, et al. The frequency of cardiac valvular regurgitation in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2008;23(7):935-41
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Roth BL. Drugs and valvular heart disease. N Engl J Med 2007;356(1):6-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valassi E, Klibanski A, Biller BM. Clinical review#: potential cardiac valve effects of dopamine agonists in hyperprolactinemia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010;95(3):1025-33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colao A, Galderisi M, Di Sarno A, et al. Increased prevalence of tricuspid regurgitation in patients with prolactinomas chronically treated with cabergoline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008;93(10):3777-84
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trifiro G, Mokhles MM, Dieleman JP, et al. Risk of cardiac valve regurgitation with dopamine agonist use in Parkinson's disease and hyperprolactinaemia: a multi-country, nested case-control study. Drug Saf 2012;35(2):159-71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kars M, Pereira AM, Bax JJ, et al. Cabergoline and cardiac valve disease in prolactinoma patients: additional studies during long-term treatment are required. Eur J Endocrinol 2008;159(4):363-7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Molitch ME. Prolactinoma in pregnancy. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011;25(6):885-96
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Auriemma RS, Perone Y, Di Sarno A, et al. Results of a single-center observational 10-year survey study on recurrence of hyperprolactinemia after pregnancy and lactation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013;98(1):372-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ikegami H, Aono T, Koizumi K, et al. Relationship between the methods of treatment for prolactinomas and the puerperal lactation. Fertil Steril 1987;47(5):867-9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Corenblum B, Donovan L. The safety of physiological estrogen plus progestin replacement therapy and with oral contraceptive therapy in women with pathological hyperprolactinemia. Fertil Steril 1993;59(3):671-3
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Testa G, Vegetti W, Motta T, et al. Two-year treatment with oral contraceptives in hyperprolactinemic patients. Contraception 1998;58(2):69-73
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fahy UM, Foster PA, Torode HW, et al. The effect of combined estrogen/progestogen treatment in women with hyperprolactinemic amenorrhea. Gynecol Endocrinol 1992;6(3):183-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orrego JJ, Bair J. Development of a macroprolactinoma in association with hormone replacement therapy in a perimenopausal woman with presumed idiopathic hyperprolactinemia. Endocr Pract 2006;12(2):174-8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Prior JC, Cox TA, Fairholm D, et al. Testosterone-related exacerbation of a prolactin-producing macroadenoma: possible role for estrogen. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1987;64(2):391-4
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Garcia MM, Kapcala LP. Growth of a microprolactinoma to a macroprolactinoma during estrogen therapy. J Endocrinol Invest 1995;18(6):450-5
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gillam MP, Middler S, Freed DJ, et al. The novel use of very high doses of cabergoline and a combination of testosterone and an aromatase inhibitor in the treatment of a giant prolactinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002;87(10):4447-51
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Serri O, Rasio E, Beauregard H, et al. Recurrence of hyperprolactinemia after selective transsphenoidal adenomectomy in women with prolactinoma. N Engl J Med 1983;309(5):280-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomson JA, Gray CE, Teasdale GM. Relapse of hyperprolactinemia after transsphenoidal surgery for microprolactinoma: lessons from long-term follow-up. Neurosurgery 2002;50(1):36-9; discussion 39-40
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tyrrell JB, Lamborn KR, Hannegan LT, et al. Transsphenoidal microsurgical therapy of prolactinomas: initial outcomes and long-term results. Neurosurgery 1999;44(2):254-61; discussion 61-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jane JA Jr, Laws ER Jr. The surgical management of pituitary adenomas in a series of 3,093 patients. J Am Coll Surg 2001;193(6):651-9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Barker FG II, Klibanski A, Swearingen B. Transsphenoidal surgery for pituitary tumors in the United States, 1996-2000: mortality, morbidity, and the effects of hospital and surgeon volume. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003;88(10):4709-19
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Primeau V, Raftopoulos C, Maiter D. Outcomes of transsphenoidal surgery in prolactinomas: improvement of hormonal control in dopamine agonist-resistant patients. Eur J Endocrinol 2012;166(5):779-86
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamilton DK, Vance ML, Boulos PT, et al. Surgical outcomes in hyporesponsive prolactinomas: analysis of patients with resistance or intolerance to dopamine agonists. Pituitary 2005;8(1):53-60
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sughrue ME, Chang EF, Tyrell JB, et al. Pre-operative dopamine agonist therapy improves post-operative tumor control following prolactinoma resection. Pituitary 2009;12(3):158-64
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gillam MP, Molitch ME, Lombardi G, et al. Advances in the treatment of prolactinomas. Endocr Rev 2006;27(5):485-534
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landolt AM, Lomax N. Gamma knife radiosurgery for prolactinomas. J Neurosurg 2000;93(Suppl 3):14-18
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pouratian N, Sheehan J, Jagannathan J, et al. Gamma knife radiosurgery for medically and surgically refractory prolactinomas. Neurosurgery 2006;59(2):255-66; discussion 55-66
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trinh VA, Patel SP, Hwu WJ. The safety of temozolomide in the treatment of malignancies. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2009;8(4):493-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagasubramanian R, Dolan ME. Temozolomide: realizing the promise and potential. Curr Opin Oncol 2003;15(6):412-18
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cahill DP, Levine KK, Betensky RA, et al. Loss of the mismatch repair protein MSH6 in human glioblastomas is associated with tumor progression during temozolomide treatment. Clin Cancer Res 2007;13(7):2038-45
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hegi ME, Diserens AC, Gorlia T, et al. MGMT gene silencing and benefit from temozolomide in glioblastoma. N Engl J Med 2005;352(10):997-1003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitelaw BC, Dworakowska D, Thomas NW, et al. Temozolomide in the management of dopamine agonist-resistant prolactinomas. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2012;76(6):877-86
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murakami M, Mizutani A, Asano S, et al. A mechanism of acquiring temozolomide resistance during transformation of atypical prolactinoma into prolactin-producing pituitary carcinoma: case report. Neurosurgery 2011;68(6):E1761-7; discussion E67
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirohata T, Asano K, Ogawa Y, et al. DNA mismatch repair protein (MSH6) correlated with the responses of atypical pituitary adenomas and pituitary carcinomas to temozolomide: the National Cooperative Study by the Japan Society for Hypothalamic and Pituitary Tumors. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013;98(3):1130-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raverot G, Sturm N, de Fraipont F, et al. Temozolomide treatment in aggressive pituitary tumors and pituitary carcinomas: a French multicenter experience. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010;95(10):4592-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jaquet P, Ouafik L, Saveanu A, et al. Quantitative and functional expression of somatostatin receptor subtypes in human prolactinomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999;84(9):3268-76
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shimon I, Yan X, Taylor JE, et al. Somatostatin receptor (SSTR) subtype-selective analogues differentially suppress in vitro growth hormone and prolactin in human pituitary adenomas. Novel potential therapy for functional pituitary tumors. J Clin Invest 1997;100(9):2386-92
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Thodou E, Kontogeorgos G, Theodossiou D, et al. Mapping of somatostatin receptor types in GH or/and PRL producing pituitary adenomas. J Clin Pathol 2006;59(3):274-9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hofland LJ, van der Hoek J, van Koetsveld PM, et al. The novel somatostatin analog SOM230 is a potent inhibitor of hormone release by growth hormone- and prolactin-secreting pituitary adenomas in vitro. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004;89(4):1577-85
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fusco A, Gunz G, Jaquet P, et al. Somatostatinergic ligands in dopamine-sensitive and -resistant prolactinomas. Eur J Endocrinol 2008;158(5):595-603
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schonbrunn A, Gu YZ, Dournard P, et al. Somatostatin receptor subtypes: specific expression and signaling properties. Metabolism 1996;45(8 Suppl 1):8-11
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lohrer P, Gloddek J, Hopfner U, et al. Vascular endothelial growth factor production and regulation in rodent and human pituitary tumor cells in vitro. Neuroendocrinology 2001;74(2):95-105
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cristina C, Perez-Millan MI, Luque G, et al. VEGF and CD31 association in pituitary adenomas. Endocr Pathol 2010;21(3):154-60
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Basu S, Nagy JA, Pal S, et al. The neurotransmitter dopamine inhibits angiogenesis induced by vascular permeability factor/vascular endothelial growth factor. Nat Med 2001;7(5):569-74
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cristina C, Diaz-Torga G, Baldi A, et al. Increased pituitary vascular endothelial growth factor-a in dopaminergic D2 receptor knockout female mice. Endocrinology 2005;146(7):2952-62
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Moshkin O, Syro LV, Scheithauer BW, et al. Aggressive silent corticotroph adenoma progressing to pituitary carcinoma: the role of temozolomide therapy. Hormones 2011;10(2):162-7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ortiz LD, Syro LV, Scheithauer BW, et al. Anti-VEGF therapy in pituitary carcinoma. Pituitary 2012;15(3):445-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunter C, Smith R, Cahill DP, et al. A hypermutation phenotype and somatic MSH6 mutations in recurrent human malignant gliomas after alkylator chemotherapy. Cancer Res 2006;66(8):3987-91
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bode H, Seiz M, Lammert A, et al. SOM230 (pasireotide) and temozolomide achieve sustained control of tumour progression and ACTH secretion in pituitary carcinoma with widespread metastases. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2010;118(10):760-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thearle MS, Freda PU, Bruce JN, et al. Temozolomide (Temodar(R)) and capecitabine (Xeloda(R)) treatment of an aggressive corticotroph pituitary tumor. Pituitary 2011;14(4):418-24
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jouanneau E, Wierinckx A, Ducray F, et al. New targeted therapies in pituitary carcinoma resistant to temozolomide. Pituitary 2012;15(1):37-43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakada M, Furuta T, Hayashi Y, et al. The strategy for enhancing temozolomide against malignant glioma. Front Oncol 2012;2:98
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Baldari S, Ferrau F, Alafaci C, et al. First demonstration of the effectiveness of peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT) with 111In-DTPA-octreotide in a giant PRL-secreting pituitary adenoma resistant to conventional treatment. Pituitary 2012;15(Suppl 1):S57-60
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Erem C, Kocak M, Nuhoglu I, et al. Blood coagulation, fibrinolysis and lipid profile in patients with prolactinoma. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2010;73(4):502-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wallaschofski H, Donne M, Eigenthaler M, et al. PRL as a novel potent cofactor for platelet aggregation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001;86(12):5912-19
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Reuwer AQ, Nieuwland R, Fernandez I, et al. Prolactin does not affect human platelet aggregation or secretion. Thromb Haemost 2009;101(6):1119-27
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wallaschofski H, Kobsar A, Koksch M, et al. Prolactin receptor signaling during platelet activation. Horm Metabo Res 2003;35(4):228-35
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• van Zaane B, Squizzato A, Reuwer AQ, et al. Prolactin and venous thrombosis: indications for a novel risk factor? Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2011;31(3):672-7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stuijver DJ, Debeij J, van Zaane B, et al. Levels of prolactin in relation to coagulation factors and risk of venous thrombosis. Results of a large population-based case-control study (MEGA-study). Thromb Haemost 2012;108(3):499-507
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mon SY, Alkabbani A, Hamrahian A, et al. Risk of thromboembolic events in patients with prolactinomas compared with patients with nonfunctional pituitary adenomas. Pituitary 2012; [Epub ahead of print]
   Google Scholar
• Hugo ER, Borcherding DC, Gersin KS, et al. Prolactin release by adipose explants, primary adipocytes, and LS14 adipocytes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008;93(10):4006-12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ling C, Svensson L, Odén B, et al. Identification of functional prolactin (PRL) receptor gene expression: PRL inhibits lipoprotein lipase activity in human white adipose tissue. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003;88(4):1804-8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Asai-Sato M, Okamoto M, Endo M, et al. Hypoadiponectinemia in lean lactating women: prolactin inhibits adiponectin secretion from human adipocytes. Endocr J 2006;53(4):555-62
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Serri O, Li L, Mamputu JC, et al. The influences of hyperprolactinemia and obesity on cardiovascular risk markers: effects of cabergoline therapy. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2006;64(4):366-70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yavuz D, Deyneli O, Akpinar I, et al. Endothelial function, insulin sensitivity and inflammatory markers in hyperprolactinemic pre-menopausal women. Eur J Endocrinol 2003;149(3):187-93
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berinder K, Nystrom T, Hoybye C, et al. Insulin sensitivity and lipid profile in prolactinoma patients before and after normalization of prolactin by dopamine agonist therapy. Pituitary 2011;14(3):199-207
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dos Santos Silva CM, Barbosa FR, Lima GA, et al. BMI and metabolic profile in patients with prolactinoma before and after treatment with dopamine agonists. Obesity 2011;19(4):800-5
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ciresi A, Amato MC, Guarnotta V, et al. Higher doses of cabergoline further improve metabolic parameters in patients with prolactinoma regardless of the degree of reduction in prolactin levels. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2013; [Epub ahead of print]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Borcherding DC, Hugo ER, Idelman G, et al. Dopamine receptors in human adipocytes: expression and functions. PLoS One 2011;9):e25537
   Google Scholar
• Gibson CD, Karmally W, McMahon DJ, et al. Randomized pilot study of cabergoline, a dopamine receptor agonist: effects on body weight and glucose tolerance in obese adults. Diabetes Obes Metab 2012;14(4):335-40
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gaziano JM, Cincotta AH, O'Connor CM, et al. Randomized clinical trial of quick-release bromocriptine among patients with type 2 diabetes on overall safety and cardiovascular outcomes. Diabetes Care 2010;33(7):1503-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haring R, Friedrich N, Volzke H, et al. Positive association of serum prolactin concentrations with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. Eur Heart J 2012; [Epub ahead of print]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Corona G, Rastrelli G, Boddi V, et al. Prolactin levels independently predict major cardiovascular events in patients with erectile dysfunction. Int J Androl 2011;34(3):217-24
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Reuwer AQ, Twickler MT, Hutten BA, et al. Prolactin levels and the risk of future coronary artery disease in apparently healthy men and women. Circ Cardiovasc Genet 2009;2(4):389-95
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tworoger SS, Sluss P, Hankinson SE. Association between plasma prolactin concentrations and risk of breast cancer among predominately premenopausal women. Cancer Res 2006;66(4):2476-82
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tworoger SS, Eliassen AH, Sluss P, et al. A prospective study of plasma prolactin concentrations and risk of premenopausal and postmenopausal breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 2007;25(12):1482-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tworoger SS, Eliassen AH, Rosner B, et al. Plasma prolactin concentrations and risk of postmenopausal breast cancer. Cancer Res 2004;64(18):6814-19
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hankinson SE, Manson JE, Spiegelman D, et al. Reproducibility of plasma hormone levels in postmenopausal women over a 2-3-year period. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev 1995;4(6):649-54
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berinder K, Akre O, Granath F, et al. Cancer risk in hyperprolactinemia patients: a population-based cohort study. Eur J Endocrinol 2011;165(2):209-15
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dekkers OM, Romijn JA, de Boer A, et al. The risk for breast cancer is not evidently increased in women with hyperprolactinemia. Pituitary 2010;13(3):195-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vonderhaar BK. Prolactin: the forgotten hormone of human breast cancer. Pharmacol Ther 1998;79(2):169-78
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bontenbal M, Foekens JA, Lamberts SW, et al. Feasibility, endocrine and anti-tumour effects of a triple endocrine therapy with tamoxifen, a somatostatin analogue and an antiprolactin in post-menopausal metastatic breast cancer: a randomized study with long-term follow-up. Br J Cancer 1998;77(1):115-22
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Frontini L, Lissoni P, Vaghi M, et al. Enhancement of the efficacy of weekly low-dose taxotere by the long acting anti-prolactinemic drug cabergoline in pretreated metastatic breast cancer. Anticancer Res 2004;24(6):4223-6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lissoni P, Bucovec R, Malugani F, et al. A clinical study of taxotere versus taxotere plus the antiprolactinemic agent bromocriptine in metastatic breast cancer pretreated with anthracyclines. Anticancer Res 2002;22(2B):1131-4
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Xu J, Sun D, Jiang J, et al. The role of prolactin receptor in GH signaling in breast cancer cells. Mol Endocrinol 2013;27(2):266-79
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Damiano JS, Rendahl KG, Karim C, et al. Neutralization of prolactin receptor function by monoclonal antibody LFA102, a novel potential therapeutic for the treatment of breast cancer. Mol Cancer Ther 2013;12(3):295-305
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gurlek A, Karavitaki N, Ansorge O, et al. What are the markers of aggressiveness in prolactinomas? Changes in cell biology, extracellular matrix components, angiogenesis and genetics. Eur J Endocrinol 2007;156(2):143-53
   PubMedGoogle Scholar