Advanced search
Publication Cover
Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy Volume 4, 2003 - Issue 8
Submit an article Journal homepage
108
Views
10
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Recommendations for the treatment of fungal pneumonias

Harumi Yamada Pharmacy Division, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan. [email protected]
,
Hajime Kotaki Pharmacy Division, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan. [email protected]
&
Takashi Takahashi Pharmacy Division, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan. [email protected]
Pages 1241-1258 | Published online: 02 Mar 2005

Bibliography

  • WORTHY SA, FLINT JD, MULLER NL: Pulmonary complications after bone marrow transplantation: high-resolution CT and pathologic findings. Radiographics (1997) 17(6):1359–1371.
  • CUNNINGHAM I: Pulmonary infections after bone marrow transplant. Semin. Respir. Infect. (1992) 7(2):132–138.
  • GLAZER M, BREUER R, BERKMAN N et al.: Use of fiberoptic bronchoscopy in bone marrow transplant recipients. Acta Haematol (1998) 99(1):22–26.
  • GEORGE MJ, SNYDMAN DR, WERNER BG et al.: The independent role of cytomegalovirus as a risk factor for invasive fungal disease in orthotopic liver transplant recipients. Am. Med. (1997) 103(2):106–113.
  • SINGH N, GAYOWSKI T, WAGENER M et al.: Pulmonary infections in liver transplant recipients receiving tacrolimus. Changing pattern of microbial etiologies. Transplantation (1996) 61(3):396–401.
  • WINSTON DJ, EMMANOUILIDES C, BUSUTTIL RW: Infections in liver transplant recipients. Clin. Infect. Dis. (1995) 21(5):1077–1089.
  • MONTOYA JG, GIRALDO LF, EFRON B et al.: Infectious complications among 620 consecutive heart transplant patients at Stanford University Medical Center. Clin. Infect. Dis. (2001) 33(5):629–640.
  • SMART FW, NAFTEL DC, COSTANZO MR et al.: Risk factors for early, cumulative, and fatal infections after heart transplantation: a multfinstitutional study. I Heart Lung Transplant. (1996) 15(4):329–341.
  • LUNA CM, FAMIGLIETTI A, ABSI R et al.: Community-acquired pneumonia: etiology, epidemiology, and outcome at a teaching hospital in Argentina. Chest (2000) 118(5): 1344–1354.
  • CHEN KY, KO SC, HSUEH PR et al: Pulmonary fungal infection: emphasis on microbiological spectra, patient outcome, and prognostic factors. Chest (2001) 120(1):177–184.
  • SOBEL JD: Practice guidelines for the treatment of fungal infections. Clin. Infect. Dis. (2000) 30(4):652.
  • DISMUKES WE: Introduction to antifungal drugs. Clin. Infect. Dis. (2000) 30(4):653–657.
  • STEVENS DA, KAN VL, JUDSON MA et al.: Practice guidelines for diseases caused by Aspergillus. Clin. Infect. Dis. (2000) 30(4):696–709.
  • ••This paper presents the current guidelinesfor treating a variety of aspergillosis according to an expert panel.
  • SAAG MS, GRAYBILL RJ, LARSEN RA et al.: Practice guidelines for the management of cryptococcal disease. Clin. Infect. Dis. (2000) 30(4):710–718.
  • ••These are the current guidelines fortreating a variety of cryptococcosis according to an expert panel.
  • REX JH, WALSH TJ, SOBEL JD et al.: Practice guidelines for the treatment of candidiasis. Clin. Infect. Dis. (2000) 30(4):662–678.
  • ••Experts present the current guidelines formanaging a variety of candidiasis.
  • GALGIANI JN, AMPEL NM, CATANZARO A et al.: Practice guidelines for the treatment of coccidiodomycosis. Clin. Infect. Dis. (2000) 30(4):658–661.
  • ••The article describes the current guidelinesfor managing a variety of coccidiodomycosis.
  • WHEAT J, SAROSI G, MCKINSEY D et al.: Practice guidelines for the management of patients with histoplasmosis. Clin. Infect. Dis. (2000) 30(4):688–695.
  • ••The current guidelines for treating a variety of histoplasmosis according to an expert panel are presented.
  • CHAPMAN SW, BRADSHER RW Jr, CAMPBELL GD Jr et al.: Practice guidelines for the management of patients with blastomycosis. Clin. Infect. Dis. (2000) 30(4):679–683.
  • ••These are the current guidelines for themanagement of a variety of blastomycosis by medical mycologists.
  • SAUBOLLE MA: Fungal pneumonia& Semin. Respir. Infect. (2000) 15(2):162–177.
  • POUND MW, DREW RH, PERFECT JR: Recent advances in the epidemiology, prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of fungal pneumonia. Can: Opin. Infect. Dis. (2002) 15(2):183–194.
  • MARTY F, MYLONAKIS E: Antifungal use in HIV infection. Expert Opin. Pharmacother. (2002) 3(2):91–102.
  • •This is an excellent review regarding the administration of antifugal agents for HIV-infected patients.
  • PATTERSON DL, BOOTS RJ: Aspergillosis. In: Fungal Diseases of the Lung. Sarosi GA, Davies SF (Eds) Lipincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, USA (2000):123–161.
  • DENNING DW: Therapeutic outcome in invasive aspergillosis. Clin. Infect. Dis. (1996) 23(3):608–615.
  • WALSH TJ, FINBERG RW, ARNDT C et al.: Liposomal amphotericin B for empirical therapy in patients with persistent fever and neutropenia. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Mycoses Study Group. N Engl. I Med. (1999) 340(10):764–771.
  • DENNING DW, LEE JY, HOSTETLER JS et al.: NIAID Mycoses Study Group multicenter trial of oral itraconazole therapy for invasive aspergillosis. Am. .1. Med. (1994) 97(2):135–144.
  • STEVENS DA, LEE JY: Analysis of compassionate use of itraconazole for invasive aspergillosis by the NIAID Mycoses Study Group criteria. Arch. Intern. Med. (1997) 157(16):1857–1862.
  • HOANG A: Caspofungin acetate: an antifungal agent. Am. j. Health Syst. Pharm. (2001) 58(13):1206–1214.
  • •This is a comprehensive review article regarding caspofungin.
  • ROSENBERG M, PATTERSON R, MINTZER R, COOPER BJ, ROBERTS M, HARRIS KE: Clinical and immunologic criteria for the diagnosis of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. Ann. Intern. Med. (1977) 86(4):405–414.
  • BASICH JE, GRAVES TS, NASIR BAZ M et al.: Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis in corticosteroid-dependent asthmatics. I Allergy Clin. Immunol (1981) 68(2):98–102.
  • MROUCH S, SPOCK A: Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis in patients with cystic fibrosis. Chest (1994) 105(1):32–36.
  • PATTERSON R, GREENBERGER PA, RADIN RC, ROBERTS M: Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis: staging as an aid to management. Ann. Intern. Med. (1982) 96(3):256–291.
  • ROSENBERG M, PATTERSON R, ROBERTS M, WANG J: The assessment of immunologic and clinical changes occurring during corticosteroid therapy for allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. Am. J. Med. (1978) 64(4):599–605.
  • MIDDLETON WG, PATERSON IC, GRANT IWB, DOUGLAS AC: Asthmatic pulmonary eosinophilia: a review of 65 cases. Br: J. Dis. Chest (1977) 71(2):115–122.
  • GREENBERGER PA: Diagnosis and management of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. Allergy Proc. (1994) 15(6):335–339.
  • SEATON A, SEATON RA, WIGHTMAN AJ: Management of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis without maintenance oral corticosteroids: a fifteen-year follow-up. 0M(1994) 87(9):529–537.
  • STEVENS DA, SCHWARTZ HJ, LEE JY et al.: A randomized trial of itraconazole in allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. N Engl. I Med. (2000) 342(11):756–762.
  • DENNING DW, VAN WYE JE, LEWISTON NJ, STEVENS DA: Adjunctive therapy of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis with itraconazole. Chest (1991) 100(3):813–819.
  • GERMAUD P, TUCHAIS E: Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis treated with itraconazole. Chest (1995) 107(3):883 [Letter].
  • NEPOMUCENO I, ESRIG S, MOSS RB: Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis in cystic fibrosis: role of atopy and response to itraconazole. Chest (1999) 115(2):364–370.
  • SHALE DJ, FAUX JA, LANE DJ et al.: Trial of ketoconazole in non-invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. Thorax (1987) 42(1):26–31.
  • FOURNIER EC: Trial of ketoconazole in allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. Thorax (1987) 42(10):831 [Letter].
  • KAUFFMAN C: Quandary about treatment of aspergillomas persists. Lancet (1996) 347(9016):1640.
  • TOMEE J, VANDERWERF T, LATGE J, KOETER G, DUBOIS A, KAUFFMAN H: Serologic monitoring of disease and treatment in a patient with pulmonary aspergilloma. Am. I Respic Crit. Care Med. (1995) 151(1):199–204.
  • JEWKES J, KAY PH, PANETH M, CITRON KM: Pulmonary aspergilloma: analysis of prognosis in relation to haemoptysis and survey of treatment. Thorax (1983) 38(8):572–578.
  • KAPLAN J, JOHNS C: Mycetomas in pulmonary sarcoidosis: nonsurgical management. John Hopkins Med. 1 (1979) 145(4):157–161.
  • YAMADA H, KOHNO S, KOGA H, MAESAKI S, KAKU M: Topical treatment of pulmonary aspergilloma by antifungals. Chest (1993) 103(5):1421–1425.
  • VISNEGARWALA F, GRAVISS EA, LACKE CE et al.: Acute respiratory failure associated with cryptococcosis in patients with AIDS: analysis of predictive factors. Clin. Infect. Dis. (1998) 27(5):1231–1237.
  • •There is clinical information outlining the predictive factors related to cryptococcosis in AIDS patients.
  • ABERG JA, WATSON J, SEGAL M, CHANG LW: Clinical utility of monitoring serum cryptococcal antigen (scrag) titers in patients with AIDS-related cryptococcal disease. HIV Clin. Trials (2000) 1(1):1–6.
  • KERKERING TM, DUMA RJ, SHADOMY S: The evolution of pulmonary cryptococcosis: clinical implications from a study of 41 patients with and without compromising host factors. Ann. Intern. Med. (1981) 94(5):611–616.
  • DISMUKES WE, CLOUD G, GALLIS HA et al.: Treatment of cryptococcal meningitis with combination amphotericin B and flucytosine for four as compared with six weeks. N Engl. I Med. (1987) 317(6):334–341.
  • DROMER F, MATHOULIN S, DUPONT B et al: Comparison of the efficacy of amphotericin B and fluconazole in the treatment of cryptococcosis in human immunodeficiency virus-negative patients: retrospective analysis of 83 cases. Clin. Infect. Dis. (1996) 22(2):S154–S160.
  • YAMAGUCHI H, IKEMOTO H, WATANABE K et al.: Fluconazole monotherapy for cryptococcosis in non-AIDS patients. Eur: I Clin. Microbiol Infect. Dis. (1996) 15(10):787–792.
  • DENNING DW, TUCKER RIVI, HANSON LH et al: Itraconazole therapy for cryptococcal meningitis and cryptococcosis. Arch. Intern. Med. (1989) 149(10):2301–2308.
  • DISMUKES WE, STAMM AM, GRAYBILL JR et al.: Treatment of systemic mycoses with ketoconazole: emphasis on toxicity and clinical response in 52 patients. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Collaborative Antifungal Study. Ann. Intern. Med. (1983) 98(1):13–20.
  • UTZ JP, TYNES JS, SHADOMY HJ et al:5-fluorocytosine in human cryptococcosis. Antimicrob. Agents. Chemother. (1968) 8:344–346.
  • LEENDERS AC, REISS P, PORTEGIES P et al.: Liposomal amphotericin B (Ambisome) compared with amphotericin B followed by oral fluconazole in the treatment of AIDS-associated cryptococcal meningitis. AIDS (1997) 11(12):1463–1471.
  • CHUCK SL, SANDE MA: Infection with Cryptococcus neoformans in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. N Engl. Med. (1989) 321(12):794–799.
  • HARON E, VARTIVARIAN S, ANAISSIE E, DEKMEZIAN R, BODEY GP: Primary Candida pneumonia: experience at a large cancer center and review of the literature. Medicine (Baltimore) (1993) 72(3):137–142.
  • PANOS RJ, BARR LF, WALSH TJ, SILVERIVIAN HJ: Factors associated with fatal hemoptysis in cancer patients. Chest (1988) 94(5):1008–1013.
  • MASUR H, ROSEN PP, ARMSTRONG D: Pulmonary disease caused by Candida species. Am. J. Med. (1977) 63(6):914–925.
  • EDWARDS JE JR, BODEY GP, BOWDEN RA et al.: International conference for the development of a consensus on the management and prevention of severe candidal infections. Clin. Infect. Dis. (1997) 25(1):43–59.
  • NGUYEN MH, PEACOCK JE Jr, TANNER DC et al: Therapeutic approaches in patients with candidemia: evaluation in a multicenter, prospective, observational study. Arch. Intern. Med. (1995) 155(22):2429–2435.
  • REX JH, BENNETT JE, SUGAR AM et al.: Intravascular catheter exchanges and the duration of candidemia. Clin. Infect. Dis. (1995) 21(4):994–996.
  • ANAISSIE EJ, REX JH, UZUN 0, VARTIVARIAN S: Predictors of adverse outcome in cancer patients with candidemia. Am. J. Med. (1998) 104(3):238–245.
  • GALGIANI JN, CATANZARO A, CLOUD GA et al.: Comparison of oral fluconazole and itraconazole for progressive, non-meningeal coccidioidomycosis. A randomised double-blind trial. Mycoses Study Group. Ann. Intern. Med. (2000) 133(9):676–686.
  • PAPPAGIANIS D, ZIMMER BL: Serology of coccidioidomycosis. Clin. Microbiol Rev (1990) 3(3):247–268.
  • Coccidioidomycosis-Arizona, 1990-1995. MMWR Morb. Mort. Wkly Rep. (1996) 45(49):1069–1073.
  • AMPEL NM, DOLS CL, GALGIANI JN: Coccidioidomycosis during human immunodeficiency virus infection: results of a prospective study in a coccidioidal endemic area. Am. J. Med. (1993) 94(3)235–240.
  • CUNNINGHAM RT, EINSTEIN H: Coccidioidal pulmonary cavities with rupture. J. Thome. Cardiovasc. Stag. (1982) 84(2):172–177.
  • WHEAT LJ: Histoplasmosis. In: Fungal Diseases of the Lung. Sarosi GA, Davies SF (Eds), Lipincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, USA (2000):47–57.
  • KATARIA YP, CAMPBELL PB, BURLINGHAM BT: Acute pulmonary histoplasmosis presenting as adult respiratory distress syndrome: effect of therapy on clinical and laboratory features. South. Med. J. (1981) 74(5):534–537.
  • RUBIN H, FURCOLOW ML, YATES JL, BRASHER CA: The course and prognosis of histoplasmosis. Am. J. Med. (1959) 27(2):278–288.
  • FURCOLOW ML: Comparison of treated and untreated severe histoplasmosis. JA/VIA (1963) 183(10):121–127.
  • SUTLIFF WD, ANDREWS CE, JONES E, TERRY RT: Histoplasmosis cooperative study: Veterans Administration-Armed Forces Cooperative Study on histoplasmosis. Am. Rev Respir. Dis. (1964) 89(5):641–650.
  • PUTNAM LR, SUTLIFF WD, LARKIN JC et al.: Histoplasmosis cooperative study: chronic pulmonary histoplasmosis treated with amphotericin B alone and with amphotericin B and triple sulfonamide. Am. Rev Respir. Dis. (1968) 97(1):96–102.
  • BAUM GL, LARKIN JC, SUTLIFF WD: Follow-up of patients with chronic pulmonary histoplasmosis treated with amphotericin B. Chest (1970) 58(6):562–565.
  • PARKER JD, SAROSI GA, DOTO IL, BAILEY RE, TOSH FE: Treatment of chronic pulmonary histoplasmosis. N Engl. J. Med. (1970) 283(5):225–229.
  • DISMUKES WE, BRADSHER RW Jr, CLOUD GC et al.: Itraconazole therapy for blastomycosis and histoplasmosis. NIAID Mycoses Study Group. Am. J. Med. (1992) 93(5):489–497.
  • DISMUKES WE, CLOUD G, BOWLES C et al: Treatment of blastomycosis and histoplasmosis with ketoconazole: results of a prospective randomized clinical trial. Ann. Intern. Med. (1985) 103(6):861–872.
  • SLAMA TG: Treatment of disseminated and progressive cavitary histoplasmosis with ketoconazole. Am. J. Med. (1983) 74(1):70–73.
  • MCKINSEY DS, KAUFFMAN CA, PAPPAS PG et al: Fluconazole therapy for histoplasmosis. Clin. Infect. Dis. (1996) 23(5):996–1001.
  • WHEAT J: Endemic mycoses in AIDS: a clinical review. Clin. Microbiol Rev (1995) 8(1):146–159.
  • RECHT LD, PHILIPS JR, ECKMAN MR et al.: Self-limited blastomycosis: a report of thirteen cases. Am. Rev Respir. Dis. (1979) 120(5):1109–1112.
  • DAVIES SF, SAROSI GA: Blastomycosis. In: Fungal Diseases of the Lung. Sarosi GA, Davies SF (Eds), Lipincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, USA (2000):47–57.
  • PAPPAS PG, POTTAGE JC, POWDERLY WG et al.: Blastomycosis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Am. Intern. Med. (1992) 116(10):847–853.
  • PAPPAS PG, THRELKELD MG, BEDSOLE GD et al.: Blastomycosis in immunocompromised patients. Medicine (Baltimore) (1993) 72(5):311–325.
  • STRINGER JR, BEARD CB, MILLER RF, WAKEFIELD AE: A new name (Pneumocystis jiroveci) for Pneumocystis from humans. Emerg. Infect. Dis. (2002) 8(9):891–896.
  • STRINGER JR: Pneumocystis carinii: what is it, exactly? Clin. Microbiol Rev (1996) 9(4):89–98.
  • BENARD G, DUARTE AJ: Paracoccidioidomycosis: a model for evaluation of the effects of human immunodeficiency virus infection on the natural history of endemic tropical diseases. Clin. Infect. Dis. (2000) 31(4):1032–1039.
  • •This is a comprehensive review regarding paracoccidioidomycosis in HIV patients.
  • NARANJO MS, TRUJILLO M, MUNERA MI, RESTREPO P, GOMEZ I, RESTREPO A: Treatment of paracoccidioidomycosis with itraconazole. J. Med. Vet. Mycol (1990) 28(1):67–76.
  • TOBON AM, OROZCO B, ESTRADA S et al.: Paracoccidioidomycosis and AIDS: report of the first two Colombian cases. Rev Inst. Med. Trop. Sao Paulo (1998) 40(6):377–381.
  • DUONG TA: Infection due to Penicillium marneffei, an emerging pathogen: review of 155 reported cases. Clin. Infect. Dis. (1996) 23(1):125–130.
  • •This is a comprehensive review article regarding penicilliosis.
  • SIRISANTHANA T, SUPPARATPINYO K, PERRIENS J, NELSON KE: Amphotericin B and itraconazole for treatment of disseminated Penicillium marneffei infection in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. Clin. Infect. Dis. (1998) 26(5):1107–1110.
  • IMWIDTHAYA P, THIPSUVAN K, CHAIPRASERT A, DANCHAIVIJITRA S, SUTTHENT R, JEARANAISILA-VONG J: Penicillium marneffei: types and drug susceptibility. Mycopathologia (2001) 149(3):109–115.
  • WEVERLING GJ, MOCROFT A, LEDERGERBER B et al.: Discontinuation of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia prophylaxis after start of highly active antiretroviral therapy in HIV-1 infection. Lancet (1999) 353(9161):1293–1298.
  • BOZZETTE SA, SATTLER FR, CHIU J et al.: A controlled trial of early adjunctive treatment with corticosteroids for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. N Engl. I Med. (1990) 323(21):1451–1457.
  • TAKAHASHI T, HOSOYA N, ENDO T et al.: Relationship between mutations in dihydropteroate synthase of Pneumocystis carinii f. sp. hominis isolates in Japan and resistance to sulfonamide therapy.' Clin. Microbiol (2000) 38(9):3161–3164.
  • TAKAHASHI T, ENDO T, NAKAMURA T et al.: Dihydrofolate reductase gene polymorphisms in Pneumocystis carinii f. sp. hominis in Japan. .1. Med. Microbiol (2002) 51(6):510–515.
  • BRAJTBURG J, BOLARD J: Carrier effects on biological activity of amphotericin B. Clin. Microbiol Rev. (1996) 9(4):512–531.
  • VERTUT-CROQUIN A, BORARD J, GARY-BOBO CM: Transfer of amphotericin B from gel state vesicles to mycoplasma cells: biphasic action on potassium transport and permeability. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother: (1985) 28(2):167–171.
  • BOLARD J: How do the polyene macrolide antibiotics affect the cellular membrane properties? Biochim. Biophys. Acta (1986) 864(3-4):257–304.
  • BRAJTBURG J, ELBERG S, SCHWARTZ DR et al.: Involvement of oxidative damage in erythrocyte lysis induced by amphotericin B. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1985) 27(2):172–176.
  • SURARIT R, SHEPHERD MG: The effects of azole and polyene antifungals on the plasma membrane enzymes of Candida albicans.J. Med. Vet. Mycol (1987) 25(6):403–413.
  • BARCHIESI F, COLOMBO AL, MCGOUGH DA, RINALDI MG: Comparative study of broth macrodilution and microdilution techniques for in vitro antifungal susceptibility testing of yeasts by using the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards' proposed standard. .1. Clin. Microbiol (1994) 32 (10) :2494–2500.
  • FRANZOT SP, HAMDAN JS: In vitro susceptibilities of clinical and environmental isolates of Cryptococcus neoformans to five antifungal drugs. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1996) 40(3):822–824.
  • ANDRIOLE VT: Current and future therapy of invasive fungal infections. Curr. Clin. Top. Infect. Dis. (1998) 18:19–36.
  • GEORGOPAPADAKOU NH, WALSH TJ: Antifungal agents: chemotherapeutic targets and immunologic strategies. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1996) 40(2):279–291.
  • GALLIS HA, DREW RH, PICKARD WW: Amphotericin B: 30 years of clinical experience. Rev Infect. Dis. (1990) 12(2):308–329.
  • GOODWIN SD, CLEARY JD, WALAWANDER CA, TAYLOR JW, GRASELA TH Jr: Pretreatment regimens for adverse events related to infusion of amphotericin B. Clin. Infect. Dis. (1995) 20(4):755–761.
  • DERAY G: Amphotericin B nephrotoxicity. Antimicrob. Chemother. (2002) 49\(Suppl. 1):37–41.
  • •This paper presents the comparison of nephrotoxicity between lipid formulations of amphotericin B.
  • WINGARD JR,KUBILIS P, LEE L et al: Clinical significance of nephrotoxicity in patients treated with amphotericin B for suspected or proven aspergilosis. Clin. Infect. Dis. (1999) 29(6):1402–1407.
  • HAY RJ: Liposomal amphotericin B, AmBisome. Infect. (1994) 28\(Suppl. 1):35–43.
  • ADLER-MOORE J: AmBisome targeting to fungal infections. Bone Marrow Transplant. (1994) 14\(Suppl. 1):53–57.
  • JANOFF AS, BONI LT, POPESCU MC et al.: Unusual lipid structures selectively reduce the toxicity of amphotericin B. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1988) 85(16):6122–6126.
  • SWENSON CE, PERKINS WR, ROBERTS P et al: In vitro and in vivo antifungal activity of amphotericin B lipid complex: are phospholipase important? Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1998) 42(4):767–771.
  • WALSH TJ, HIEMENZ JW, SEIBEL NL et al.: Amphotericin B lipid complex for invasive fungal infections: analysis of safety and efficacy in 556 cases. Clin. Infect. Dis. (1998) 26(6):1383–1396.
  • WHITE MH, BOWDEN RA, SANDLER ES et al.: Randomized, double-blind clinical trial of amphotericin B colloidal dispersion versus amphotericin B in the empirical treatment of fever and neutropenia. Clin. Infect. Dis. (1998) 27(2):296–302.
  • WINGARD JR, WHITE MH, ANAISSIE E et al.: A randomized, double-blind comparative trial evaluating the safety of liposomal amphotericin B versus amphotericin B lipid complex in the empirical treatment of febrile neutropenia. L Amph/ABLC Collaborative Study Group. Clin. Infect. Dis. (2000) 31(5):1155–1163.
  • ATKINSON AJ Jr, BENNETT JE: Amphotericin B pharmacolkinetics in humans. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother: (1978) 13(2):271–276.
  • DANESHMEND TK, WARNOCK DW: Clinical pharmacolkinetics of systemic antifungal drugs. Clin. Pharmacokinet. (1983) 8(1):17–42.
  • CHRISTIANSEN KJ, BERNARD EM, GOLD JW ARMSTRONG D: Distribution and activity of amphotericin B in humans. I Infect. Dis. (1985) 152(5):1037–1043.
  • WONG-BERINGER A, JACOBS RA, GUGLIELMO BJ: Lipid formations of amphotericin B: clinical efficacy and toxicities. Clin. Infect. Dis. (1998) 27(3):603–618.
  • •This is a comprehensive review article regarding lipid formulations of amphotericin B.
  • DE MARIE S, JANKNEGT R, BAKKER-WOUDENBERG IA: Clinical use of liposomal and lipid complexed amphotericin B. I Antimicrob. Chemother: (1994) 33(5):907–916.
  • TIPHINE M, LETSCHER-BRU V, HERBRECHT R: Amphotericin B and its new formulations: pharmacologic characteristics, clinical efficacy, and tolerability. Transpl. Infect. Dis. (1999) 1(4):273–283.
  • ••There are the characteristics of new lipid formulations of amphotericin B.
  • JANKNEGT R, DE MARIE S, BAKKER-WOUDENBERG IA, CROMMELIN DJ: Liposomal and lipid formulations of amphotericin B. Clinical pharmacolkinetics. Clin. Pharmacokinet. (1992) 23(4):279–291.
  • DUPONT B: Overview of lipid formulations of amphotericin B. Antimicrob. Chemother. (2002) 49\(Suppl. 1):31–36.
  • HERBRECHT R: Safety of amphotericin B colloidal dispersion. Ear: Clin. Microbiol Infect. Dis. (1997) 16(1):74–80.
  • LU I, DODDS E, PERFECT J: New antifungal agents. Semin. Respic Infect. (2002) 17(2):140–150.
  • •This is an excellent review regarding the new antifungal agents and agents that are in development.
  • GROLL AH, PISCITELLI SC, WALSH TJ: Clinical pharmacology of systemic antifungal agents: a comprehensive review of agents in clinical use, current investigational compounds, and putative targets for antifungal drug development. Adv. Pharmacol (1998) 44:343–500.
  • PFALLER MA, DIEKEMA DJ, JONES RN et al.: International surveillance of bloodstream infections due to Candida species: frequency of occurrence and in vitro susceptibilities to fluconazole, ravuconazole, and voriconazole of isolates collected from 1997 through 1999 in the SENTRY antimicrobial surveillance program. Clin. Microbiol (2001) 39(9):3254–3259.
  • RUHNKE M, SCHMIDT-WESTHAUSEN A, TRAUTMANN M: In vitro activities of voriconazole (UK-109,496) against fluconazole-susceptible and -resistant Candida albicans isolates from oral cavities of patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1997) 41(3):575–577.
  • PFALLER MA, ZHANG J, MESSER SA et al.: In vitro activities of voriconazole, fluconazole, and itraconazole against 566 clinical isolates Criputococcus neoformans from the United States and Africa. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1999) 43(1):169–171.
  • OAKLEY KL, MOORE CB, DENNING DW: In vitro activity of voriconazole against Aspergillus spp. and comparison with itraconazole and amphotericin B. I Antimicrob. Chemother: (1998) 42(1):91–94.
  • MANAVATHU EK, CUTRIGHT JL, LOEBENBERG D, CHANDRASEKAR PH: A comparative study of the in vitro susceptibilities of clinical and laboratory-selected resistant isolates Aspergillus spp. to amphotericin B, itraconazole, voriconazole and posaconazole (SCH-56592). Antimicrob. Chemother: (2000) 46(2):229–234.
  • DENNING DW, RIBAUD P, MILPIED N et al.: Efficacy and safety of voriconazole in the treatment of acute invasive aspergillosis. Clin. Infect. Dis. (2002) 34(5):563–571.
  • HERBRECHT R, DENNING DW, PATTERSON TF et al.: Voriconazole versus amphotericin B for primary therapy of invasive aspergillosis. N EngL Med. (2002) 347(6):408–415.
  • HOFFMAN HL, RATHBUN RC: Review of the safty and efficacy of voriconazole. Expert Opin. Invest. Drugs (2002) 11(3):409–429.
  • LAZARUS HM, BLUMER JL, YANOVICH S, SCHLAMM H, ROMERO A: Safety and pharmacokinetics of oral voriconazole in patients at risk of fugal infection: a dose escalation study. .1. Clin. Pharmacol (2002) 42(4):395–402.
  • PURKINS L, WOOD N, GHAHRAMANI P, GREENHALGH K, ALLEN MJ, KLEINERMANS D: Pharmacokinetics and safety of voriconazole following intravenous to oral dose escalation regimens. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (2002) 46(8):2546–2553.
  • JOHNSON LB, KAUFFMAN CA: Voriconazole: a new triazole antifungal agent. Clin. Infect. Dis. (2003) 36(5):630–637.
  • •This is a comprehensive review article regarding voriconazole.
  • VENKATARAMANAN R, ZANG S, GAYOWSKI T, SINGH N: Voriconazole inhibition of the metabolism of tacrolimus in a liver transplant recipient and in human liver microsomes. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (2002) 46(9):3091–3093.
  • ROMERO AJ, POGAMP PL, NILSSON L-G, WOOD N: Effect of voriconazole on the pharamacokinetics of cyclosporine in renal transplant patients. Clin. Pharmacol Ther. (2002) 71(4):226–234.
  • PFALLER MA, MESSER SA, HOLLIS RJ et al.: In vitro susceptibilities of Candida bloodstream isolates to new triazole antifungal agents BMS-207147, SCH 56592, and voriconazole. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1998) 42(12):3242–3244.
  • MARCO F, PFALLER MA, MESSER SA, JONES RN: Activity of MK-0991 (L-743,872), a new echinocandin, compared with those of LY303366 and four other antifungal agents tested against blood stream isolates of Candida spp. Diagn. Microbiol Infect. Dis. (1998) 32(1):33–37.
  • DE LUCCA AJ, WALSH TJ: Antifungal peptide: Novel therapeutic compounds against emerging pathogens. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother: (1999) 43(1):1–11.
  • PFALLER MA, JONES RN, DOERN GV et al.: International surveillance of blood stream infections due to Candida species in the European SENTRY Program: species distribution and antifungal susceptibility including the investigational triazole and echinocandin agents. SENTRY Participant Group (Europe). Diagn. MicrobioL Infect. Dis. (1999) 35(1):19–25.
  • MIKAMO H, SATO Y, TAMAYA T: In vitro antifungal activity of FK463, a new water-soluble echinocandin-like lipopeptide. j Antimicrob. Chemother: (2000) 46(3):485–487.
  • UZUN 0, KOCAGOZ S, CETINKAYA Y, ARIKAN S, UNAL S: In vitro activity of a new echinocandin, LY303366, compared with those of amphotericin B and fluconazole against clinical yeast isolates. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1997) 41(5):1156–1157.
  • KARTSONIS N, DINUBILE MJ, BARTIZAL K, HICKS PS, RYAN D, SABLE CA: Efficacy of caspofungin in the treatment of esophageal candidiasis resistant to fluconazole. Atypic Immune Defic. Syndr. (2002) 31(2):183–187.
  • DINUBILE MJ, LUPINACCI RJ, BERMAN RS, SABLE CA: Response and relapse rates of candidal esophagitis in HIV-infected patients treated with caspofungin. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses (2002) 18(13)903–908.
  • VILLANUEVA A, GOTUZZO E, ARATHOON EG et al.: A randomized double-blind study of caspofungin versus fluconazole for the treatment of esophageal candidiasis. Am. I Med. (2002) 113(4):294–299.
  • MORA-DUARTE J, BETTS R, ROTSTEIN C et al.: Comparison of caspofungin and amphotericin B for invasive candidiasis. N Engl. I Med. (2002) 347(25)2020–2029.
  • KEATING GM, JARVIS B: Caspofungin. Drugs (2001) 61(8):1121–1129.
  • STONE EA, FUNG HBKIRSCHENBAUM HL: Caspofungin: an echinocandin antifungal agent. Clin. Ther. (2002) 24(3):351–377.
  • STONE JA, HOLLAND SD, WICKERSHAM PJ et al.: Single- and multiple-dose pharmacokinetics of caspofungin in healthy men. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (2002) 46(3):739–745.
  • SABLE CA, NGUYEN B-Y T, CHODAKEWITZ JA, DINUBILE MJ: Safety and tolerability of caspofungin acetate in the treatment of fungal infections. Transpl. Infect. Dis. (2002) 4(1):25–30.
  • PACETTI SA, GELONE SP: Caspofungin acetate for treatment of invasive fungal infections. Ann. Pharamacother: (2003) 37(1):90–98.
  • MATSUMOTO S, WAKAI Y, NAKAI T et al.: Efficacy of FK463, a new lipopeptide antifungal agent, in mouse models of pulmonary aspergillosis. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (2000) 44(3):619–621.
  • PETRAITIS V, PETRAITIENE R, GROLL AH et al: Comparative antifungal activities and plasma pharmacokinetics of micafungin (FK463) against disseminated candidiasis and invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in persistently neutropenic rabbits. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (2002) 46(6):1857–1869.
  • WARN PA, SHARP A, MORRISSEY G, DENNING DW: In vivo activity of micafungin in persistently neutropenic murine model of disseminated infection caused by Candida tropicals. I Antimicrob. Chemother: (2002) 50(6):1071–1074.
  • KOHNO S, MASAOKA T, YAMAGUCHI H et al: A multi-center open-label clinical study of FK-463 in patients with deep mycosis in Japan. 41 Interscience Conference of Antibicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy Chicago, IL. (2001) Abstract J-1629: 384.
  • ROLING EE, KLEPSER ME, WASSON A, LEWIS RE, ERNST EJ, PFALLER MA: Antifungal activities of fluconazole, caspofungin (MK0991), and anidulafungin (LY 303366) alone and in combination against Candida spp. and Crytococcus neoformans via time-kill methods. Diagn. Microbiol Infect. Dis. (2002) 43(1):13–17.
  • AREVALO MP, CARRILLO-MUNOZ AJ, SALGADO J et al.: Antifungal activity of the echinocandin anidulafungin (VER002, LY-303366) against yeast pathogens: a comparative study with M27-A microdilution method. I. Antimicrob. Chemother. (2003) 51(1):163–166.

Websites

  • http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/ cder01.htm#AntiViral Caspofungin. FDA Committee Meeting Background January 10, 2001 Accessed 2002 Jan 3.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Order Reprints Request Corporate Permissions

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

Request Academic Permissions

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.

Related research

People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read.

Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine.

Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.
Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab.