Prepubertal bipolar disorder: available pharmacological treatment options

Bibliography

• LEWINSHON P, KLEIN D, SEELEY J:Bipolar disorder in a community sample of older adolescents: prevalence, phenomenology, comorbidity, and course. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry (1995) 34:454–463.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BLAND R: Epidemiology of affective disorders: a review. Can. J. Psychiatry (1997) 42:367–377.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CHENGAPPA KN, KUPFER DJ, FRANK E et al.: Relationship of birth cohort and early age at onset of illness in a bipolar case registry. Am. J. Psychiatry (2003) 160:1636–1642.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •A pivotal study of secular trends in age at onset of bipolar disorder.
   Google Scholar
• LIEBENLUFT E, CHARNEY DS, TOWBIN KE et al.: Defining clinical phenotypes of juvenile mania. Am. J. Psychiatry (2003) 160:430–437.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •A theoretical contribution to the definition of the different expressions of bipolarity on children.
   Google Scholar
• FAEDDA GL, BALDESSARINI RJ, SUPPES T et al.: Pediatric-onset bipolar disorder: a neglected clinica and public health problem. Harv. Rev. Psychiatry (1995) 3:171–195.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WOZNIAK J, BIEDERMAN J, KIELY K et al.: Mania-like symptoms suggestive of childhood-onset bipolar disorder in clinically referred children. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry (1995) 34:867–876.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GELLER B, LUBY J: Child and adolescent bipolar disorder: a review of the past 10 years. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry (1997) 36:1168–1176.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CARLSON AG, KELLY KL: Manic symptoms in psychiatrically hospitalized children - what do they mean? J. Affect. Disord. (1998) 51:123–135.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GELLER B, ZIMERMAN B, WILLIAMS M et al.: Diagnostic characteristics of 93 cases of prepubertal and early adolescent bipolar disorder phenotype by gender, puberty and comorbid attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. J. Child Adolesc. Psychopharmacol. (2000) 10:157–164.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BIEDERMAN J, FARAONE S, MICK E et aL: Attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder and juvenile mania: an overlooked comorbidity? J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry (1996) 35:997–1008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ••An important study addressing the topic ofADHD-bipolar comorbidity.
   Google Scholar
• FARAONE SV, BIEDERMAN J, WOZNIAK J et al.: Is comorbidity with ADHD a marker for juvenile-onset mania? J. Am. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry (1997) 36:1046–1055.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MASI G, TONI C, PERUGI G et al.: Externalizing disorders in consecutively referred children and adolescents with bipolar disorder. Compr. Psychiatry (2003) 44:184–189.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BIEDERMAN J, FARAONE SV, CHU MP, WOZNIAK J: Further evidence of a bi-directional overlap between juvenile mania and conduct disorder in children. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry (1999) 38:468–476.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BIEDERMAN J, MICK E, WOZNIAK J et aL: Can a subtype of conduct disorder linked to bipolar disorder be identified? Integration of findings from the Massachussetts General Hospital Pediatric Psychopharmacology Research Program. Biol. Psychiatry (2003) 53:938–944.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MASI G, TONI C, PERUGI G et al.: Anxiety comorbidity in consecutively referred children and adolescents with bipolar disorder: a neglected comorbidity.Can. J. Psychiatry (2001) 46:766–771.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MASI G, PERUGI G, TONI C et al.: Obsessive-compulsive- bipolar comorbidity: focus on children and adolescents. J. Affect. Disord. (2004) 78:175–183.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BIRMAHER B, KENNAH A. BRENT D et al.: Is bipolar disorder specifically associated with panic disorder in youths? Clin. Psychiatry (2002) 63:414–419.
   Google Scholar
• WOZNIAK J, BIEDERMAN J, MONUTEAUX MC et al.: Parsing the comorbidity between bipolar disorder and anxiety disorders./ Child Adolesc. Psychopharmacol. (2002) 12:101–111.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CARLSON AG, BROMET EJ, SIEVERS S: Phenomenology and outcome of subjects with early- and adult-onset psychotic mania. Am. J. Psychiatry (2000) 157:213–219.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WILENS TE, BIEDERMAN J, KWON A, DITTERLINE Jet al.: Risk for substance use disorder in adolescents with bipolar disorder. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry (2004) 43:1380–1386.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BRENT DA, PERPER JA, MORITZ G et al.: Suicide in affectively ill adolescents: a case control study. J. Affect. Disord. (1994) 31:193–202.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LEWINSHON PM, SEELEY JR, KLEIN DN: Bipolar disorders during adolescence. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. Suppl. (2003) 418:47–50.
   Google Scholar
• GOODWIN FK, FIREMAN B, SIMON GE et al.: Suicide risk in bipolar disorder during treatment with lithium or clivalproex. JAMA (2003) 17:1467–1473.
   Google Scholar
• LEVERICH GS, ALTSHULER LL, FRYE MA et al.: Factors associated with suicide attempts in 648 patients with bipolar disorder in the Stanley Foundation Bipolar Network. J. Clin. Psychiatry (2003) 64:506–515.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FRISTAD MA, GAVAZZI SM, MACKINAW-KOONS B: Family psychoeducation: an adjunctive intervention for children with bipolar disorder. Biol. Psychiatry (2003) 53:1000–1008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PAVULURI MN, GRACZYK PA, HENRY DB et al.: Child- and family-focused cognitive behavioral therapy for pediatric bipolar disorder: development and preliminary results. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry (2004) 43:528–537.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KUTCHER SP: Child and adolescent psychopharmacology. WB Saunders Company, Philadelphia, USA (1997).
   Google Scholar
• GELLER B, CRANEY JL, BOLHOFER K et al.: One-year recovery and relapse rates of children with a pre-pubertal and early adolescent bipolar disorder phenotype. Am. J. Psychiatry (2001) 158:303–305.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SRINATH S, REDDY YCJ, GIRIMAJI SC et al: A prospective study of bipolar disorder in children and adolescents from India. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. (1998) 98:437–442.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• STROBER M, SCHMIDT-LACKNER S, FREEMAN R et al.: Recovery and relapse in adolescents with bipolar affective illness: a five-year naturalistic, prospective follow-up. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry (1995) 34:724–731.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ••An important study supporting the role ofpharmacotherapy in the prevention of relapses.
   Google Scholar
• SCHUROFF F, BELLIVIER F, JOUVENT R: Early and late onset bipolar disorders: two different forms of manic depressive illness? J. Affect. Disord. (2000) 58:215–221.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MANJI HK, LENOX RH: The nature of bipolar disorder. J. Clin. Psychiatry (2000) 61\(Suppl. 13):42–57.
   Google Scholar
• STROBER M, MORREL W, LAMPERT C, BURROUGHS J: Relapse following discontinuation of lithium maintenance therapy in adolescents with bipolar I affective illness: a naturalistic study. Am. J. Psychiatry (1990) 147:457–461.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GELLER B, SUN K, ZIMERMAN B et al.:Complex and rapid cycling in bipolar children and adolescents: a preliminary study. J. Affect. Disord. (1995) 34:259–268.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PAVULURI MN, HENRY DB, DEVINEMI B et al.: A pharmacotherapy algorithm for stabilization and maintenance of pediatric bipolar disorder. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry (2004) 43:859–867.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WELLER EB, DANIELYAN AK, WELLER RA: Somatic treatment of bipolar disorder in children and adolescents. Psychiatr. Clin. North Am. (2004) 27:155–178.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BHANGOO RK, LOWE CH, MYERS FS et al.: Medication use in children and adolescents treated in the community for bipolar disorder. J. Child Adolesc. Psychopharmacol (2003) 13:515–522.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CARLSON GA, JENSEN PS, FINDLING RL et al.: Methodological issues and controversies in clinical trials with child and adolescent patients with bipolar disorder: report of a consensus conference. J. Child Adolesc. Psychopharmacol (2003) 13:13–27.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •A good review of critical issues in the management of research in early-onset bipolar disorder.
   Google Scholar
• BOWDEN CL, BRUGGER AM, SWANN AC et al.: Efficacy of divalproex versus lithium and placebo in the treatment of mania. The Depakote Mania Study Group. JAMA (1994) 271:918–924.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KOWATCH RA, SUPPES T, CARMODY TJ et al.: Effect size of lithium, divalproex, and carbamazepine in children and adolescents with bipolar disorder. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry (2000) 39:713–720.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •An important randomised study comparing efficacy of the most frequently used mood stabilisers in children and adolescents.
   Google Scholar
• DAVANZO P, GUNDERSON B, BELIN T et al.: Mood stabilizers in hospitalized children with bipolar disorder: a retrospective review. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci. (2003) 57:504–510.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SCHOU M: Forty years of lithium treatment. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry (1997) 54:9–13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SCHOU M: The effect of prophylactic lithium treatment on mortality and suicidal behavior: A review for clinicians. J. Affect. Disord. (1998) 50:253–259.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GELLER B, COOPER TB, SUN K et al.: Double-blind and placebo controlled study of lithium for adolescent bipolar disorders with secondary substance dependency. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry (1998) 37:171–178.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KAFANTARIS V COLETTI DJ, DICKER R et al.: Lithium treatment of acute mania in adolescents: a large open trial. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry (2003) 42:1038–1045.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MALONE RP, DELANEY MA, LUEBBART JF et al.: A double-blind, placebo controlled study of lithium in hospitalized aggressive children and adolescents with conduct disorder. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry (2000) 57:649–654.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GELLER B, COOPER TB, ZIMERMAN B et al.: Lithium for prepubertal and early adolescent bipolar disorder phenotype. Am. J. Psychiatry (1998) 158:303–305.
   Google Scholar
• •A study on lithium treatment in children and adolescents with bipolar phenotype.
   Google Scholar
• STROBER M, DE ANTONIO M, SCHMIDT-LACKNER M et al.: Early childhood attention deficit hyperactivity disorder predicts poorer response to acute lithium therapy in adolescent mania. J. Affect. Disord. (1998) 51:145–151.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• STATE RC, FRYE Mk ALTSHULER LL et al.: Chart review of the impact of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder comorbidity on response to lithium or divalproex sodium in adolescent mania. Clin. Psychiatry (2004) 65:1057–1063.
   Google Scholar
• KAFANTARIS V COLETTI DJ, DICKER R et al.: Are childhood psichiatric histories of bipolar adolescents associated with family history, psychosis, and response to lithium treatment? J. Affect. Disord. (1998) 51:153–164.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• HAGINO OR, WELLER EB, WELLER RA et al.: Untoward effects of lithium treatment in in children aged four through six years. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry (1995) 34:1584–1590.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VITIELLO B, BEHAR D, MALONE R et al.: Pharmacokinetics of lithium carbonate in children. J. Clin. Psychopharmacol (1988) 8:355–359.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GRUNZE H, KASPER S, GOODWIN G et al.: The World Federation Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) Guidelines for the biological treatment of bipolar disorder, Part II: Treatment of mania. World J. Biol. Psychiatry (2003) 4:5–13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CALABRESE JR, FATEMI SH, KUJAWA M, WOYSHVILLE MJ: Predictors of response to mood stabilizers. Clin. Psychopharmacol (1996) 16\(Supp1.1):245–315.
   Google Scholar
• PAPATHEODROU G, KUTCHER SP, KATIC M, SZALAI JP: The efficacy and safety of divalproex sodium in the treatment of acute mania in adolescents and young adults: an open clinical trial. J. Clin. Psychopharmacol (1995) 15:110–116.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DELTITO JA, LEVITAN J, DAMORE J et al.: Naturalistic experience with the use of divalproex sodium on a in-patient unit for adolescent psychiatric patients. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. (1998) 97:236–240.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DELBELLO MP, ADLER C, STRAKOWSKI SM: Divalproex for the treatment of aggression associated with adolescent mania. J. Child Adolesc. Psychopharmacol (2004) 14:325–328.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WAGNER KD, WELLER EB, CARLSON GA et al.: An open trial of divalproex in children and adolescents with bipolar disorder./ Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry (2002) 41:1224–1230.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HENRY CA, ZAIVIVIL LS, LAM C et al.: Long-term outcome with divalproex in children and adolescents with bipolar disorder./ Child. Adolesc. Psychopharmacol (2003) 13:523–529.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MOTA-CASTILLO M, TORRUELLA A, ENGELS P et al.: Valproate in very young children: an open case series with a brief follow-up. J. Affect. Disord. (2001) 67:193–197.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SCHEFFER RE, NISKALA APPS JA: Thediagnosis of preschool bipolar disorder presenting with mania: open pharmacological treatment. J. Affect. Disord. (2004) 82\(Supp1.1):525–534.
   Google Scholar
• CHANG KD, DIENES K, BLASEY C et al: Divalproex monotherapy in the treatment of bipolar offspring with mood and behavioral disorders and at least mild affective symptoms. J. Clin. Psychiatry (2003) 64:936–942.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BATTINO D, ESTIENNE M, AVANZINI C: Clinical pharmacokinetics of antiepileptic drugs in paediatric patients: Part 1. Phenobarbital, primidone, valproic acid, ethosuximide and mesuximide. Clin. Pharmacokinet. (1995) 29:257–286.
   Google Scholar
• BOUVARD MP, BAYLE F, DUGAS M: Open trial of carbamazepine in the prevention of recurrence of bipolar disorder in adolescents. Encephale (1993) 19:591–600.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• WOOLSTON JL: Case study: carbamazepine treatment of juvenile-onset bipolar disorder. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry (1999) 38:335–338.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LIU H, DELGADO MR: Influence of sex,age, weight, and carbamazepine dose on serum concentrations, concentrations ratios, and level/dose ratios of carbamazepine and its metabolites. Ther. Drug Monit. (1994) 16:469–476.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SOUTULLO CA, CASUTO LS, KECK PE Jr: Gabapentin in the treatment of adolescents mania: a case report. J. Child Adolesc. Psychopharmacol (1998) 8:81–85.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• KUSUMAKAR V, YATHAM LN: An open study of lamotrigine in refractory bipolar depression. Psychiatry Res. (1997) 72:145–148.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DAVANZO P, CANTWELL E, KLEINER J et al: Cognitive changes during topiramate therapy. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry (2001) 40:262–263.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DAVANZO P, NIKORE V, YEHYA N, STEVENSON L: Oxcarbazepine treatment of juvenile-onset bipolar disorder. J. Child Adolesc. Psychopharmacol (2004) 14:344–345.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HAMRIN V, BAILEY K: Gabapentin andmethylphenidate treatmet of a preadolescent with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder an bipolar disorder. J. Child Adolesc. Psychopharmacol (2001) 11:301–309.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FINDLING RL, MCNAMARA NK, GRACIOUS BL et al: Combination lithium and divalproex sodium in pediatric bipolarity. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry (2003) 42: 895–901.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •One of the few naturalistic studies on combination pharmacotherapy in bipolar children.
   Google Scholar
• KOWATCH RA, SETHURAMAN G, HUME JH et al: Combination pharmacotherapy in children and adolescents with bipolar disorder. Biol. Psychiatry (2003) 53:978–984.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DELBELLO MP, KOWATCH RA, WARNER J et al: Adjunctive topiramate treatment for pediatric bipolar disorder: a retrospective chart review. J. Child Adolesc. Psychopharmacol (2002) 12:323–330.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CAMPBELL M, ARMENTEROS JL, MALONE RP et al: Neuroleptic-related dyskinesias in autistic children: a prospective, longitudinal study. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry (1997) 36:835–843.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TOREN P, LAOR N, WEIZMAN k Use of atypical neuroleptics in child and adolescent psychiatry. J. Clin. Psychiatry (1998) 59:644–656.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CASAER P, WALLEGHEM D, VANDENBUSCCHE I et al: Pharmacokinetics and safety of risperidone in autistic children. Pediatr. Neurol (1994) 11:89.
   Google Scholar
• GROTHE DR, CALIS KA, JACOBSEN L et al: Olanzapine pharmacokinetics in pediatric and adolescent inpatients with childhood-onset schizophrenia. J. Clin. Psychopharmacol. (2000) 20:220–225.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MC CONVILLE BJ, ARVANITIS LA, THYRUM PT et al: Pharmacokinetics, tolerability, and clinical effectiveness of quetiapine fitmarate: an open-label trial in adolescents with psychotic disorders. J. Clin. Psychiatry (2000) 61:252–260.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FRAZIER JA, MEYER MC, BIEDERMAN J et al: Risperidone treatment for juvenile bipolar disorder: a retrospective chart review. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry (1999) 38:960–965.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PAVULURI MN, JANICAK PG, CARBRAY J: Topiramate plus risperidone for controlling weight gain and symptoms in preschool mania. J. Child Adolesc. Psychopharmacol. (2002) 12:271–273.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• CHANG KD, KETTER TA: Mood stabilizer augmentation with olanzapine in acutely manic children. J. Child Adolesc. Psychopharmacol. (2000) 10:45–49.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FRAZIER JA, BIEDERMAN J, TOHEN M et al.: A prospective open-label treatment trial of olanzapine monotherapy in children and adolescents with bipolar disorder. J. Child Adolesc. Psychopharmacol. (2001) 11:239–250.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MASI G, MUCCI M, MILLEPIEDI S: Clozapine in adolescent inpatients with acute mania. J. Child Adolesc. Psychopharmacol. (2002) 12:93–99.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KANT R, CHALANSANI R, CHENGAPPA KN, DIERINGER MF: The off-label use of clozapine in adolescents with bipolar disorder and intermittent explosive disorder, or posttraumatic stress disorder. J. Child Adolesc. Psychopharmacol. (2004) 14:57–63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KOWATCH RA, SUPPES T, GILFILLIAN SK et al: Clozapine treatment of children and adolescents treated with bipolar disorder and schizophrenia: a clinical case series. J. Child Adolesc. Psychopharmacol (1995) 5:241–253.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DELBELLO MP, SCHWIERS M, ROSENBERG H, STRAKOWSKI S: Quetiapine as adjunctive treatment for adolescent mania associated with bipolar disorder. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry (2002b) 41:1216–1223.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •One of the few controlled studies in bipolar children and adolescents.
   Google Scholar
• CRANEY JL, GELLER B: A prepubertal and early adolescent bipolar disorder-I phenotype: review of phenomenology and longitudinal course. Bipol Dis. (2003) 5:243–256.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ••An important contribution to thedefinition of the bipolar phenotype in children.
   Google Scholar
• DILSAVER SC, AKISKAL HS: Preschool-onset mania: incidence, phenomenology and family history. J. Affect. Disord. (2004) 82\(Supp1.1):535–543.
   Google Scholar
• BIEDERMAN J, MICK E, FARAONE SV et al.: A prospective follow-up study of peditric bipolar disorder in boys with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J. Affect. Disord. (2004) 82\(Supp1.1):517–23.
   Google Scholar
• MASI G, PERUGI G, TONI C et al: Predictors of treatment non-response on bipolar children and adolescents with manic or mixed episodes. J. Child Adolesc. Psychopharmacol (2004) 14:403–412.
   Google Scholar
• DILSAVER SC, HENDERSON-FULLER S, AKISKAL HS: Occult mood disorder in104 consecutively presenting children referred for the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. J. Clin. Psychiatry (2003) 64:1170–1176.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CARLSON GA, RAPPORT MD, KELLY KL, PATAKII CS: The effects of methylphenidate and lithium in attention and activity level. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry (1992) 31:262–270.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BIEDERMAN J, MICK E, PRINCE J et al.: Systematic chart review of the pharmacologic treatment of comorbid attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in youth with bipolar disorder. J. Child Adolesc. Psychopharmacol (1999) 9:247–256.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GALANTER CA, CARLSON GA, JENSEN PS et al: Response to methylphenidate in chldren with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and manic symptoms in the multimodal treatment study of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder trial. J. Child Adolesc. PsychopharmacoL (2003) 13:123–136.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CARLSON GA, KELLY KL: Stimulant rebound: how common is and what does it mean? J. Child Adolesc. Psychopharmacol (2003) 13:137–142.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SCHEFFER RE, KOWATCH RA, CARMODY T, RUSH AJ: Randomized, placebo-controlled trial of mixed amphetamine for symptoms of comorbid ADHD in pediatric bipolar disorder after mood stabilization wityh divalproex sodium. Am. J. Psychiatry (2005) 162:58–64.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DELBELLO M, SOUTULLO C, HENDRICKS Wet aL: Prior stimulant treatment in adolescent with bipolar disorder: association with age and onset. Bipolar Disorder (2001) 3:53–57.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FAEDDA GL, BALDESSARINI RJ, GLOWINSKY IP, AUSTIN NB: Treatment-emergent mania in pediatric bipolar disorder: a retrospective case review. J. Affect. Disord. (2004) 82:149–158.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •A good paper addressing the issue of pharmacological (hypo)mania in children.
   Google Scholar
• BIEDERMAN J, MICK E, SPENCER TJ et al.: Therapeutic dilemmas in the pharmacotherapy of bipolar depression in the young. J. Child Adolesc. Psychopharmacol (2000) 10:185–192.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AKISKAL HS: Developmental pathways to bipolarity: are juvenile-onset depressions pre-bipolar? J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry (1995) 34:754–763.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ••A pivotal study on the precursors ofbipolarity.
   Google Scholar
• GELLER B, ZIMERMAN B, WILLIAMS M et aL: Bipolar disorder at prospective follow-up of adults who had a prepubertal major depressive disorder. Am. J. Psychiatry 2001b) 158:125–127.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LUBY JL, MRAKOTSKY C: Depressed preschoolers with bipolar family history: a group at high risk for later switching to mania? J. Child Adolesc. Psychopharmacol (2003) 13:187–193.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• CHANG K, STEINER H, KETTER T: Studies of offspring of parents with bipolar disorder. Am. J. Med. Gen. (2003) 123C:23–35.
   Google Scholar
• MASI G, AKISKAL HS, AKISKAL K: Detecting the risk for affective spectrum disorders in children of bipolar parents. In: Early detection and management of mental disorders. M Maj, JJ Lopez-Ibor, N Sartorius, M Sato, A.Olcasha (Eds.) World Psychiatric Association Series, pp. 163–184 (2004).
   Google Scholar
• GELLER B, CRANEY JL, BOLHOFER K et al.: Two year prospective follow-up of a prepubertal and early adolescent bipolar disorder phenotype. Am. J. Psychiatry (2002) 159:927–933.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CARLSON GA, LAVELLE J, BROMET EJ: Medication treatment in adolescents versus adults with psychotic mania. J. Child Adolesc. Psychopharmacol (1999) 9:221–231.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WERRY JS, MCCLELLAN JM: Predicting outcome in child and adolescent (early onset) schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry (1992) 31:147–150.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CARLSON GA, BROMET EJ, DRIESSENS C et al: Age at onset, childhood psychopathology and 2-year outcome in psychotic bipolar disorder. Am. J. Psychiatry (2002) 159:307–309.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •An important naturalistic study on the natural course of bipolar disorder in children.
   Google Scholar
• DUFFY A, ALDA M, KUTCHER S et aL: Psychiatric symptoms and syndromes among adolescents children of parents with lithium-reponsive or lithium nonresponsive bipolar disorder. Am. J. Psychiatry (1998) 155:431–433.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KAFANTARIS V COLETTI DJ, DICKER R et al: Adjunctive antipsychotic treatment of adolescents with bipolar psychosis. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry (2001) 40:1448–1456.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SILVA RR, CAMPBELL M, GOLDER RR et aL: Side effects associated with lithium and placebo administration in aggressive children. Psychopharmacol Bull. (1992) 28:319–326.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• BRYANT AE III, DREYFUSS FE: Valproic acid and hepatic fatalities: Part 3. US experience since 1986. Neurology (1996) 46:465–469.
   Google Scholar
• ISOJARVI JI, LAATIKAINEN TJ, PAKARINEN AJ et aL: Polycystic ovaries and hyperandrogenism in women taking valproate for epilepsy. N Engl J. Med. (1993) 329:1383–1388.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PELLOCK JM: Carbamazepine side effects in children and adults. Epilepsia (1987) 28\(Supp1.3):564–570.
   Google Scholar
• MASI G: Pharmacotherapy of pervasive developmental disorders in children and adolescents. CNS Drugs (2004) 18:1031–1052.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• BAPTISTA T, KIN NM, BEAULIEU S, DEBAPTISTA EA. Obesity and related 111. metabolic abnormalities during antipsychotic drug administration: mechanism, management and research perspectives. Pharmacopsychiatry (2002) 35:205–219.
   Google Scholar
• WIRSHING DA, BOYD JA, MENG LR et al.: The effects of novel antipsychotics on glucose and lipid levels. J. Clin. Psychiatry (2002) 63:856–865.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BLOCH Y, VARDI O, MENDLOVIC C et al. Hyperglicemia from olanzapine treatment in adolescents. J. Child Adolesc. Psychopharmacol (2003) 13:97–102.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LEAN ME, PAJONK FG: Patients on atypical antipsychotic drugs: another high-risk group for Type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care (2003) 26: 1597-1605.
   Google Scholar
• POST RM, LEVERICH GS, ALTSHULER L, MIKALAUSKAS K: Lithium-discontinuation-induced-refractoriness: preliminary observations. Am. J. Psychiatry (1992) 149:1727–1729.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar