226
Views
10
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Juvenile idiopathic arthritis: current and future treatment options

&
Pages 387-399 | Published online: 27 Feb 2006

Bibliography

  • GÄRE BA: Juvenile arthritis: who gets it and when? A review of current data on incidence and prevalence. Clin. Exp. Rheumatol. (1999) 17:367-374.
  • PETTY RE, SOUTHWOOD TR, MANNERS P et al.: International League of Associations for Rheumatology: International League of Associations for Rheumatology classification of juvenile idiopathic arthritis: second revision, Edmonton 2001. J. Rheumatol. (2004) 31:390-392.
  • PETTY RE, CASSIDY JT: Chronic arthritis in Childhood. In: Textbook of Pediatric Rheumatology, 5th edn. Cassidy JT, Petty RE, Laxer RM, Lindsley CB (Eds), Elsevier Saunders, Philadelphia, USA (2005):206-260.
  • KANSKI JJ, SHUN-SHIN GA: Systemic uveitis syndromes in childhood: an analysis of 340 cases. Ophtalmology (1984) 91:1247-1252.
  • MALLESON P: Prevalence and outcome of uveitis in a regional cohort of patients with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. J. Rheumatol. (1998) 25:1242.
  • ZULIAN F, MARTINI G, FALCINI F et al.: Early predictors of severe course of uveitis in oligoarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis. J. Rheumatol. (2002) 29:2446-2453.
  • CON RQ, SHARMA S, SHERRY DD: Current treatment by United States and Canadian pediatric rheumatologists. J. Rheumatol. (1999) 26:2036-2038.
  • HOLLINGWORTH P: The use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in paediatric rheumatic diseases. Br. J. Rheumatol. (1193) 32:73-77.
  • LAXER RM, SILVERMAN ED: The pharmacological management of juvenile chronic arthritis. Bailliere’s Clin. Paediatr. (1993) 1:3825-3873.
  • LAXER RM: Pharmacology and drug therapy. In: Textbook of Pediatric Rheumatology, 5th edn. Cassidy JT, Petty RE, Laxer RM, Lindsley CB (Eds), Elsevier Saunders, Philadelphia, USA (2005):76-141.
  • RUPERTO N, NIKISHINA I, PACHANOV ED et al.: A randomized, double blind, clinical trial of two doses of meloxicam compared with naproxen in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. (2005) 52:563-572.
  • KEENAN GF, GIANNINI EH, ATHREYA BH: Clinically significant gastropathy associated with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use in children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. J. Rheumatol. (1995) 22:1149-1151.
  • LEN C, HILARIO MO, KAWAKAMI E et al.: Gastroduodenal lesions in children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Hepatogastroenterology (1999) 46:991-996.
  • LEVY ML, BARRON KS, EICHENFIELD A, HONIG PJ: Naproxen-induced pseudoporphyria: a distinctive photodermatitis. J. Pediatr. (1990) 117:660-664.
  • LANG BA, FINLAYSON LA: Naproxen-induced pseudoporphyria in patients with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. J. Pediatr. (1994) 124:639-642.
  • CRON RQ, FINKEL TH: Nabumetone induced pseudoporphyria in childhood. J. Rheumatol. (2002) 27:1817-1818.
  • GIRSCHICK HJ, HAMM H, GANSER G, HUPPERTZ HI: Naproxen-induced pseudoporphyria: appearance of new skin lesions after discontinuation of treatment. Scand J. Rheumatol. (1995) 24:108-111.
  • HOLLANDER JL, BROWN EM, JESSAR RA, BROWN CY: Hydrocortisone and cortisone injected into arthritic joints: comparative effects of and use of hydrocortisone as a local antiarthritic agent. JAMA (1951) 147:1629-1635.
  • EICH GF, HALLE F, HODLER J et al.: Juvenile chronic arthritis: imaging on the knees and hips before and after intraarticular steroid injection. Pediatr. Radiol. (1994) 24:558-563.
  • HUPPERTZ HI, TSCHAMMLER A, HORWITZ AE, SCHWAB KO: Intraarticular corticosteroids for chronic arthritis in children: efficacy and effects on cartilage and growth. J. Pediatr. (1995) 127:317-321.
  • MALLESON PN, PETTY RE: Remodeling the pyramid: a pediatric prospective. J. Rheumatol. (1990) 17:867-868.
  • MARTINI G, BACCILIERO U, TREGNAGHI A, MONTESCO MC, ZULIAN F: Isolated temporomandibular synovitis as unique presentation of juvenile idiopathic arthritis. J. Rheumatol. (2001) 28:1689-1692.
  • ARABSHAHI B, DEWITT EM, CAHILL AM et al.: Utility of corticosteroid injection for temporomandibular arthritis in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. (2005) 52:3563-3569.
  • BALOGH Z, RUZSONYI E: Triamcinolone hexacetonide versus betamethasone: a double blind comparative study of the long-term effects of intra-articular steroids in-patients with Juvenile Chronic Arthritis. Scan. J. Rheumatol. (1978) 67(Suppl.):80-82.
  • ALLEN RC, GROSS KR, LAXER RM, MALLESON PN, BEAUCHAMP RD, PETTY RE: Intraarticular triamcinolone hexacetonide in the management of chronic arthritis in children. Arthritis Rheum. (1986) 29(8):997-1001.
  • EARLEY A, CUTTICA RJ, MCCULLOUGH C, ANSELL BM: Triamcinolone into the knee joint in juvenile chronic arthritis. Clin. Exp. Rheumatol. (1988) 6:153-155.
  • PADEH S, PASSWELL JH: Intraarticular corticosteroid injection in the management of children with chronic arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. (1998) 41:1210-1214.
  • ZULIAN F, MARTINI G, GOBBER D, AGOSTO C, GIGANTE C, ZACCHELLO F: Comparison of intraarticular triamcinolone hexacetonide and triamcinolone acetonide in oligoarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Rheumatology (2003) 42:1254-1259.
  • ZULIAN F, MARTINI G, GOBBER D, PLEBANI M, ZACCHELLO F, MANNERS P: Triamcinolone acetonide and hexacetonide intra-articular treatment of symmetrical joints in juvenile idiopathic arthritis: a double-blind trial. Rheumatology (2004) 43:1288-1291.
  • HERTZBERGER-TEN CATE R, DE VRIES-VAN DER VLUGT BCM, VAN SUIJLEKOM-SMIT LWA, CATS A: Intraarticular steroids in pauciarticular juvenile chronic arthritis, Type 1. Eur. J. Pediatr. (1991) 150:170-172.
  • HUPPERTZ HI, PFULLER H: Transient suppression of endogenous cortisol production after intraarticular steroid therapy for chronic arthritis in children. J. Rheumatol. (1997) 24:1833-1837.
  • LOFTUS J, ALLEN R, HESP T et al.: Randomized, double-blind trial of deflazacort versus prednisone in juvenile chronic (or rheumatoid) arthritis: a relatively bone-sparing effect of deflazacort. Pediatrics (1991) 88:428-436.
  • LOFTUS J, REEVE J, HESP T et al.: Deflazacort in juvenile chronic arthritis. J. Rheumatol. (1993) 37(Suppl.):40-42.
  • KIMURA Y, FIELDSTON E, DEVRIES-VANDERVLUGT B, LI S, IMUNDO L: High dose, alternate day corticosteroids for systemic onset juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. J. Rheumatol. (2000) 27:2018-2024.
  • ADEBAJO AO, HALL MA: The use of intravenous pulsed methylprednisolone in the treatment of systemic-onset juvenile chronic arthritis. Br. J. Rheumatol. (1998) 37:1240-1242.
  • KLEIN-GITELMAN MS, PACHMAN LM: Intravenous corticosteroids: adverse reactions are more variable than expected in children. J. Rheumatol. (1998) 25:1995-2002.
  • SHIPLEY ME, BACON PA, HAZLEMAN BL et al.: Pulsed methylprednisolone in active early rheumatoid disease: a dose-ranging study. Br. J. Rheumatol. (1988) 27:211-214.
  • ZIZIC TM, MARCOUX C, HUNGERFORD DS et al.: Corticosteroid therapy associated with ischemic necrosis of bone in systemic lupus erythematosus. Am. J. Med. (1985) 79:596-604.
  • WILLIAMS IA, MITCHELL AD, ROTHMAN W et al.: Survey of the long term incidence of osteonecrosis of the hip and adverse medical events in rheumatoid arthritis after high dose intravenous methylprednisolone. Ann. Rheum. Dis. (1988) 47:930-933.
  • CRONSTEIN BN: The mechamism of action of methotrexate. Rheum. Dis. Clin. North Am. (1997) 23:739-751.
  • KREMER JM: Possible mechanism of action of methotrexate in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Br. J. Rheumatol. (1995) 34(Suppl. 2):26-29.
  • GIANNINI EH, BREWER EJ, KUZMINA N et al.: Methotrexate in resistant juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Results of the USA-URSS double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. The Pediatric Rheumatology Collaborative Study Group and the Cooperative Children’s Study Group. N. Engl. J. Med. (1992) 326:1043-1049.
  • RAVELLI A, VIOLA S, RAMENGHI B Radiographic progression in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis patients treated with methotrexate. Arthritis Rheum. (1996) 39(Suppl.):S59.
  • REIFF A, SHAHAM B, WOOD BP et al.: High dose methotrexate in the treatment of refractory juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Clin. Exp. Rheumatol. (1995) 13:113-118.
  • RUPERTO N, MURRAY KJ, GERLONI V et al.: A randomized trial of parenteral methotrexate comparing an intermediate dose with a higher dose in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis who failed to respond to standard doses of methotrexate. Arthritis Rheum. (2004) 50:2191-201.
  • ORTIZ-ALVAREZ O, MORISHITA K, AVERY G et al.: Guidelines for blood test monitoring of methotrexate toxicity in juvenile idiopathic arthritis. J. Rheumatol. (2004) 31:2501-2506.
  • HASHKES PJ, BALISTRERI WF, BOVE KE, BALLARD ET, PASSO MH: The long-term effect of methotrexate therapy on the liver in patients with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. (1997) 40:2226-2234.
  • CRON RQ, SHERRY DD, WALLACE CA: Methotrexate-induced hypersensitivity pneumonitis in a child with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. J. Pediatr. (1998) 132:901-902.
  • PADEH S, SHARON N, SCHIBY G et al.: Hodgkin’s lymphoma in systemic onset juvenile rheumatoid arthritis after treatment with low dose methotrexate. J. Rheumatol. (1997) 24:2035-2037.
  • LONDINO AV JR, BLATT J, KNISELY AS: Hodgkin’s disease in a patient with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis taking weekly low dose methotrexate. J. Rheumatol. (1998) 25:1245-1246.
  • OSTENSEN M, HOYERAAL HM, KASS E: Tolerance of cyclosporine A in children with refractory juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. J. Rheumatol. (1988) 15:1536-1538.
  • REIFF A, RAWLINGS DJ, SHAHAM B et al.: Preliminary evidence for cyclosporine A as an alternative in the treatment of recalcitrant juvenile rheumatoid arthritis and juvenile dermatomyositis. J. Rheumatol. (1997) 24:2436-2443.
  • RAVELLI A, MORETTI C, TEMPORINI F et al.: Combination therapy with methotrexate and cyclosporine A in juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Clin. Exp. Rheumatol. (2002) 20:569-572.
  • GERLONI V, CIMAZ R, GATTINARA M et al.: Efficacy and safety profile of cyclosporin A in the treatment of juvenile chronic (idiopathic) arthritis. Results of a 10-year prospective study. Rheumatology (2001) 40:907-913.
  • RAVELLI A, DE BENEDETTI F, VIOLA S, MARTINI A: Macrophage activation sindrome in systemic juvenile rheumatoid arthritis successfully treated with cyclosporine. J. Pediatr. (1996) 128:275-278.
  • MOUY R, STEPHAN JL, PILLET P et al.: Efficacy of cyclosporine A in the treatment of macrophage activation sindrome in juvenile arthritis: report of five cases. J. Pediatr. (1996) 128:750-754.
  • MYERS BD, ROSS J, NEWTON L et al.: Cyclosporine-associated chronic nephropathy. N. Engl. J. Med. (1984) 311:699-705.
  • IMUNDO LF, JACOBS JC: Sulfasalazine therapy for juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. J. Rheumatol. (1996) 23:360-6.
  • VAN ROSSUM MAJ, FISELIER TJW, FRANSSEN MJAM et al.: Sulfasalazine in the treatment of juvenile chronic arthritis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled multicenter study. Dutch Juvenile Chronic Arthritis Study Group. Arthritis Rheum. (1998) 41:808-816.
  • BROOKS CD: Sulfasalazine for the management of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. J. Rheumatol. (2001) 28:845-853.
  • VAN ROSSUM MA, BOERS M, ZWINDERMAN AH, VAN SOESBERGEN RM et al.: Development of a standardized method of assessment of radiographs and radiographic change in juvenile idiopathic arthritis: introduction to the Dijkstra composite score. Arthritis Rheum. (2005) 52:2865-2872.
  • CLEGG DO, REDA DJ, MEJIAS E et al.: Comparison of sulfasalazine and placebo in the treatment of psoriatic arthritis. A Department of Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study. Arthritis Rheum. (1996) 39:2013-2020.
  • CLEGG DO, REDA DJ, WEISMAN MH et al.: Comparison of sulfasalazine and placebo in the treatment of reactive arthritis (Reiter’s syndrome). A Department of Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study. Arthritis Rheum. (1996) 39:2021-2027.
  • HUANG JL, HUNG IJ, CHEN LC et al.: Successfully treated sulfasalazine-induced fulminant failure, thrombocytopenia and erythroid hypoplasia with intravenous immunoglobulin. Clin. Rheumatol. (1998) 17:349-352.
  • HERTZBERGER-TEN CATE R, CATS A: Toxicity of sulfasalazine in systemic juvenile chronic arthritis. Clin. Exp. Rheumatol. (1991) 9:85-88.
  • SHAIKOV AV, MAXIMOV AA, SPERANSKI AL et al.: Repetitive use of pulse therapy with methylprednisolone and cyclophosphamide in addition to oral methotrexate in children with systemic juvenile rheumatoid arthritis – preliminary results of long-term study. J. Rheumatol. (1992) 19:612-616.
  • WALLACE CA, SHERRY DD: Trial of intravenous pulse cyclophosphamide and methylprednisolone in the treatment of severe systemic-onset juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. (1997) 40:1852-1855.
  • MONTEIRO DE CASTRO TC, TERRERI MT, LEN C, HILARIO MO: Treatment of refractory juvenile idiopathic arthritis via pulse therapy using methylprednisolone and cyclophosphamide. Sao Paulo Med J (2003) 121:117-120.
  • SPITAL A, RISTOW S: Cyclophosphamide induced water intoxication in a woman with Sjögren’s syndrome. J. Rheumatol. (1997) 24:2473-2475.
  • SMOLEN JS, KALDEN JR, SCOTT DL et al.: Efficacy and safety of leflunomide compared with placebo and sulfasalazine in active rheumatoid arthritis: a double-blind, randomised, multicentre trial. Lancet (1999) 353:259-266.
  • STRAND V, COHEN S, SCHIFF M et al.: Treatment of active rheumatoid arthritis with leflunomide compared with placebo and methotrexate. Leflunomide Rheumatoid Arthritis Investigators Group. Arch. Intern. Med. (1999) 159:2542-2550.
  • SILVERMAN E, SPIEGEL L, HAWKINS D et al.: Long-term open-label preliminary study of the safety and efficacy of leflunomide in patients with polyarticular-course Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. (2005) 52:554-562.
  • SILVERMAN E, MOUY R, SPIEGEL L et al.: Leflunomide or methotrexate for juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. N. Engl. J. Med. (2005) 352:1655-1666.
  • GROM AA, MURRAY KJ, REIFF A et al.: Patterns of expression of tumor necrosis factor α, tumor necrosis factor β, and their receptors in synovia of patients with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis and juvenile spondyloarthopathy. Arthritis Rheum. (1996) 39:1703-1710.
  • LOVELL DJ, GIANNINI EH, REIFF A et al.: Efficacy and safety of etanercept (tumor necrosis factor receptor p75 Fc fusion protein; Enbrel) in children with polyarticular-course juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. N. Engl. J. Med. (2000) 342:763-769.
  • LOVELL DJ, GIANNINI EH, REIFF A et al.: Long-term efficacy and safety of etanercept in children with polyarticular-course juvenile rheumatoid arthritis: interim results from an ongoing multicenter, open-label, extended-treatment trial. Arthritis Rheum. (2003) 48:218-226.
  • LOVELL DJ, REIFF A, JONES OY et al.: Long-term safety and efficacy experience with etanercept (Enbrel®) in children with polyarticular juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. (2004) 50(Suppl. 9):S436.
  • SIMONINI G, GIANI T, STAGI S, DE MARTINO M, FALCINI F: Bone status over 1 year of etanercept treatment in juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Rheumatology (2005) 44:777-780.
  • QUARTIER P, TAUPIN P, BOURDEAUT F et al.: Efficacy of etanercept for the treatment of juvenile idiopathic arthritis according to the onset type. Arthritis Rheum. (2003) 48:1093-1101.
  • KIMURA Y, PINHO P, WALCO G, HIGGINS G et al.: Etanercept treatment in patients with refractory systemic onset juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. J. Rheumatol. (2005) 32:935-942.
  • ELLIOTT MJ, MAINI RN, FELDMANN M et al.: Randomised double-blind comparison of chimeric monoclonal antibody to tumour necrosis factor α (cA2) versus placebo in rheumatoid arthritis. Lancet (1994) 344:1105-1110.
  • MAINI RN, BREEDVELD FC, KALDEN JR et al.: Therapeutic efficacy of multiple intravenous infusions of anti-tumour necrosis factor α monoclonal antibody combined with low-dose weekly methotrexate in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. (1998) 41:1552-1563.
  • HONKANEN VE, TYNJALA P, VAHASALO P, LAHDENNE P: Infliximab in juvenile arthritis: 1 year follow-up [Abstr.]. Arthritis Rheum. (2002) 46(Suppl. 9):S480.
  • MASATLIOGLU S, GOGUS F, CEVIRGEN D et al.: Infliximab in the treatment of refractory juvenile idiopathic arthritis [abstract]. Arthritis Rheum. (2002) 46(Suppl. 9):S481.
  • GERLONI V, PONTIKAKI I, GATTINARA M et al.: Efficacy of repeated intravenous infusions of an anti-tumor necrosis factor α monoclonal antibody, Infliximab, in persistently active, refractory juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. (2005) 52:548-553.
  • SCHMELING H, HORNEFF G: Etanercept and uveitis in patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Rheumatology (2005) 44:1008-1011.
  • KEYSTONE EC, KAVANAUGH AF, SHARP JT et al.: Radiographic, clinical and functional outcomes of treatment with adalimumab (a human anti-tumor necrosis factor monoclonal antibody) in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis receiving concomitant methotrexate therapy: a randomized, placebo-controlled, 52- week trial. Arthritis Rheum. (2004) 50:1400-1411.
  • KEYSTONE E, HARANOUI B: Adalimumab therapy in rheumatoid arthritis. Rheum. Dis. Clin. North Am. (2004) 30:349-364.
  • LOVELL DJ, RUPERTO N, GOODMAN S et al.: Preliminary data from the study of adalimumab in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA). Arthritis Rheum. (2004) 50(9 Suppl.):S436-S437.
  • PASCUAL V, ALLANTAZ F, ARCE E, PUNARO M, BANCHEREAU J: Role of interleukin-1 (IL-1) in the pathogenesis of systemic onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis and clinical response to IL-1 blockade. J. Exp. Med. (2005) 201:1479-1486.
  • IRIGOYEN PI, OLSON J, HOM C, ILOWITE NT: Treatment of systemic onset juvenile rheumatoid arthritis with anakinra. Arthritis Rheum. (2004) 50(9 Suppl.): S437-S438.
  • HENDRICKSON M: Efficacy of anakinra in refractory systemic arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. (2004) 50(9 Suppl.):S438.
  • NISHIMOTO N, YOSHIZAKI K, MIYASAKA N et al.: Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with humanized anti-interleukin-6 receptor antibody. Arthritis Rheum. (2004) 50:1761-1769.
  • YOKOTA S, MIYAMAE T, IMAGAWA T et al.: Therapeutic efficacy of humanized recombinant anti-IL-6 receptor antibody in children with systemic-onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. (2005) 52:818-825.
  • EDWARDS JC, SZCZEPANSKI L, SZECHINSKI J et al.: Efficacy of B-cell-targeted therapy with rituximab in patients with RA. N. Engl. J. Med. (2004) 350:2572-2581.
  • KREMER J, WESTHOVENS R, MORELAND L et al.: Efficacy and safety of the selective co-stimulation modulator abatacept with methotrexate for treating rheumatoid arthritis: 1-year clinical and radiographic results of the Phase III AIM (Abatacept in Inadequate responders to Methotrexate) trial. Arthritis Rheum. (2004): L2/517: ACR late-breaking abstracts.
  • GENOVESE M, LUGGEN M, SCHIFF M et al.: Efficacy and safety of abatacept (CTL4AIg), a selective co-stimulation modulator, in rheumatoid arthritis patients not responding to adequately to anti-TNFα therapy: results of the Phase III ATTAIN (Abatacept Trial in Treatment of Anti-TNF INadequate responders) trial. Arthritis Rheum. (2004): L16: ACR late-breaking abstracts.
  • BARNHILL RL, DOLL NJ, MILLIKAN LE, HASTINGS RC: Studies on the anti-inflammatory properties of thalidomide: effects on polymorphonuclear leukocytes and monocytes. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. (1984) 11:814-819.
  • ROWLAND TL, MCHUGH SM, DEIGHTON J et al.: Differential regulation by thalidomide and dexamethasone of cytokine expression in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Immunopharmacology (1998) 40:11-20.
  • D’AMATO RJ, LOUGHNAN MS, FLYNN E, FOLKMAN J: Thalidomide is an inhibitor of angiogenesis. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA (1994) 91:4082-4085.
  • LEHMAN TJA, SCHECHTER SJ, SUNDEL RP, OLIVEIRA SK, HUTTENLOCHER A, ONEL KB: Thalidomide for severe systemic onset juvenile rheumatoid arthritis: a multicenter study. J. Pediatr. (2004) 145:856-857.
  • WULFFRAAT NM, BRINKMAN D, FERSTER A et al.: Long-term follow up of autologous stem cell transplantation for refractory juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Bone Marrow Transplant (2003) 32(Suppl. 1):S61-S64.
  • DE KLEER M, BRINKMAN DMC, FERSTER A, ABINUN M et al.: Autologous stem cell transplantation for refractory juvenile idiopathic arthritis: analysis of clinical effects, mortality, and transplant related morbidity. Ann. Rheum. Dis. (2004) 63:1318-1326.
  • CIMAZ R: Osteoporosis in childhood rheumatic diseases: prevention and therapy. Best Pract Res Clin. Rheumatol. (2002) 16:397-409.
  • ADACHI JD, IOANNIDIS G: Calcium and vitamin D therapy in corticosteroid induced bone loss: what is the evidence? Calcif. Tissue Int. (1999) 65:332-336.
  • SIMON D, LUCIDARME N, PRIEUR AM et al.: Effects on growth and body composition of growth hormone treatment in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis requiring steroid therapy. J. Rheumatol. (2003) 30:2492-2499.
  • SIAMOPOULOU A, CHALLAA, KAPOGLOU P et al.: Effects of intranasal salmon calcitonin in juvenile idiopathic arthritis: an observational study. Calcif. Tissue Int. (2001) 69:25-30.
  • BIANCHI ML, CIMAZ R, BARDARE M et al.: Efficacy and safety of of alendronate for the treatment of osteoporosis in diffuse connective diseases in children. Arthritis Rheum. (2000) 43:1960-1966.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.