The management of acute bronchitis in children

Bibliography

• FLEMING DM: Weekly Returns Service of the Royal College of General Practitioners. Commun. Dis. Public Health (1999) 2(2):96-100.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• FLEMING DM, CROSS KW, BARLEY MA: Recent changes in the prevalence of diseases presenting for health care. Br. J. Gen. Pract. (2005) 55(517):589-595.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MCCORMICK A, FLEMING D, CHARLTON J: Morbidity Statistics from General Practice. Fourth National Study 1991 – 1992. (Ed.) HMSO, London (1995).
   Google Scholar
• CHANG AB, LANDAU LI, VAN ASPEREN PP et al.: Cough in children: definitions and clinical evaluation. Med. J. Aust. (2006) 184(8):398-403.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ESPOSITO S, BOSIS S, FAELLI N et al.: Role of atypical bacteria and azithromycin therapy for children with recurrent respiratory tract infections. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. (2005) 24(5):438-444.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• COGSWELL JJ, HALLIDAY DF, ALEXANDER JR: Respiratory infections in the first year of life in children at risk of developing atopy. BMJ (1982) 284(6321):1011-1013.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• SIGURS N, BJARNASON R, SIGURBERGSSON F, KJELLMAN B, BJORKSTEN B: Asthma and immunoglobulin E antibodies after respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis: a prospective cohort study with matched controls. Pediatrics (1995) 95(4):500-505.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SIGURS N, GUSTAFSSON PM, BJARNASON R et al.: Severe respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis in infancy and asthma and allergy at age 13. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care. Med. (2005) 171(2):137-141.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WELLIVER RC: RSV and chronic asthma. Lancet (1995) 346(8978):789-790.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• MESSAGE SD, JOHNSTON SL: Viruses in asthma. Br. Med. Bull (2002) 61:29-43.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• FLEMING DM, PANNELL RS, ELLIOT AJ, CROSS KW: Respiratory illness associated with influenza and respiratory syncytial virus infection. Arch. Dis. Child. (2005) 90(7):741-746.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FREYMUTH F, VABRET A, BROUARD J et al.: Detection of viral, Chlamydia pneumoniae and Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections in exacerbations of asthma in children. J. Clin. Virol. (1999) 13(3):131-139.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PATTEMORE PK, JOHNSTON SL, BARDIN PG: Viruses as precipitants of asthma symptoms. I. Epidemiology. Clin. Exp. Allergy (1992) 22(3):325-336.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HOLMAN RC, SHAY DK, CURNS AT, LINGAPPA JR, ANDERSON LJ: Risk factors for bronchiolitis-associated deaths among infants in the United States. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. (2003) 22(6):483-490.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• QUIROGA LE, VERHEIJ TJM: Lower respiratory tract infections. In Oxford Textbook of Primary Medical Care. Jones R et al. (Eds) Oxford University Press, Oxford (2004):675-677.
   Google Scholar
• HEATH D, KAY JM: Respiratory System. In Muir's Textbook of Pathology. Anderson JR (Ed.) Edward Arnold, London (1980):
   Google Scholar
• CHKHAIDZE I, MANJAVIDZE N, NEMSADZE K: Serodiagnosis of acute respiratory infections in children in Georgia. Indian. J. Pediatr. (2006) 73(7):569-572.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• HIJAZI Z, PACSA A, EISA S, EL SHAZLI A, ABD EL-SALAM RA: Laboratory diagnosis of acute lower respiratory tract viral infections in children. J. Trop. Pediatr. (1996) 42(5):276-280.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JACQUES J, BOUSCAMBERT-DUCHAMP M, MORET H et al.: Association of respiratory picornaviruses with acute bronchiolitis in French infants. J. Clin. Virol. (2006) 35(4):463-466.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JARTTI T, LEHTINEN P, VUORINEN T et al.: Respiratory picornaviruses and respiratory syncytial virus as causative agents of acute expiratory wheezing in children. Emerg. Infect. Dis. (2004) 10(6):1095-1101.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NUMAZAKI K, CHIBA S, UMETSU M et al.: Etiological agents of lower respiratory tract infections in Japanese children. In Vivo (2004) 18(1):67-71.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• SHAY DK, HOLMAN RC, NEWMAN RD et al.: Bronchiolitis-associated hospitalizations among US children, 1980-1996. JAMA (1999) 282(15):1440-1446.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CRIGHTON EJ, MAMDANI MM, UPSHUR RE: A population based time series analysis of asthma hospitalisations in Ontario, Canada: 1988 to 2000. BMC Health Serv. Res. (2001) 1(1):7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MORRISON DS, MCLOONE P: Changing patterns of hospital admission for asthma, 1981-97. Thorax (2001) 56(9):687-690.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NAGAYAMA Y, TSUBAKI T, NAKAYAMA S et al.: Gender analysis in acute bronchiolitis due to respiratory syncytial virus. Pediatr. Allergy Immunol. (2006) 17(1):29-36.
   Google Scholar
• MAKELA MJ, PUHAKKA T, RUUSKANEN O et al.: Viruses and bacteria in the etiology of the common cold. J. Clin. Microbiol. (1998) 36(2):539-542.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PITKARANTA A, VIROLAINEN A, JERO J, ARRUDA E, HAYDEN FG: Detection of rhinovirus, respiratory syncytial virus, and coronavirus infections in acute otitis media by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Pediatrics (1998) 102(2 Pt 1):291-295.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NICHOLSON KG, KENT J, IRELAND DC: Respiratory viruses and exacerbations of asthma in adults. BMJ (1993) 307(6910):982-986.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HAYDEN FG: Rhinovirus and the lower respiratory tract. Rev. Med. Virol. (2004) 14(1):17-31.
   Google Scholar
• SCHMIDT HJ, FINK RJ: Rhinovirus as a lower respiratory tract pathogen in infants. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. (1991) 10(9):700-702.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• COLLINSON J, NICHOLSON KG, CANCIO E et al.: Effects of upper respiratory tract infections in patients with cystic fibrosis. Thorax (1996) 51(11):1115-1122.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WANGROONGSARB P, GEENKAJORN K, PEKTKANCHANAPONG W et al.: Chlamydophila pneumoniae infection among young children with respiratory diseases in Thailand. Jpn. J. Infect. Dis. (2003) 56(4):146-150.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• DUTTWEILER L, NADAL D, FREY B: Pulmonary and systemic bacterial co-infections in severe RSV bronchiolitis. Arch. Dis. Child. (2004) 89(12):1155-1157.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• PURCELL K, FERGIE J: Concurrent serious bacterial infections in 2396 infants and children hospitalized with respiratory syncytial virus lower respiratory tract infections. Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med. (2002) 156(4):322-324.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• GENTILE D, DOYLE W, WHITESIDE T et al.: Increased interleukin-6 levels in nasal lavage samples following experimental influenza A virus infection. Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol. (1998) 5(5):604-608.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• BALL P, MAKE B: Acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis: an international comparison. Chest (1998) 113(3 Suppl):199S-204S.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• REGEV L, HINDIYEH M, SHULMAN LM et al.: Characterization of human metapneumovirus infections in Israel. J. Clin. Microbiol. (2006) 44(4):1484-1489.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• STOCKTON J, STEPHENSON I, FLEMING D, ZAMBON M: Human metapneumovirus as a cause of community-acquired respiratory illness. Emerg. Infect. Dis. (2002) 8(9):897-901.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VAN DEN HOOGEN BG, DE JONG JC, GROEN J et al.: A newly discovered human pneumovirus isolated from young children with respiratory tract disease. Nat. Med. (2001) 7(6):719-724.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ALLANDER T, TAMMI MT, ERIKSSON M et al.: Cloning of a human parvovirus by molecular screening of respiratory tract samples. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (2005) 102(36):12891-12896.
   Google Scholar
• ARNOLD JC, SINGH KK, SPECTOR SA, SAWYER MH: Human bocavirus: prevalence and clinical spectrum at a children's hospital. Clin. Infect. Dis. (2006) 43(3):283-288.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• MA X, ENDO R, ISHIGURO N et al.: Detection of human bocavirus in Japanese children with lower respiratory tract infections. J. Clin. Microbiol. (2006) 44(3):1132-1134.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WEISSBRICH B, NESKE F, SCHUBERT J et al.: Frequent detection of bocavirus DNA in German children with respiratory tract infections. BMC Infect. Dis. (2006) 6:109.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• GODDARD NL, KYNCL J, WATSON JM: Appropriateness of thresholds currently used to describe influenza activity in England. Commun. Dis. Public Health (2003) 6(3):238-245.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• TERLETSKAIA-LADWIG E, ENDERS G, SCHALASTA G, ENDERS M: Defining the timing of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) outbreaks: an epidemiological study. BMC Infect. Dis. (2005) 5(1):20.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• FLEMING DM, ZAMBON M, BARTELDS AI, DE JONG JC: The duration and magnitude of influenza epidemics: a study of surveillance data from sentinel general practices in England, Wales and the Netherlands. Eur. J. Epidemiol. (1999) 15(5):467-473.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• CHEW FT, DORAISINGHAM S, LING AE, KUMARASINGHE G, LEE BW: Seasonal trends of viral respiratory tract infections in the tropics. Epidemiol. Infec.t (1998) 121(1):121-128.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NICHOLSON KG: Human Influenza. In Textbook of Influenza. Nicholson KG et al. (Eds) Blackwell Sciences, Oxford (1998):219-264.
   Google Scholar
• HALL CB: Nosocomial respiratory syncytial virus infections: the "Cold War" has not ended. Clin. Infect. Dis. (2000) 31(2):590-596.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• INGRAM G, MUNRO N: The use (or otherwise) of pulse oximetry in general practice. Br. J. Gen. Pract. (2005) 55(516):501-502.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• BAJAJ L, TURNER CG, BOTHNER J: A randomized trial of home oxygen therapy from the emergency department for acute bronchiolitis. Pediatrics (2006) 117(3):633-640.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GADOMSKI AM, BHASALE AL: Bronchodilators for bronchiolitis. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. (2006) 3:CD001266.
   Google Scholar
• LOWELL DI, LISTER G, VON KOSS H, MCCARTHY P: Wheezing in infants: the response to epinephrine. Pediatrics (1987) 79(6):939-945.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CHAN PW, GOH AY, LUM LC: Respiratory failure requiring ventilation in acute bronchiolitis. Med. J. Malaysia (1999) 54(4):487-491.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• LEBEL MH, GAUTHIER M, LACROIX J, ROUSSEAU E, BUITHIEU M: Respiratory failure and mechanical ventilation in severe bronchiolitis. Arch. Dis. Child. (1989) 64(10):1431-1437.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• SMUCNY J, FLYNN C, BECKER L, GLAZIER R: β2-agonists for acute bronchitis. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. (2004) 1:CD001726.
   Google Scholar
• HARTLING L, WIEBE N, RUSSELL K, PATEL H, KLASSEN TP: Epinephrine for bronchiolitis. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. (2004)1:CD003123.
   Google Scholar
• CASTRO-RODRIGUEZ JA, RODRIGO GJ: β-agonists through metered-dose inhaler with valved holding chamber versus nebulizer for acute exacerbation of wheezing or asthma in children under 5 years of age: a systematic review with meta-analysis. J. Pediatr. (2004) 145(2):172-177.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BROWNE GJ, TRIEU L, VAN ASPEREN P: Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of intravenous salbutamol and nebulized ipratropium bromide in early management of severe acute asthma in children presenting to an emergency department. Crit. Care Med. (2002) 30(2):448-453.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WATANASOMSIRI A, PHIPATANAKUL W: Comparison of nebulized ipratropium bromide with salbutamol vs salbutamol alone in acute asthma exacerbation in children. Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol. (2006) 96(5):701-706.
   Google Scholar
• PATEL H, PLATT R, LOZANO JM, WANG EE: Glucocorticoids for acute viral bronchiolitis in infants and young children. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. (2004) 3:CD004878.
   Google Scholar
• RUSSELL K, WIEBE N, SAENZ A et al.: Glucocorticoids for croup. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. (2004) 1:CD001955.
   Google Scholar
• CSONKA P, KAILA M, LAIPPALA P et al.: Oral prednisolone in the acute management of children age 6 to 35 months with viral respiratory infection-induced lower airway disease: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J. Pediatr. (2003) 143(6):725-730.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WU T, CHEN X, DUAN X et al.: Chinese medicinal herbs for acute bronchitis. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. (2005) 3:CD004560.
   Google Scholar
• LINDE K, BARRETT B, WOLKART K, BAUER R, MELCHART D: Echinacea for preventing and treating the common cold. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. (2006) 1:CD000530.
   Google Scholar
• VICKERS AJ, SMITH C: Homoeopathic Oscillococcinum for preventing and treating influenza and influenza-like syndromes. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. (2006) 3:CD001957.
   Google Scholar
• DOUGLAS RM, HEMILA H, D'SOUZA R, CHALKER EB, TREACY B: Vitamin C for preventing and treating the common cold. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. (2004) 4:CD000980.
   Google Scholar
• HEMILA H, DOUGLAS RM: Vitamin C and acute respiratory infections. Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis. (1999) 3(9):756-761.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BRIGHT RA, MEDINA MJ, XU X et al.: Incidence of adamantane resistance among influenza A (H3N2) viruses isolated worldwide from 1994 to 2005: a cause for concern. Lancet (2005) 366(9492):1175-1181.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BRIGHT RA, SHAY DK, SHU B, COX NJ, KLIMOV AI: Adamantane resistance among influenza A viruses isolated early during the 2005-2006 influenza season in the United States. JAMA (2006) 295(8):891-894.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SAITO R, LI D, SHIMOMURA C et al.: An off-seasonal amantadine-resistant H3N2 influenza outbreak in Japan. Tohoku J. Exp. Med. (2006) 210(1):21-27.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• JEFFERSON T, DEMICHELI V, DI PIETRANTONJ C, RIVETTI D: Amantadine and rimantadine for influenza A in adults. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. (2006) 2:CD001169.
   Google Scholar
• HAYDEN FG, OSTERHAUS AD, TREANOR JJ et al.: Efficacy and safety of the neuraminidase inhibitor zanamivir in the treatment of influenzavirus infections. GG167 Influenza Study Group. N. Engl. J. Med. (1997) 337(13):874-880.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHITLEY RJ, HAYDEN FG, REISINGER KS et al.: Oral oseltamivir treatment of influenza in children. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. (2001) 20(2):127-133.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MAKELA MJ, PAUKSENS K, ROSTILA T et al.: Clinical efficacy and safety of the orally inhaled neuraminidase inhibitor zanamivir in the treatment of influenza: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled European study. J. Infect. (2000) 40(1):42-48.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NICHOLSON KG, AOKI FY, OSTERHAUS AD et al.: Efficacy and safety of oseltamivir in treatment of acute influenza: a randomised controlled trial. Neuraminidase Inhibitor Flu Treatment Investigator Group. Lancet (2000) 355(9218):1845-1850.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MONTO AS, MCKIMM-BRESCHKIN JL, MACKEN C et al.: Detection of influenza viruses resistant to neuraminidase inhibitors in global surveillance during the first 3 years of their use. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (2006) 50(7):2395-2402.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR HEALTH AND CLINICAL EXCELLENCE: Flu treatment – zanamivir, amantadine and oseltamivir: guidance. Publication refrence TA05. London (2003).
   Google Scholar
• NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR HEALTH AND CLINICAL EXCELLENCE: Flu prevention – amantadine and oseltamivir: guidance. Publication refrence TA067. London (2003).
   Google Scholar
• SMITH DW, FRANKEL LR, MATHERS LH et al.: A controlled trial of aerosolized ribavirin in infants receiving mechanical ventilation for severe respiratory syncytial virus infection. N. Engl. J. Med. (1991) 325(1):24-29.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VENTRE K, RANDOLPH A: Ribavirin for respiratory syncytial virus infection of the lower respiratory tract in infants and young children. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. (2004) 4:CD000181.
   Google Scholar
• THE IMPACT-RSV STUDYGROUP: Palivizumab, a humanized respiratory syncytial virus monoclonal antibody, reduces hospitalization from respiratory syncytial virus infection in high-risk infants. Pediatrics (1998) 102(3 Pt 1):531-537.
   Google Scholar
• FELTES TF, CABALKA AK, MEISSNER HC et al.: Palivizumab prophylaxis reduces hospitalization due to respiratory syncytial virus in young children with hemodynamically significant congenital heart disease. J. Pediatr. (2003) 143(4):532-540.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HANDFORTH J, SHARLAND M, FRIEDLAND JS: Prevention of respiratory syncytial virus infection in infants. BMJ (2004) 328(7447):1026-1027.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• ROTBART HA: Treatment of picornavirus infections. Antiviral Res. (2002) 53(2):83-98.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HAYDEN FG, HERRINGTON DT, COATS TL et al.: Efficacy and safety of oral pleconaril for treatment of colds due to picornaviruses in adults: results of 2 double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trials. Clin. Infect. Dis. (2003) 36(12):1523-1532.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CROWCROFT NS, PEBODY RG: Recent developments in pertussis. Lancet (2006) 367(9526):1926-1936.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TIWARI T, MURPHY TV, MORAN J: Recommended antimicrobial agents for the treatment and postexposure prophylaxis of pertussis: 2005 CDC Guidelines. MMWR Recomm. Rep. (2005) 54(RR-14):1-16.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• ALVAREZ-SALA JL, KARDOS P, MARTINEZ-BELTRAN J, CORONEL P, AGUILAR L: Clinical and bacteriological efficacy in treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis with cefditoren-pivoxil versus cefuroxime-axetil. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (2006) 50(5):1762-1767.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SETHI S, ANZUETO A, FARRELL DJ: Antibiotic activity of telithromycin and comparators against bacterial pathogens isolated from 3,043 patients with acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis. Ann. Clin. Microbiol. Antimicrob. (2005) 4:5.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• GUTIERREZ F, MASIA M, MIRETE C et al.: The influence of age and gender on the population-based incidence of community-acquired pneumonia caused by different microbial pathogens. J. Infect. (2006) 53(3):166-174.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PUBLIC HEALTH LABORATORYSERVICE: Mycoplasma pneumoniae surveillance. CDR Weekly (1991) 1(11):49.
   Google Scholar
• PUBLIC HEALTH LABORATORYSERVICE: Acute respiratory infections, and influenza vaccine for 1999/2000. CDR Weekly (1999) 9(10):87-90.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• DOWELL J, PITKETHLY M, BAIN J, MARTIN S: A randomised controlled trial of delayed antibiotic prescribing as a strategy for managing uncomplicated respiratory tract infection in primary care. Br. J. Gen. Pract. (2001) 51(464):200-205.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LITTLE P, RUMSBY K, KELLY J et al.: Information leaflet and antibiotic prescribing strategies for acute lower respiratory tract infection: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA (2005) 293(24):3029-3035.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GERGEN PJ, FOWLER JA, MAURER KR, DAVIS WW, OVERPECK MD: The burden of environmental tobacco smoke exposure on the respiratory health of children 2 months through 5 years of age in the United States: Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988 to 1994. Pediatrics (1998) 101(2):E8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LI JS, PEAT JK, XUAN W, BERRY G: Meta-analysis on the association between environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure and the prevalence of lower respiratory tract infection in early childhood. Pediatr. Pulmonol. (1999) 27(1):5-13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CROWCROFT NS, CUTTS F, ZAMBON MC: Respiratory syncytial virus: an underestimated cause of respiratory infection, with prospects for a vaccine. Commun. Dis. Public Health (1999) 2(4):234-241.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• SMITH NM, BRESEE JS, SHAY DK et al.: Prevention and control of influenza: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Recomm. Rep. (2006) 55(RR-10):1-42.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• TREANOR JJ, KOTLOFF K, BETTS RF et al.: Evaluation of trivalent, live, cold-adapted (CAIV-T) and inactivated (TIV) influenza vaccines in prevention of virus infection and illness following challenge of adults with wild-type influenza A (H1N1), A (H3N2), and B viruses. Vaccine (1999) 18(9-10):899-906.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar