Cardiac sodium channels and inherited electrophysiologic disorders: a pharmacogenetic overview

Bibliography

• Tan HL, Bezzina CR, Smits JPP, et al. Genetic control of sodium channel function. Cardiovasc Res 2003;57:961-73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lehmann-Horn F, Jurkat-Rott. Voltage-gated ion channels and hereditary disease. Physiol Rev 1999;79:1317-72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hille B. Ionic Channels of Excitable Membranes. 2nd edition. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates, Inc.; 1992
   Google Scholar
• Balser JR. The cardiac sodium channel: gating function and molecular pharmacology. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2001;33:599-613
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Catterall WA. From ionic currents to molecular mechanisms: the structure and function of voltage-gated sodium channels. Neuron 2000;26:13-25
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zipes DP, Jalife J. Cardiac Electrophysiology from Cell to Bedside. 3rd edition. W.B. Saunders Company; 2000
   Google Scholar
• Roden DM, George AL Jr. Structure and function of cardiac sodium and potassium channels. Heart Circ Physiol 1997;42:H511-7
   Google Scholar
• Roden DM, Balser JR, George AL, et al. Cardiac ion channels. Ann Rev Physiol 2002;64:431-75
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tan HL. Sodium channel variants in heart disease: expanding horizons. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2006;17:S151-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiang CE, Roden DM. The long QT syndromes: genetic basis and clinical implications. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000;36:1-12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tan HL, Hou CJY, Lauer MR, et al. Electrophysiologic mechanisms of the long QT interval syndromes and torsade de pointes. Ann Internal Med 1995;122:701-14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brugada P, Brugada J. Right bundle branch block, persistent ST segment elevation and sudden cardiac death: a distinct clinical and electrocardiographic syndrome. A multicenter report. J Am Coll Cardiol 1992;20:1391-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tukkie R, Sogaard P, Vleugels J, et al. Delay in right ventricular activation contributes to Brugada syndrome. Circulation 2004;109:1272-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meregalli PG, Wilde AAM, Tan HL. Pathophysiological mechanisms of Brugada syndrome: depolarization disorder, repolarization disorder, or more? Cardiovasc Res 2005;67:367-78
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bezzina CR, Rook MB, Groenewegen WA, et al. Compound heterozygosity for mutations (W156X and R225W) in SCN5A associated with severe cardiac conduction disturbances and degenerative changes in the conduction system. Circ Res 2003;92:159-68
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coronel R, Casini S, Koopmann TT, et al. Right ventricular fibrosis and conduction delay in a patient with clinical signs of Brugada syndrome: a combined electrophysiological, genetic, histopathologic, and computational study. Circulation 2005;111:1738-46
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Papadatos GA, Wallerstein PMR, Head CEG, et al. Slowed conduction and ventricular tachycardia after targeted disruption of the cardiac sodium channel gene Scn5a. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2002;99:6210-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Albrecht AA. Proarrhythmia with non-antiarrhythmics. Cardiology 2003;102:122-39
   Google Scholar
• Roden DM. Proarrhythmia as a pharmacogenomic entity: a critical review and formulation of a unifying hypothesis. Circ Res 2005;67:419-25
   Google Scholar
• Hersh EV, Moore PA. Drug interactions in dentistry. JADA 2004;135:298-311
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Antzelevitch C. Brugada syndrome. PACE 2006;29:1130-59
   Google Scholar
• Shimizu W. Acquired forms of the Brugada syndrome. J Electrocardiol 2005;38(4 Suppl):22-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cordery R, Lambiase P, Lowe M, et al. Brugada syndrome and anesthetic management. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesthesia 2006;20:407-13
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wilde AAM, Langendijk PNJ. Brugada syndrome and the use of anesthetics. Heart Rhythm 2006;3:1079-81
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vernooy K, Sicouri S, Dumaine R, et al. Genetic and biophysical basis for bupivacaine-induced ST segment elevation and VT/VF. Anesthesia unmasked Brugada syndrome. Heart Rhythm 2006;3:1074-8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bolognesi R, Tsialtas D, Vasini P, et al. Abnormal ventricular repolarization mimicking myocardial infarction after heterocyclic antidepressant overdose. Am J Cardiol 1997;79:242-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rouleau F, Asfar P, Boulet S, et al. Transient ST segment elevation in right precordial leads induced by psychotropic drugs: relationship to the Brugada syndrome. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2001;12:61-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Babaliaros VC, Hurst JW. Tricyclic antidepressants and the Brugada syndrome: an example of Brugada waves appearing after the administration of desipramine. Clin Cardiol 2002;25:395-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldgran-Toledano D, Sideris G, Kevorkian JP. Overdose of cyclic antidepressants and the Brugada syndrome. N Engl J Med 2002;346:1591
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pastor A, Nunez A, Cantale C, et al. Asymptomatic Brugada syndrome case unmasked during dimenhydrinate infusion. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2001;12:1192-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ortega-Carnicer J, Bertos-Polo J, Gutierrez-Tirado C. Aborted sudden death, transient Brugada pattern, and wide QRS dysrrhythmias after massive cocaine ingestion. J Electrocardiol 2001;34:345-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Littmann L, Monroe MH, Svenson RH. Brugada-type electrocardiographic pattern induced by cocaine. Mayo Clin Proc 2000;75:845-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lopez-Barbeito B, Lluis M, Delgado V, et al. Diphenhydramine overdose and Brugada sign. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2005;28:730-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta A, Lawrence AT, Krishan K, et al. Current concepts in the mechanisms and management of drug-induced QT prolongation and torsade de pointes. Am Heart J 2007;153:891-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bezzina CR, Tan HL. Pharmacological rescue of mutant ion channels. Cardiovasc Res 2002;55:229-32
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chen Q, Kirsch GE, Zhang D, et al. Genetic basis and molecular mechanism for idiopathic ventricular fibrillation. Nature 1998;392:293-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verkerk AO, Wilders R, Schulze-Bahr E, et al. Role of sequence variations in the human ether-a-go-go-related gene (HERG, KCNH2) in the Brugada syndrome. Cardiovasc Res 2005;68:441-53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yan GX, Antzelevitch C. Cellular basis for the Brugada syndrome and other mechanisms of arrhythmogenesis associated with ST segment elevation. Circulation 1999;100:1660-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Khatib SM, Lapointe NM, Kramer JM. What clinicians should know about the QT interval. JAMA 2003;289:2120-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antzelevitch C. Role or transmural dispersion of repolarization in the genesis of drug-induced torsades de pointes. Heart Rhythm 2005;2:S9-15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trohman RG, Sahu J. Drug-induced torsade de pointes. Circulation 1999;99:E7
   Google Scholar
• Yap YG, Camm AJ. Drug induced QT prolongation and torsades de pointes. Heart 2003;89:1363-72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Napolitano C, Schwartz PJ, Brown AM, et al. Evidence for a cardiac ion channel mutation underlying drug-induced QT prolongation and life-threatening arrhythmias. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2000;11:691-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Makita N, Horie M, Nakaura T, et al. Drug-induced long-QT syndrome associated with a subclinical SCN5A mutation. Circulation 2002;106:1269-74
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang P, Kanki H, Drolet B, et al. Allelic variants in long-QT disease genes in patients with drug-associated torsades de pointes. Circulation 2002;105:1943-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ficker E, Kuryshev YA, Dennis AT, et al. Mechanisms of arsenic-induced prolongation of cardiac repolarization. Mol Pharmacol 2004;66:33-44
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas D, Wu K, Kathofer S, et al. The antipsychotic drug chlorpromazine inhibits HERG potassium channels. Br J Pharmacol 2003;139:567-74
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Su Z, Martin R, Cox BF, et al. Mesoridazine: an open-channel blocker of human ether-a-go-go-related gene K+ channel. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2004;36:151-60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eap CB, Crettol S, Rougier JS, et al. Stereoselective block of hERG channel by (S)-methadone and QT interval prolongation in CYP2B6 slow metabolizers. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2007;81:719-28
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cordes JS, Sun Z, Lloyd DB, et al. Pentamidine reduces hERG expression to prolong the QT interval. Br J Pharmacol 2005;145:15-23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Enyeart JJ, Dirksen RT, Sharma VK, et al. Antipsychotic pimozide is a potent Ca2+ channel blocker in heart. Mol Pharmacol 1990;37:752-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drolet B, Rousseau G, Daleau P, et al. Pimozide (Orap) prolongs cardiac repolarization by blocking the rapid component of the delayed rectifier potassium current in native cardiac myocytes. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 2001;6:255-60
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Crumb WJ Jr, Ekins S, Sarazan RD, et al. Effects of antipsychotic drugs on I(to), I(Na), I(sus), I(K1), and hERG: QT prolongation, structure activity relationship, and network analysis. Pharm Res 2006;23:1133-43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gould RJ, Murphy KM, Reynolds IJ, et al. Calcium channel blockade: possible explanation for thioridazine's peripheral side effects. Am J Psychiatry 1984;141:352-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao H, Matsuoka S, Fujioka Y, Noma A. Effects of dopamine on L-type Ca2+ current in single atrial and ventricular myocytes of the rat. Br J Pharmacol 1997;121:1247-54
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lee SY, Kim YJ, Kim KT, et al. Blockade of HERG human K+ channels and IKr of guinea-pig cardiomyocytes by the antipsychotic drug clozapine. Br J Pharmacol 2006;148(4):499-509
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christ T, Wettwer E, Ravens U. Risperidone-induced action potential prolongation is attenuated by increased repolarization reserve due to concomitant block of I(Ca,L). Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol 2005;371:393-400
   Google Scholar
• Gluais P, Bastide M, Grandmougin D, et al. Risperidone reduces K+ currents in human atrial myocytes and prolongs repolarization in human myocardium. Eur J Pharmacol 2004;497:215-22
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Drolet B, Yang T, Daleau P, et al. Risperidone prolongs cardiac repolarization by blocking the rapid component of the delayed rectifier potassium current. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2003;41:934-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahmad SR, Wolfe SM. Cisapride and torsades de pointes. Lancet 1995;345:508
   Google Scholar
• Bran S, Murray WA, Hirsch IB, et al. Long QT interval during high-dose cisapride. Arch Intern Med 1995;155:765-8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kuryshev YA, Brown AM, Wang L, et al. Interactions of the 5-hydroxytryptamine 3 antagonist class of antiemetic drugs with human cardiac ion channels. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2000;295:614-20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cubeddu LX. QT prolongation and fatal arrhythmias: a review of clinical implications and effects of drugs. Am J Ther 2003;10:452-7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• De Lorenzi FG, Bridal TR, Spinelli W. Block of the delayed rectifier current (IK) by the 5-HT3 antagonists ondansetron and granisetron in feline ventricular myocytes. Br J Pharmacol 1994;113:527-35
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khalifa M, Daleau P, Turgeon J. Mechanism of sodium channel block by venlafaxine in guinea pig ventricular myocytes. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1999;291:280-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Su Z, Chen J, Martin RL, et al. Block of hERG channel by ziprasidone: biophysical properties and molecular determinants. Biochem Pharmacol 2006;71:278-86
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harrigan RA, Brady WJ. ECG abnormalities in tricyclic antidepressant ingestion. Am J Emerg Med 1999;17:387-93
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duncan RS, Mcpate MJ, Ridley JM, et al. Inhibition of the HERG potassium channel by the tricyclic antidepressant doxepin. Biochem Pharmacol 2007;74:425-37
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pacher P, Ungvari Z, Nanasi PP, et al. Speculations on difference between tricyclic and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressants on their cardiac effects. Is there any? Curr Med Chem 1999;6:469-80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Witchel HJ, Pabbati VK, Hofmann G, et al. Inhibitory actions of the selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitor citalopram on HERG and ventricular L-type calcium currents. FEBS Lett 2002;512:59-66
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buckley NA, McManus PR. Can the fatal toxicity of antidepressant drugs be predicted with pharmacological and toxicological data? Drug Saf 1998;18:369-81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kobayashi T, Washiyama K, Ikeda K. Inhibition of G protein-activated inwardly rectifying K+ channels by fluoxetine (Prozac). Br J Pharmacol 2003;138:1119-28
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Park KS, Kong ID, Park KC, et al. Fluoxetine inhibits L-type Ca2+ and transient outward K+ currents in rat ventricular myocytes. Yonsei Med J 1999;40:144-51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu Y, Yuee L, Wang Z, et al. Effects of the diuretic agent indapamide on Na+, transient outward, and delayed rectifier currents in canine atrial myocytes. Circ Res 1998;83:158-66
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dinges J, Albert DH, Arnold LD, et al. 1,4-Dihydroindeno[1,2-c]pyrazoles with acetylenic side chains as novel and potent multitargeted receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors with low affinity for the hERG ion channel. J Med Chem 2007;50:2011-29
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Liu H, Jin MW, Xiang JZ, et al. Raloxifene inhibits transient outward and ultra-rapid delayed rectifier potassium currents in human atrial myocytes. Eur J Pharmacol 2007;563:61-8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dustan Sarazan R, Crumb WJ Jr, Beasley CM Jr, et al. Absence of clinically important HERG channel blockade by three compounds that inhibit phosphodiesterase 5–sildenafil, tadalafil, and vardenafil. Eur J Pharmacol 2004;502:163-7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Iijima T, Taira N. Beta 2-adrenoceptor-mediated increase in the slow inward calcium current in atrial cells. Eur J Pharmacol 1989;163:357-60
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Casis O, Espina L, Gallego M. Effects of amphetamine on calcium and potassium currents in rat heart. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2000;36:390-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma YL, Peters NS, Henry JA. Alpha 1-acid glycoprotein reverses cocaine-induced sodium channel blockade in cardiac myocytes. Toxicology 2006;220:46-50
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• O'Leary ME, Digregorio M, Chahine M. Closing and inactivation potentiate the cocaethylene inhibition of cardiac sodium channels by distinct mechanisms. Mol Pharmacol 2003;64:1575-85
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Premkumar LS. Selective potentiation of L-type calcium channel currents by cocaine in cardiac myocytes. Mol Pharmacol 1999;56:1138-42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bauman JL, Didomenico RJ. Cocaine-induced channelopathies: emerging evidence on the multiple mechanisms of sudden death. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 2002;7:195-202
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hurst RS, Higdon NR, Lawson JA, et al. Dopamine receptor agonists differ in their actions on cardiac ion channels. Eur J Pharmacol 2003;482:31-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dun W, Zhao RR, Li JG, et al. Inhibition of myocardial inward rectifier potassium current by propylbutyldopamine. Zhongguo Yao Li Xue Bao 1999;20:525-8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rajamani S, Studenik C, Lemmens-Gruber R, et al. Cardiotoxic effects of fenfluramine hydrochloride on isolated cardiac preparations and ventricular myocytes of guinea-pigs. Br J Pharmacol 2000;129:843-52
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gruhn M, Guckenheimer J, Land B, et al. Dopamine modulation of two delayed rectifier potassium currents in a small neural network. J Neurophysiol 2005;94:2888-900
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hu S, Wang S, Gibson J, et al. Inhibition of delayed rectifier K+ channels by dexfenfluramine (Redux). J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1998;287:480-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wyse KR, Ye V, Campbell TJ. Action potential prolongation exhibits simple dose-dependence for sotalol, but reverse dose-dependence for quinidine and disopyramide: implications for proarrhythmia due to triggered activity. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1993;21:316-22
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Roden DM, Woosley RL, Primm RK. Incidence and clinical features of the quinidine-associated long QT syndrome: implications for patient care. Am Heart J 1986;111:1088-93
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vorperian VR, Havighurst TC, Miller S, et al. Adverse effects of low dose amiodarone: a meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997;30:791-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nosten F, Ter Kuile FO, Luxemburger C, et al. Cardiac effects of antimalarial treatment with halofantrine. Lancet 1993;341:1054-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olshansky B, Martins J, Hunt S. N-Acetyl procainamide causing torsades de pointes. Am J Cardiol 1982;50:1439-41
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Torp-Pedersen C, Møller M, Bloch-Thomsen PE, et al. Dofetilide in patients with congestive heart failure and left ventricular dysfunction. Danish Investigations of Arrhythmia and Mortality on Dofetilide Study Group. N Engl J Med 1999;341:857-65
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kober L, Bloch P, Thomsen E, et al. Effect of dofetilide in patients with recent myocardial infarction and left-ventricular dysfunction: a randomised trial. Lancet 2000;356:2052-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lazzara R. Antiarrhythmic drugs and torsade de pointes. Eur Heart J 1993;14(Suppl H):88-92
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ellenbogen KA, Stambler BS, Wood MA, et al. Efficacy of intravenous ibutilide for rapid termination of atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter: a dose-response study. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996;28:130-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stambler BS, Wood MA, Ellenbogen KA, et al. Efficacy and safety of repeated intravenous doses of ibutilide for rapid conversion of atrial flutter or fibrillation. Ibutilide Repeat Dose Study Investigators. Circulation 1996;94:1613-21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hohnloser SH, Klingenheben T, Singh BN. Amiodarone-associated proarrhythmic effects. A review with special reference to torsade de pointes tachycardia. Ann Intern Med 1994;121:529-35
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drouin E, Lande G, Charpentier F. Amiodarone reduces transmural heterogeneity of repolarization in the human heart. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998;32:1063-7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Prystowsky EN. Effects of bepridil on cardiac electrophysiologic properties. Am J Cardiol 1992;69:63D-67D
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Manouvrier J, Sagot M, Caron C, et al. Nine cases of torsade de pointes with bepridil administration. Am Heart J 1986;111:1005-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ray WA, Murray KT, Meredith S, et al. Oral erythromycin and the risk of sudden death from cardiac causes. N Engl J Med 2004;351:1089-96
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee KL, Jim MH, Tang SC, et al. QT prolongation and torsades de pointes associated with clarithromycin. Am J Med 1998;104:395-6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stanat SJ, Carlton CG, Crumb WJ, et al. Characterization of the inhibitory effects of erythromycin and clarithromycin in the HERG potassium channel. Mol Cell Biochem 2003;254:1-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim MH, Berkowitz C, Trohman RG. Polymorphic ventricular tachycardia with a normal QT interval following azithromycin. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2005;28:1221-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milberg P, Eckardt L, Bruns HJ, et al. Divergent proarrhythmic potential of macrolide antibiotics despite similar QT prolongation: fast phase 3 repolarization prevents early afterdepolarizations and torsade de pointes. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2002;303:218-25
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hagiwara T, Satoh S, Kasai Y, et al. A comparative study of the fluoroquinolone antibacterial agents on the action potential duration in guinea pig ventricular myocardia. Jpn J Pharmacol 2001;87:231-4
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Frothingham R. Rates of torsades de pointes associated with ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, levofloxacin, gatifloxacin, and moxifloxacin. Pharmacotherapy 2001;21:1468-72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Justo D, Zeltser D. Torsade de pointes induced by systemic antifungal agents: lessons from a retrospective analysis of published case reports. Mycoses 2006;49:463-70
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Amankwa K, Krishnan SC, Tisdale JE. Torsades de pointes associated with fluoroquinolones: importance of concomitant risk factors. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2004;75:242-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eisenhauer MD, Eliasson AH, Taylor AJ, et al. Incidence of cardiac arrhythmias during intravenous pentamidine therapy in HIV-infected patients. Chest 1994;105:389-95
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuryshev YA, Ficker E, Wang L, et al. Pentamidine-induced long QT syndrome and block of HERG trafficking. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2005;312:316-23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Traebert M, Dumotier B, Meister L, et al. Inhibition of hERG K+ currents by antimalarial drugs in stably transfected HEK293 cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2004;484:41-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Touze JE, Heno P, Fourcade L, et al. The effects of antimalarial drugs on ventricular repolarization. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2002;67:54-60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Viswanathan PC, Benson DW, Balser J. A common SCN5A polymorphism modulates the biophysical effects of an SCN5A mutation. J Clin Invest 2003;111:341-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bezzina CR, Shimizu W, Yang P, et al. Common sodium channel promoter haplotype in Asian subjects underlies variability in cardiac conduction. Circulation 2006;113:338-44
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu D, Viskin S, Oliva A, et al. Novel mutation in the SCN5A gene associated with arrhythmic storm development during acute myocardial infarction. Heart Rhythm 2007;8:1072-80
   Google Scholar
• Stollberger C, Steger C, Yilmaz-Kaymaz N, et al. QT prolongation due to aortic aneurysm rupture and amiodarone in a patient with a H558R polymorphism in the cardiac sodium channel gene SCN5A. Minerva Cardioangiol 2006;54:503-6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Splawski I, Timothy KW, Tateyama M, et al. Variant of SCN5A sodium channel implicated in risk of cardiac arrhythmia. Science 2002;297:1333-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burke A, Creighton W, Mont E, et al. Role of SCN5A Y1102 polymorphism in sudden cardiac death in blacks. Circulation 2005;112:798-802
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chen S, Chung MK, Martin D, et al. SNP S1103Y in the cardiac sodium channel gene SCN5A is associated with cardiac arrhythmias and sudden death in a white family. J Med Genet 2002;39:913-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plant DL, Bower PN, Liu O, et al. A common cardiac sodium channel variant associated with sudden infant death in African Americans, SCN5A S1103Y. J Clin Invest 2006;116:430-5
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shuraih M, Ai T, Vatta M, et al. A common SCN5A variant alters the responsiveness of human sodium channels to class I antiarrhythmic agents. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2007;18:434-40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen S, Chung M K, Martin D. SNP S1103Y in the cardiac sodium channel gene SCN5A is associated with cardiac arrhythmias and sudden death in a white family. J Med Genet 2002;39:913-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar