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- ••An excellent review of aspects of anthrax asit would present as a cause of biological warfare. Rewritten after the post September 11 US mail outbreak.
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- ••The most up-to-date ACIP overview of thecurrently available US anthrax vaccine.
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- •An example of the use of DNA (genetic or genomic) immunisation to prevent a biological warfare disease, in this case anthrax.
- FLICK-SMITH HC, EYLES JE, HEBDON R et al.: Mucosal or parenteral administration of microsphere-associated Bacillus anthracisprotective antigen protects against anthrax infection in mice. Infect. Immun. (2002) 70:2022–2028.
- •An example of the use of bioabsorbable microsphere technology to produce a mucosal immunogen to prevent anthrax.
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- HENDERSON DA, INGLESBY TV, BARTLETT JG et al.: Smallpox as a biological weapon. Medical and public health management. JAMA. (1999) 281:2127–2137.
- ••An excellent review of smallpox as it couldbe utilised as a biological warfare agent.
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- ••The latest AC1P guidelines related to thesmallpox (vaccinia) vaccine with discussions on the potential for new immunogens and strategies for use in a bioterrorist setting.
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- •A well done study investigating the utility of dilution of the smallpox vaccine to allow potential immunisation of a larger number of susceptibles.
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- •The parallel study of reference 32 which looks into the humoral and cellular responses to immunisation of the diluted vaccinia vaccine.
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- ••An excellent review on the potential use oftularaemia in the setting of biological warfare.
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- ••One of the best reviews regarding what isunderstood about the vaccine to prevent tularaemia.
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- ••An excellent review on plague as apotential biowarfare agent.
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- CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL AND PREVENTION: Prevention of plague: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Morbid. Mortal. Week. Rep. (1996) 45(RR-14):1–15.
- ••The latest ACIP document on theprevention of plague, including a discussion on the inactivated whole-cell plague vaccine that was available in the US.
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- •A well organised and thoroughly referenced review on the history of vaccines against Yersinia pestis.
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- WILLIAMSON ED, ELEY SM,STAGG AJ et al.: A single dose sub-unit vaccine protects against pneumonic plague. Vaccine (2000) 19:566–571.
- •An example of the kind of multiple target subunit vaccine that could be a prototype for a highly protective irnmunogen with a low side effect profile.
- HEATH DG, ANDERSON GW, MAURO JM et al.: Protection against experimental bubonic and pneumonic plague by a recombinant capsular Fl-V antigen fusion protein vaccine. Vaccine (1998) 16:1131–1137.
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- •Another example of the use of mucosal immunisation using biodegradable microspheres containing target antigens that has great potential in the future field of vaccinology.
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- ARNON SS, SCHECHTER R, INGLESBY TV et al: Botulism as a biological weapon. Medical and public health management. JAMA (2001) 285:1059–1070.
- ••An excellent review on the possibility ofbotulinum toxin being utilised as an agent of biological warfare.
- BYRNE MP, SMITH LA: Development of vaccines for the prevention of botulism. Biochimie. (2000) 82:955–966.
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- CLAYTON J, MIDDLEBROOK JK: Vaccination of mice with DNA encoding a large fragment of botulinum neurotwdn serotype A. Vaccine. (2000) 18:1855–1862.
- LEE JS, PUSHKO P, PARKER MD et al: Candidate vaccine against botulinum neurotwdn serotype A derived from a Venezuelan equine encephalitis vector system. Infect. Immun. (2001) 69:5709–5715.
- •This study illustrates the use of the Venezuelan encephalitis vector system as an example of a chimeric agent without replicative potential as an irnmunogen, in this case for type A botulism.
- WU HC, YEH CT, HUANG YL et al.:Characterization of neutralizing antibodies and identification of neutralizing epitope mimics on the Clostridium botulinum neurotwdn type A. Appl. Environ. Microbial. (2001) 67:3201–3207.
- http://www.hopkins-biodefense.org
- Johns Hopkins Center for Biodefense website.