Neurorestoration in Parkinson’s disease by cell replacement and endogenous regeneration

Bibliography

• LANG AE, LOZANO AM: Parkinson's disease. N Engl. Med. (1998) 339:1044-1053 and 1130–1143.
   Google Scholar
• DUNNETT SB, BJORKLUND A:Prospects for new restorative and neuroprotective treatments in Parkinson's disease. Nature (1999) 399(Suppl.):A32–A39.
   Google Scholar
• LOTHARIUS J, BRUNDIN P: Pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease: dopamine, vesicles and alpha-synuclein. Nat. Rev Neurosci. (2002) 3:932–942.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MOLLER T: Non-dopaminergic drug treatment of Parkinson's disease. Expert Opin. Phannacother. (2001) 2(4):557–572.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• MARTIN WR, WIELER M: Treatment of Parkinson's disease. Can. Neurol. (2003) 30\(Suppl. 1):527–533.
   Google Scholar
• CHASE TN, OH JD: Striatal mechanisms and pathogenesis of parkinsonian signs andmotor complications. Ann. Neurol (2000) 47(4 Suppi.1):S122–S129.
   Google Scholar
• DING S, WU TYH, BRINKER A et al:Synthetic small molecules that control stem cell fate. Proc. Nati Acad. Sri. USA (2003) 100:7632–7637.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CLARKSON ED: Fetal tissuetransplantation for patients with Parkinson'sdisease: a database of published clinical results. Drugs Aging (2001) 18(10):773–785.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FREED CR, GREENE PE, BREEZE RE et al.: Transplantation of embryonic dopamine neurons for severe Parkinson'sdisease. N Engl. I Med. (2001) 244:710–719.
   Google Scholar
• •First double-blind transplantation study in severe PD using primary dopaminergic neurons. Among younger patients (60 years old or younger), standardised tests of PD revealed significant improvement in the transplantation group as compared with the sham-surgery group. After improvement in the first year, dystonia and dyskinesias recurred in 15% of the patients who received transplants, even after reduction or discontinuation of the dose of levodopa.
   Google Scholar
• OLANOW CW, GOETZ CG, KORDOWER JH et al.: A double-blind controlled trial of bilateral fetal nigral transplantation in Parkinson's disease. Ann. Neurol (2003) 54:403–414.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HAGELL P, PICCINI P, BJORKLUND P et al.: Dyskinesias following neural transplantation in Parkinson's disease. Nat. Neurosci. (2002) 5(7):627–628.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BOER GJ: Ethical guidelines for the use of human embryonic or fetal tissue for experimental and clinical neurotransplantation and restoration (NECTAR). Neurol. (1994) 242:1–13.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HOFFER BJ, OLSON L: Ethical issues in brain-cell transplantation. Trends Neurosci. (1991) 14:384–388.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GAGE FH: Mammalian neural stem cells. Science (2000) 287:1433–1438.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MCKAY RD: Stem cells in the central nervous system. Science (1997) 276:66–71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SAWAMOTO K, NAKAO N, KAKISHITA K et al.: Generation of dopaminergic neurons in the adult brain from mesencephafic precursor cells labeled with a nestin-GFP transgene. Neurosci. (2001) 21:3895–3903.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UCHIDA N, BUCK DW, HE D et al: Direct isolation of human central nervous system stem cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (2000) 97:14770–14725.
   Google Scholar
• VOGEL W, GRUNEBACH F,MESSAM CA, KANZ L, BRUGGER W, BUHRING HJ: Heterogeneity among human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells and neural progenitor cells. Haematologica (2003) 88(2):126–133.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• KUKEKOV VG, LAYWELL ED, THOMAS LB, STEINDLER DA: A nestin-negative precursor cell from the adult mouse brain gives rise to neurons and glia. Clia (1997) 21:399–407.
   Google Scholar
• SELANDER L, EDLUND H: Nestin is expressed in mesenchymal and not epithelial cells of the developing mouse pancreas. Mech. Develop. (2002) 113:189–192.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AUBERT J, STAVRIDIS MP, TWEEDIE S et al.: Screening for mammalian neural genes via fluorescence-activated cell sorter purification of neural precursors from Soxl-gfp knock-in mice. Proc. Nati Acad. Sci. USA (2003) 100\(Suppl. 1):11836–11841.
   Google Scholar
• CAI J, LIMKE TL, GINIS I, RAO MS: Identifying and tracking neural stem cells. Blood Cells Ma Dis. (2003) 31:18–27.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MAYER-PROSCHEL M, KALYANI AJ, MUJTABA T, RAO MS: Isolation of lineage-restricted neuronal precursors from multipotent neuroepithelial stem cells. Neuron (1997) 19:773–785.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RAO MS, MAYER-PROSCHEL M: Glial restricted precursors are derived from multipotent neuroepithelial stem cells. Dev. Biol. (1997) 188:48–63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CATTANEO E, MCKAY R: Proliferation and differentiation of neuronal stem cells regulated by nerve growth factor. Nature (1990) 347:762–765.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KILPATRICK TJ, BARTLETT PF: Cloning and growth of multipotential neural precursors: requirements for proliferation and differentiation. Neuron (1993) 10:255–265.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• REYNOLDS BA, TETZLAFF W,WEISS SA: A multipotent EGF-responsive striatal embryonic progenitor cell produces neurons and astrocytes. Neurosci. (1992) 12:4565–4574.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TEMPLE S: Division and differentiation of isolated CNS blast cells in microculture. Nature (1989) 340:471–473.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• STEMPLE DL, ANDERSON DJ: Isolation of a stem cell for neurons and glia from the mammalian neural crest. Cell (1992) 71:973–985.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LOIS C, ALVAREZ-BUYLLA A:Proliferating subventricular zone cells in the adult mammalian forebrain can differentiate into neurons and glia. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1993) 90:2074–2077.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• REYNOLDS BA, WEISS SA: Generation of neurons and astrocytes from isolated cells of the adult mammalian central nervous system. Science (1992) 255:1707–1710.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PALMER TD, RAY J, GAGE FH: FGF-2-responsive neuronal progenitors reside in proliferative and quiescent regions of theadult rodent brain. Ma Cell Neurosci. (1995) 6:474–486.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RAO MS: Multipotent and restricted precursors in the central nervous system. Anat. Rec. (1999) 257:137–148.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• LIE DC, DZIEWCZAPOLSKI G, WILLHOITE AR et al.: The adult substantia nigra contains progenitor cells with neurogenic potential. Neurosci. (2002) 22:6639–6649.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ZHAO M, MOMMA S, DELFANI K et al.: Evidence for neurogenesis in the adult mammalian substantia nigra. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci USA (2003) 100(13):7925–7930.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AKIYAMA Y, HONMOU O, KATO T, UEDE T, HASHI K, KOCSIS JD: Transplantation of clonal neural precursor cells derived from adult human brain establishes functional peripheral myelin in the rat spinal cord. Exp. Neurol (2001) 167:27–39.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ARSENIJEVIC Y, VILLEMURE JG, BRUNET JF et al.: Isolation of multipotent neural precursors residing in the cortex of the adult human brain. Exp. Neurol (2001) 170:48–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LING ZD, POTTER ED, LIPTON JW, CARVEY PM: Differentiation of mesencephalic progenitor cells into dopaminergic neurons by cytokines. Exp. Neurol (1998) 149:411–423.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• POTTER ED, LING ZD, CARVEY PM: Cytokine-induced conversion of mesencephalic-derived progenitor cells into dopaminergic neurons. Cell Tissue Res. (1999) 296:235–246.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SVENDSEN CN, CALDWELL MA, OSTENFELD T: Human neural stem cells: isolation, expansion and transplantation. Brain Pathol. (1999) 9:499–513.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VESCOVI AL, PARATI EA, GRITTI A et al.: Isolation and cloning of multipotential stem cells from embryonic human CNS and establishment of transplantable human neural stem cell lines by epigenetic stimulation. Exp. Neurol (1999) 156:71–83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BROSTLE O, JONES KN, LEARISH RD et al.: Embryonic stem cell-derived glial precursors: a source of myelinating transplants. Science (1999) 285:754–756.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •First report of ES cell-derivedprecursors for oligodendrocytes and astrocytes and their regenerative potential in a rat model of human myelin disease (Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease).Expert Op/n. Biol. Ther. (2004) 4(2)
   Google Scholar
• LEE S-H, LEMESKY N, STUDER L, AUERBACH JM, MCKAY RD: Efficient generation of midbrain and hindbrain neurons from mouse embryonic stem cells. Nat. Biotechnol (2000) 18:675–679.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ••First report on efficient generation ofdopaminergic neurons from ES cellsin vitro.
   Google Scholar
• LI M, PEVNY L, LOVELL-BADGE R, SMITH A: Generation of purified neural precursors from embryonic stem cells by lineage selection. Carr. Biol. (1998) 8:971–974.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KAWASAKI H, MIZUSEKI K, NISHIKAWA S et al.: Induction of midbrain dopaminergic neurons from ES cells by stromal cell-derived inducing activity. Neuron (2000) 28:31–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SCHULDINER M, EIGES R, EDEN A et al.: Induced neuronal differentiation of human embryonic stem cells. Brain Res. (2001) 913:201–205.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HUBNER K, FUHRMANN G, CHRISTENSON LK et al.: Derivation of oocytes from mouse embryonic stem cells. Science (2003) 300:1251–1256.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GENSBURGER C, LABOURDETTE G, SENSENBRENNER M: Brain basic fibroblast growth factor stimulates the proliferation of rat neuronal precursor cells in vitro. FEBS Lett. (1987) 217:1–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SHINGO T, SOROKAN ST,SHIMAZAKI T, WEISS S: Erythropoietin regulates the in vitro and in vivo production of neuronal progenitors by mammalian forebrain neural stem cells. J. Neurosci. (2001) 21:9733–9743.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• STORCH A, PAUL G, CSETE M et al.:Long-term proliferation and dopaminergic differentiation of human mesencephalic neural precursor cells. Exp. Neurol (2001) 170:317–325.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •First report of long-term expansion of human mesencephalic-derived neural precursor cells and their differentiation into functional dopaminergic neuronsin vitro.
   Google Scholar
• STUDER L, CSETE M, LEE S-H et al: Enhanced proliferation, survival, and dopaminergic differentiation of CNS precursors in lowered oxygen. J. Neurosci. (2000) 20:7377–7383.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VESCOVI AL, SNYDER EY:Establishment and properties of neural stem cell clones: plasticity in vitro and in vivo. Brain PathoL (1999) 9(3):569–598.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHITTEMORE SR, MORASSUTTI DJ, WALTERS WM, LIU RH,MAGNUSON DS: Mitogen and substrate differentially affect the lineage restriction of adult rat subventricular zone neural precursor cell populations. Exp. Cell Res. (1999) 252:75–95.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HANSEL DE, EIPPER BA,RONNETT GV: Neuropeptide Y functions as a neuroproliferative factor. Nature (2001) 410:940–944.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CARPENTER MK, CUI X, HU Z-Y et al.: In vitro expansion of a multipotent population of human neural progenitor cells. Exp. Neurol (1999) 158:265–278.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SMITH AG: Mouse embryonic stem cells: their identification, propagation and manipulation. Sernin. Cell Biol. (1992) 3:385–399.
   Google Scholar
• MATTSON MP, KLAPPER W: Emerging roles for telomerase in neuronal development and apoptosis.j. Neurosci. Res. (2001) 63:1–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MARTINEZ-SERRANO A, BJORKLUND A: Immortalized neural progenitor cells for gene transfer and repair. Trends Neurosci. (1997) 20:530–538.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHITTEMORE SR, SNYDER EY: The biological relevance and functional potential of central nervous system-derived cell lines. Mot. Neurobiol (1997) 12:13–38.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RIETZE RL, VALCANIS H,BROOKER GE THOMAS T, VOSS AK, BARTLETT PF: Purification of a pluripotent stem cell from the adult mouse brain. Nature (2001) 412:736–739.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PALMER TD, MARKAKIS EA, WILLHOITE AR, SAFAR F, GAGE FH: Fibroblast growth factor-2 activates a latent neurogenic program in neural stem cells from diverse regions of the adult brain.Neurosci. (1999) 19:8487–8497.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PALMER TD, TAKAHASHI J, GAGE FH: The adult rat hippocampus contains primordial neural stem cells. Mot. Cell Neurosci. (1997) 8:389–404.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LAI K, KASPER BK, GAGE FH, SCHAFFER DV: Sonic hedgehog regulates adult neural progenitor proliferation in vitro and in vivo. Nat. Neurosci. (2003) 6:21–27.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LIM DA, TRAM ONTIN AD, TREVEJO LM, HERRERA DG, GARCIA-VERDUGO JM, ALVAREZ-BUYLLA A: Noggin antagonizes BMP signaling to create a niche for adult neurogenesis. Neuron (2000) 28:713–726.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ROSSI F, CATTANEO E: Neural stem celltherapy for neurological diseases: dreams and reality. Nat. Rev Neurosci. (2002) 3:401–409.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DAADI MM, WEISS S: Generation of tyrosine hydroxylase-producing neurons from precursors of the embryonic and adult forebrain. J. Neurosci. (1999) 19:4484–4497.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SANCHEZ-PERNAUTE R, STUDER R, BANKIEWICZ KS, MAJOR EO, MCKAY RD: In vitro generation and transplantation of precursor-derived human dopamine neurons. I Neurosci. Res. (2001) 65:284–288.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •This paper describes transplantation of short-term expanded mesencephalic precursors from human origin into an animal model of PD leading to partial recovery in behavioural tests.
   Google Scholar
• SVENDSEN CN, CLARKE DJ, ROSSER AE, DUNNETT SB: Survival and differentiation of rat and human epidermal growth factor-responsive precursor cells following grafting into the lesioned adult central nervous system. Exp. Neurol (1996) 137:367–388.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• SVENDSEN CN, CALDWELL MA, SHEN J et al.: Long-term survival of human central nervous system progenitor cells transplanted into a rat model of Parkinson's disease. Exp. Neurol (1997) 148:135–146.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •This paper demonstrated for the first time that human NSCs can engraft into adult rat CNS, mature into dopaminergic neurons and ameliorate functional deficits in an animal model of PD. However, these effects were seen only in a small number of animals, due to unknown causes.
   Google Scholar
• VILLA A, SNYDER EY, VESCOVI A, MARTINEZ-SERRANO A: Establishment and properties of a growth factor-dependent perpetual neural stem cell line from human CNS. Exp. Neurol (2000) 161:67–84.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KUKEKOV VG, LAYWELL ED, SUSLOV O et al.: Multipotent stem/ progenitor cells with similar properties arise from two neurogenic regions of the adult human brain. Exp. Neurol (1999) 156:333–344.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PALMER TD, SCHWARTZ PH, TAUPIN P, KASPAR B, STEIN SA, GAGE FH: Progenitor cells from human brain after death. Nature (2001) 411:42–43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ROY NS, WANG S, JIANG L et al.: In vitro neurogenesis by progenitor cells isolated from the adult humanhippocampus. Nat. Med. (2000) 6:271–277.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GRITTI A, PARATI EA, COVA L et al: Multipotential stem cells from the adult mouse brain proliferate and self-renew in response to basic fibroblast growth factor. J.Neurosci. (1996) 16:1091–1100.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JOHE KK, HAZAL TG, MULLER T, DUGICH-DJORDJEVIC MM, MCKAY RDG: Single factors direct the differentiation of stem cells from fetal and adult nervous system. Genes Dev. (1996) 10:3129–3140.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SVENDSEN CN, ROSSER AE: Neuronsfrom stem cells. Trends Neurosci. (1995) 18:465–467.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CALDWELL MA, SVEDSEN CN: Heparin, but not other proteoglycans potentiates the mitogenic effects of FGF-2 on mesencephalic precursor cells. Exp. Neurol (1998) 152:1–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• STUDER L, TABAR V, MCKAY RD: Transplantation of expanded mesencephalic precursors leads to recovery in parkinsonian rats. Nat. Neurosci. (1998) 1(4):290–295.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ••First report of successful transplantation ofexpanded mesencephalic precursors from rat into an animal model of PD leading to functional recovery in behavioural tests. However, there is no long-term expansion of precursors prior to transplantation reported in this paper.
   Google Scholar
• STORCH A, LESTER HA, BOHM BO, SCHWARZ J: Functional characterization of dopaminergic neurons derived from mesencephalic progenitor cells. Chem. Neuroanat. (2003) 26(2):133–142.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SILVER I, ERECINSKA M: Oxygen and ion concentrations in normoxic and hypoxic brain cells. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. (1988) 454:7–16.
   Google Scholar
• HYNES M, POULSEN K,TESSIER-LAVIGNE M, ROSENTHAL A: Control of neural diversity by floor plate: contact-mediated induction of midbrain dopaminergic neurons. Cell (1995) 80:95–101.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HYNES M, ROSENTHAL A: Specification of dopaminergic and serotoninergic neurons in the vertebrate CNS. Carr: Opin. Neurobiol (1999) 9:26–36.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PERRONE-CAPANO C, DI PORZIO U: Genetic and epigenetic control of midbrain dopaminergic neuron development. hat. Dev. Biol. (2000) 44:679–687.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CARVEY PM, LING ZD,SORTWELL CW et al.: A clonal line of mesencephalic progenitor cells converted to dopamine neurons by hematopoietic cytokines: a source of cells for transplantation in Parkinson's disease. Exp. Neurol (2001) 171:98–108.
   Google Scholar
• •This paper describes transplantation of a clonal cell line of mesencephalon-derived precursor cells into a rat model of PD. The most striking point of this paper is that the cells were transplanted after long-term expansion in vitro. As these cells can be stored in liquid oxygen and analysed extensively, they may serve as an on-demand source of cells for transplantation in PD.
   Google Scholar
• WAGNER J, AKERUD P, CASTRO DS et al.: Induction of a midbrain dopaminergic phenotype in Nurrl-overexpressing neural stem cells by type 1 astrocytes. Nat. Biotechnol (1999) 17:653–659.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KIM JY, KOH HC, LEE JY et al.: Dopaminergic neuronal differentiation from rat embryonic neural precursors by Nurrl overexpression. Neurochem. (2003) 85:1443–1454.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• YE W, SHIMAMURA K,RUBENSTEIN JL, HYNES M, ROSENTHAL A: FGF and Shh signals control dopaminergic and serotoninergic fate in the anterior neural plate. Cell (1998) 93:755–766.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KAWASAKI H, SUEMORI H, MIZUSEKI K et al.: Generation of dopaminergic neurons and pigmented epithelia from primate ES cells by stromal cell-derived inducing activity. Proc. Nati Acad. Sci. USA (2002) 99:1580–1585.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JIANG Y, HENDERSON D,BLACKSTAD M et al.: Neuroectodermal differentiation from mouse multipotent adult progenitor cells.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (2003) 100\(Suppl. 1):11854–11860.
   Google Scholar
• SANCHEZ-RAMOS JR: Neural cells derived from adult bone marrow and umbilical cord blood. Neurosci. Res. (2002) 69:880–893.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JIANG Y, JAHAGIRDAR BN, REINHARDT RL et al.: Pluripotency of mesenchymal stem cells derived from adult marrow. Nature (2002) 418:41–49.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TOMA JG, AKHAVAN M, FERNANDES KJL et al.: Isolation of multipotent adult stem cells from thedermis of mammalian skin. Nat. Cell Biol. (2001) 3:778–784.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• REYES M, LUND T, LEN VIK T, AGUIAR D, KOODIE L,VERFAILLIE CM: Purification and ex vivo expansion of postnatal human marrow mesodermal progenitor cells. Blood (2001) 98(9):2615–2625.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SANCHEZ-RAMOS J, SONG S, CARD OZO-PELAEZF et al.: Adult bone marrow stromal cells differentiate into neural cells M vitro. Exp. Neurol. (2000) 164(2):247–256.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WOODBURY D, SCHWARZ EJ, PROCKOP DJ, BLACK IB: Adult rat and human bone marrow stromal cells differentiate into neurons. Neurosci. Res. (2000) 61(4):364–370.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GERLACH M, BRAAK H,HARTMANN A et al.: Current state of stem cell research for treatment of Parkinson's disease. Neurol (2002) 249\(Suppl. 3):33–35.
   Google Scholar
• OHMOTO Y, WOOD K: Immunology. Mechanisms of rejection. In: Neural Transplantation Methods. Dunnett SB, Boulton AA, Baker GB (Eds), Humana Press, Totowa, NJ, USA (2000):461–476.
   Google Scholar
• •A comprehensive review of the immunology as well as the mechanisms of rejection after transplantation into the CNS.
   Google Scholar
• OUREDNIK J, OUREDNIK V,LYNCH WP, SCHACHNER M, SNYDER EY: Neural stem cells display an inherent mechanism for rescuing dysfunctional neurons. Nat. Biotechnol (2002) 20(11):1103–1110.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ••First report of intrinsic ability of NSCs toinduce rescue and regeneration of impaired dopaminergic neurons in the aged host. They showed that the fast recovery after transplantation of immortalised NSCs is most likely coming from trophic support of the graft by secreting GDNF and other undefined factors rather than by graft-derived TH+ neurons. Therefore, they provide impetus that one most likely needs a variety of cell types, not just neurons, to promote optimal recovery.
   Google Scholar
• LINDVALL O, BRUNDIN P,WIDNER H et al.: Grafts of fetal dopamine neurons survive and improve motor function in Parkinson's disease. Science (1990) 247:574–577.
   Google Scholar
• KORDOWER JH, FREEMAN TB, SNOW BJ et al: Neuropathological evidence of graft survival and striatal reinnervation after the transplantation of fetal mesencephalic tissue in a patient with Parkinson's disease. N Engl. I Med. (1995) 332:1118–1124.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HAGELL P SCHRAG A, PICCINI P et al.: Sequential bilateral transplantation in Parkinson's disease: effects of the second graft. Brain (1999) 122:1121–1132.
   Google Scholar
• HAGELL P BRUNDIN P: Cell survival and clinical outcome following intrastriatal transplantation in Parkinson's disease. Neuropathol Exp. Neurol. (2001) 60:741–752.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KORDOWERJH, GOETZ CG, FREEMAN TB, OLANOW CW: Dopaminergic transplants in patients with Parkinson's disease: neuroanatomical correlates of clinical recovery. Ey. Neurol. (1993) 144:41–46.
   Google Scholar
• OLANOW CW, KORDOWERJH, FREEMAN T: Fetal nigral transplantation as therapy for Parkinson's disease. Wends Neurosci. (1996) 19:102–109.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SCHIERLE GS, HANSSON O, LEIST M et al.: Caspase inhibitors reduces apoptosis and increases survival of nigral transplants.Nat. Med. (1999) 5:97–100.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ZAWADA WM, ZASTROW DJ, CLARKSON ED et al.: Growth factors improve immediate survival of embryonic dopamine neurons after transplantation into rats. Brain Res. (1998) 786:96–103.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HAQUE NS, LEBLANC CJ, ISACSON O: Differential dissection of the rat E16 ventral mesencephalon and survival and reinnervation of the 6-0HDA-lesioned striatum by a subset of aldehyde dehydrogenase-positive TH neurons. Cell Transplant. (1997) 6:239–248.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BJORKLUND LM,SANCHEZ-PERNAUTE R, CHUNG S et al.: Embryonic stem cells develop into functional dopaminergic neurons after transplantation in a Parkinson rat model. live. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (2002) 99:2344–2349.
   Google Scholar
• ••This paper is the first report thatundifferentiated mouse ES cells transplanted into dopamine-depleted striatum of adult rats develop into functional dopaminergic neurons without special treatment.
   Google Scholar
• KIM JH, AUERBACH JM,RODRIGEZ-GOMEZ JA et al: Dopamine neurons derived from embryonic stem cells function in an animal model of Parkinson's disease. Nature (2002) 418:50–56.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ••This reports shows that a highly enrichedpopulation of midbrain NSCs can be derived from mouse ES cells byoverexpression of Nturl. The dopamine neurons generated by these stem cells show not only electrophysiological, but also behavioural properties expected of neurons from the midbrain.
   Google Scholar
• CHUNG S, SONNTAG KC, ANDERSSON T et al.: Genetic engineering of mouse embryonic stem cells by Nurrl enhances differentiation and maturation into dopaminergic neurons. Eur. Neurosci. (2002) 16:1829–1838.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ABOODY KS, BROWN A, RAINOV NG et al.: Neural stem cells display extensive tropism for pathology in adult brain: Evidence from intracranial gliomas. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA (2000) 97:12846–12851.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GAIANO N, FISHELL G: Transplantation as a tool to study progenitors within the vertebrate nervous system. Neurobiol (1998) 36:152–161.
   Google Scholar
• NISHINO H, HIDA H, TAKEI N, KUMAZAKI M, NAKAJIMA K, BABA H: Mesencephalic neural stem (progenitor) cells develop to dopaminergic neurons more strongly in dopamine-depleted striatum than in intact striatum. Exp. Neurol (2000) 164:209–214.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SNYDER EY, FLAX JD: Transplantation of neural progenitors and stem-like cells as a strategy for gene therapy and repair of neurodegenerative diseases. Mental. Retard Develop. Disabil Res. Rev (1995) 1:27–38.
   Google Scholar
• MARTINEZ-SERRANO A,LUNDBERG C, HORELLOU P et al.: CNS-derived neural progenitor cells for gene transfer of nerve growth factor to the adult rat brain: complete rescue of axotomized cholinergic neurons after implantation into the septum. I Neurosci. (1995) 15:5668–5680.
   Google Scholar
• CHUA K, KIMA M, JEONGA SW, KIMB SU, YOON BW: Human neural stem cells can migrate, differentiate, and integrate after intravenous transplantation in adult rats with transient forebrain ischemia. Neurosci. Lett. (2003) 343:129–133.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HAN SSW, KANG DY, MUJTABA T; RAO MS, FISCHER I: Grafted lineage-restricted precursors differentiate exclusively into neurons in the adult spinal cord. Exp. Neurol. (2002) 177:360–375.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LI Y, CHEN J, WANG L, ZHANG L, LU M, CHOPP M: Intracerebral transplantation of bone marrow stromal cells in a 1-methy1-4-pheny1-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine mouse model ofParkinson's disease. Neurosci. Lett. (2001) 316:67–70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •First report of transplantation of multipotent adult stem cells, in this case mesenchymal stem cells, into a mouse model of PD. The transplanted mice showed significant improvement in motor function, and BrdU+/TH+ double-labelled cells were found, indicating that the BrdU-labelled MSCs developed into dopaminergic cells (TH+) in viva
   Google Scholar
• ALTMAN J: Autoradiographic and histological studies of postnatal neurogenesis. IV. Cell proliferation and migration in the anterior forebrain, with spatial reference to persisting neurogenesis in the olfactory bulb. Comp. Neurol. (1969) 137:433–458.
   Google Scholar
• CRAIG CG, TROPEPE V,MORSHEAD CM, REYNOLDS BA, WEISS S, VAN DE KOOY D: ha vivo growth factor expansion of endogenous subependymal neural precursor cell populations in the adult mouse brain.NeuroscL (1996) 16:2649–2658.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WILBY MJ, SINCLAIR SR, MUIR EM et al.: A glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor-secreting clone of the Schwann cell line SCTM41 enhances survival and fiber outgrowth from embryonic nigral neurons grafted to the striatum and to the lesioned substantia nigra. NeuroscL (1999) 19(6):2301–2312.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WATTS RL, RAISER CD, STOVER NP et al.: Stereotaxic intrastriatal implantation of retinal pigment epithelial cells attached to microcarriers in advanced Parkinson's disease patients: long term follow-up. 54th Annual Meeting of the American Accademy of Neurology Denver, USA (2002) Abstract S31:004.Expert Op/n. Biol. Thar. (2004) 4(2)
   Google Scholar