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Review

Allergy vaccines – new approaches to an old concept

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Pages 1473-1481 | Published online: 23 Feb 2005

Bibliography

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  • •An objective discussion of the various hypotheses and forms of evidence as explanations for the present worldwide explosion in allergy.
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  • •This paper endorses earlier studies regarding the 'protective effect' of a farm environment for the development of allergies.
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  • •Provides additional support for the hygiene hypothesis of allergy.
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  • •The first use of an adjuvant for AV.
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  • ••This paper illustrated the importance of theTh2 to Thl switch in AV.
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  • •Resurrection of the blocking antibody theory.
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  • •The first attempt to produce newer and safer forms of allergens, termed allergoids, by chemical modification.
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  • MAHLER V, VRTLA S, KUSS O et al: Vaccines for birch pollen allergy based on genetically engineered hypoallergenic derivatives of the major birch pollen allergen, Bet v 1. Clin. Exp. Allergy (2004) 34(1):115–122.
  • •An interesting and scientifically elegant approach to AV.
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  • •Early studies on peptides for immunotherapy.
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  • •A short but useful review on T cell-reactive peptides in immunotherapy.
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  • ••A study supporting the use of non-IgE-reactive T cell epitope-containing peptides for vaccination.
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  • •Interesting studies of the Thl-inducing properties of bacterial ISSs.
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  • ••An important review of the production and properties of a clinically acceptable Thl adjuvant.
  • MARTIN M, MICHALEK SM, KATZ J: Role of innate immune factors in the adjuvant activity of monophosphoryl lipid A. Infect. Immun. (2003) 71(5):2498–2507.
  • •This paper details evidence for cellular mechanisms (including activation of TLR2 and TLR4) by which MPL induces host cell activation.
  • WHEELER AW, MARSHALL JS, ULRICH JT: A Thl-inducing adjuvant, MPL®, enhances antibody profiles in experimental animals suggesting it has the potential to improve the efficacy of allergy vaccines. Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol (2001) 126:135–139.
  • •This is an interesting study showing that tyrosine and MPL can act synergistically to produce a Thl response with model antigens.
  • DRACHENBERG KJ, WHEELER AW, STUEBNER P, HORAK F: A well-tolerated grass pollen specific allergy vaccine containing a novel adjuvant, monophosphoryl lipid A, reduces allergic symptoms after only four preseason injections. Allergy (2001) 56:498–505.
  • ••A very important clinical study showinghow incorporation of a Thl adjuvant can reduce the number of injections required to obtain efficacy.
  • DRACHENBERG KJ, HEINZKILL M, URBAN E, WORONIECKI SR: Efficacy and tolerability of short-term specific immunotherapy with pollen allergoids adjuvant by monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL®) for children and adolescents. Allergol Immunopathol (2003) 31(5):270–277.
  • •Confirmation of the efficacy and safety of a Thl adjuvanted allergy vaccine. AV may reduce the progression of allergic disease in children.
  • MAILLARD I, ADLER SH, PEAR WS: Notch and the immune system. Immunity (2003) 19(6):781–791.
  • ••A novel and very interesting approach tospecific immunomodulation.
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  • ••A landmark paper providing ratification ofAV as a mainstream method of treating allergy.
  • WILSON DR, TORRES LIMA M, DURHAM SR: Sublingual immunotherapy for allergic rhinitis (Cochrane Review). In: The Cochrane Library issue 2(2003). Oxford: Update software.
  • •A very thorough statistical analysis of controlled sublingual immunotherapy studies concludes that the treatment may be safe and efficacious.
  • KLIMEK L, STUCK B, HUNDORF J, SCHNEIDER-GENE S, HORMANN K: Monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL®) has Thl stimulating properties in immunotherapy with birch pollen allergoid. Allergy (2001) 56\(Suppl. 68):93.
  • •Provides good evidence of MPL inducing a Thl adjuvant effect.
  • ROVER AC, REIMANN S, ZUBERBIER T, WORM M: Immmunophenotypic characterization of peripheral B cells during short-term immunotherapy with tree pollen allergoid and the immunoadjuvant monophosphoryl lipid A. I Invest. Allergol Clin. Immunol (2002) 12(4):227–234.
  • •Provides good evidence of MPL inducing a Thl adjuvant effect.
  • VON BAEHR V, SCHERF HP, HERMES A: Allergoid-specific cellular immune response as a possible marker for immunological M vitro effects of immunotherapy. Allergy (2001) 56\(Suppl. 68):91.
  • •A publication supporting the use of allergoids, but with rather complex methodology.
  • PUGGIONI F, FRANCIS JN, DURHAM SR: Monophosphoryl lipid A: M vitro effects on human T cell proliferation and cytokine production. Allergy Clin. Immunol (2003) 111(Pt 2):333.
  • •Support for Thl adjuvants from a prestigious group. Patent
  • CARTER EB: Detoxified pollen extract. U52019808 (1935).

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