Amyloid beta (Aβ) peptide modulators and other current treatment strategies for Alzheimer’s disease (AD)

Bibliography

• Alzheimer Association: 2011 Alzheimer’s Disease Facts and Figures statistical resource. Available from: http://www.alz.org/downloads/Facts_Figures_2011.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Vellas B, Andrieu S, Sampaio C, Wilcock G. Disease-modifying trials in Alzheimer’s disease: a European Task Force group. Lancet Neurol 2007;6:56-62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alzheimer A, Stelzmann RA, Schnitzlein HN, Murtagh FR. An English translation of Alzheimer’s 1907 paper “Uber eine eigenartige Erkankung der Hirnrinde”. Clin Anat 1995;8:429-31
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lukiw WJ. One hundred years of Alzheimer’s disease research: are we any closer to a cure? Aging Health 2007;3:279-82
   Google Scholar
• Hardy J. Alzheimer’s disease: the amyloid cascade hypothesis: an update and reappraisal. J Alzheimers Dis 2006;9:151-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nilsson S, Koehler KF, Gustafsson JA. Development of subtype-selective oestrogen receptor-based therapeutics. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2011;10:778-92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karran E, Mercken M, De Strooper B. The amyloid cascade hypothesis for Alzheimer’s disease: an appraisal for the development of therapeutics. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2011;10:698-712
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hardy J. Alzheimer’s disease: the amyloid cascade hypothesis: an update and reappraisal. J Alzheimers Dis 2006;9:151-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Selkoe DJ. Resolving controversies on the path to Alzheimer’s therapeutics. Nat Med 2011;17:1060-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Esiri MM, Chance SA. Vulnerability to Alzheimer’s pathology in neocortex: the roles of plasticity and columnar organization. J Alzheimers Dis 2006;9:79-89
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cui JG, Hill JM, Zhao Y, Lukiw WJ. Expression of inflammatory genes in the primary visual cortex of late-stage Alzheimer’s disease. Neuroreport 2007;18:115-19
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van de Pol LA, Korf ES, van der Flier WM, Magnetic resonance imaging predictors of cognition in mild cognitive impairment. Arch Neurol 2007;64:1023-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marshall GA, Monserratt L, Harwood D, Amyloid imaging in the differential diagnosis of dementia: review and potential clinical applications. Alzheimers Res Ther 2011;3:31-4
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Velliquette RA, O'Connor T, Vassar R. Energy inhibition elevates beta-secretase levels and activity and is potentially amyloidogenic in APP transgenic mice: possible early events in Alzheimer’s disease pathogenesis. J Neurosci 2005;25:10874-83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ewers M, Sperling RA, Klunk WE, Neuroimaging markers for the prediction and early diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease dementia. Trends Neurosci 2011;34:430-42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siemers ER, Quinn JF, Kaye J, Effects of a gamma-secretase inhibitor in a randomized study of patients with Alzheimer disease. Neurology 2006;66:602-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomita T. At the frontline of Alzheimer’s disease treatment: gamma-secretase inhibitor/modulator mechanism. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2008;377:295-300
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siemers ER, Dean RA, Friedrich S, Safety, tolerability, and effects on plasma and cerebrospinal fluid amyloid-beta after inhibition of gamma-secretase. Clin Neuropharmacol 2007;30:317-25
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Epis R, Marcello E, Gardoni F, Luca MD. Alpha, beta-and gamma-secretases in Alzheimer’s disease. Front Biosci (Schol Ed) 2012;4:1126-50
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Van Broeck B, Van Broeckhoven C, Kumar-Singh S. Current insights into molecular mechanisms of Alzheimer disease and their implications for therapeutic approaches. Neurodegener Dis 2007;4:349-65
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dong J, Lu K, Lakdawala A, Controlling amyloid growth in multiple dimensions. Amyloid 2006;13:206-15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li H, Wolfe MS, Selkoe DJ. Toward structural elucidation of the gamma-secretase complex. Structure 2009;17:326-34
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lukiw WJ. Docosahexaenoic acid and amyloid-beta peptide signaling in Alzheimer’s disease. World Rev Nutr Diet 2009;99:55-70
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lukiw WJ, Bazan NG. Survival signaling in Alzheimer’s disease. Biochem Soc Trans 2006;34:1277-82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thornton E, Vink R, Blumbergs PC, Van Den Heuvel C. Soluble amyloid precursor protein alpha reduces neuronal injury and improves functional outcome following diffuse traumatic brain injury in rats. Brain Res 2006;1094:38-46
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dube JB, Johansen CT, Hegele RA. Sortilin: an unusual suspect in cholesterol metabolism: from GWAS identification to in vivo biochemical analyses, sortilin has been identified as a novel mediator of human lipoprotein metabolism. Bioessays 2011;33:430-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao Y, Zhao B. Natural antioxidants in prevention and management of Alzheimer’s disease. Front Biosci (Elite Ed) 2012;4:794-808
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Armstrong RA. Plaques and tangles and the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease. Folia Neuropathol 2006;44:1-11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Offe K, Dodson SE, Shoemaker JT, The lipoprotein receptor LR11 regulates amyloid beta production and amyloid precursor protein traffic in endosomal compartments. J Neurosci 2006;26:1596-603
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Available from: http://www.healthscout.com/animation/68/7/main.html#transcript www.knol.google.com/k/ba pineuzumab -pfizer-j-j-elan-review#
   Google Scholar
• Zhang H, Ma Q, Zhang YW, Xu H. Proteolytic processing of Alzheimer’s beta-amyloid precursor protein. J Neurochem 2012;120:9-21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou ZD, Chan CH, Ma QH, The roles of amyloid precursor protein (APP) in neurogenesis: implications to pathogenesis and therapy of Alzheimer disease. Cell Adhes Migr 2011;5:280-92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogaeva E, Meng Y, Lee JH, The neuronal sortilin-related receptor SORL1 is genetically associated with Alzheimer disease. Nat Genet 2007;39:168-77
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao Y, Cui JG, Lukiw WJ. Reduction of sortilin-1 in Alzheimer hippocampus and in cytokine-stressed human brain cells. Neuroreport 2007;18:1187-91
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lukiw WJ, Pappolla M, Pelaez RP, Bazan NG. Alzheimer’s disease-a dysfunction in cholesterol and lipid metabolism. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2005;25:475-83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cramer PE, Cirrito JR, Wesson DW, ApoE-directed therapeutics rapidly clear beta-Amyloid and reverse deficits in AD mouse models. Science 2012. [Epub ahead of print]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Houacine J, Bolmont T, Aeschbach L, Selective neutralization of APP-C99 with monoclonal antibodies reduces the production of Alzheimer’s Abeta peptides. Neurobiol Aging 2012; Epub ahead of print
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carter C. Alzheimer’s Disease: APP, Gamma Secretase, APOE, CLU, CR1, PICALM, ABCA7, BIN1, CD2AP, CD33, EPHA1, and MS4A2, and their relationships with herpes Simplex, C. Pneumoniae, other suspect pathogens, and the immune system. Int J Alzheimers Dis 2011;2011:501862
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Carter CJ. Alzheimer’s disease: a pathogenetic autoimmune disorder caused by herpes simplex in a gene-dependent manner. Int J Alzheimers Dis 2010;2010:140539
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Castellani RJ, Smith MA. Compounding artefacts with uncertainty, and an amyloid cascade hypothesis that is ‘too big to fail'. J Pathol 2011;224:147-52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee HG, Zhu X, Castellani RJ, Amyloid-beta in Alzheimer disease: the null versus the alternate hypotheses. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2007;321:823-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee HG, Zhu X, Nunomura A, Amyloid beta: the alternate hypothesis. Curr Alzheimer Res 2006;3:75-80
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lee HG, Casadesus G, Zhu X, Challenging the amyloid cascade hypothesis: senile plaques and amyloid-beta as protective adaptations to Alzheimer disease. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2004;1019:1-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lukiw WJ, Cui JG, Yuan LY, Acyclovir or Abeta42 peptides attenuate HSV-1-induced miRNA-146a levels in human primary brain cells. Neuroreport 2010;21:922-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wozniak MA, Frost AL, Preston CM, Itzhaki RF. Antivirals reduce the formation of key Alzheimer’s disease molecules in cell cultures acutely infected with herpes simplex virus type 1. PLoS One 2011;6(10):e25152
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lukiw WJ. 100 years of Alzheimer’s disease research: are we any closer to a cure? Aging Health 2007;3:279-82
   Google Scholar
• Thal LJ. Prevention of Alzheimer disease. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 2006;20:S97-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hardy J. A hundred years of Alzheimer’s disease research. Neuron 2006;52:3-13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanzi RE, Bertram L. Twenty years of the Alzheimer’s disease amyloid hypothesis: a genetic perspective. Cell 2005;120:545-55
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferri CP, Prince M, Brayne C, Alzheimer’s Disease International. Global prevalence of dementia: a Delphi consensus study. Lancet 2005;366:2112-17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delrieu J, Piau A, Caillaud C, Managing cognitive dysfunction through the continuum of Alzheimer’s disease: role of pharmacotherapy. CNS Drugs 2011;25:213-26
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lyketsos CG, Colenda CC, Beck C, Task Force of American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry. Position statement of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry regarding principles of care for patients with dementia resulting from Alzheimer disease. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2006;14:561-72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reitz C. Dyslipidemia and dementia: current epidemiology, genetic evidence, and mechanisms behind the associations. J Alzheimers Dis 2011. [Epub ahead of print]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Marum RJ. Update on the use of memantine in Alzheimer’s disease. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2009;5:237-47
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Birks J. Cholinesterase inhibitors for Alzheimer’s disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006;1:CD00593
   Google Scholar
• Salomone S, Caraci F, Leggio GM, New pharmacological strategies for treatment of Alzheimer’s disease: focus on disease-modifying drugs. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2011. [Epub ahead of print]
   Google Scholar
• Holzgrabe U, Kapkova P, Alptuzun V, Targeting acetylcholin-esterase to treat neurodegeneration. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2007;11:161-79
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yanagisawa K. Newly approved drugs for Alzheimer disease: effectiveness and limitation. Brain Nerve 2011;63:863-8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Herrmann N, Chau SA, Kircanski I, Lanctot KL. Current and emerging drug treatment options for Alzheimer’s disease: a systematic review. Drugs 2011;71:2031-65
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanovice A, Alfaro V. Glutamate-related excitotoxicity neuroprotection with memantine, an uncompetitive antagonist of NMDA-glutamate receptor, in Alzheimer’s disease and vascular dementia. Rev Neurol 2006;42:607-16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bordji K, Becerril-Ortega J, Buisson A. Synapses, NMDA receptor activity and neuronal Abeta production in Alzheimer’s disease. Rev Neurosci 2011;22:285-94
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Dyck CH, Tariot PN, Meyers B, Malca Resnick E; and the Memantine MEM-MD-01 Study Group. A 24-week randomized, controlled trial of memantine in patients with moderate-to-severe Alzheimer disease. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 2007;21:136-43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Creeley CE, Wozniak DF, Nardi A, Donepezil markedly potentiates memantine neurotoxicity in the adult rat brain. Neurobiol Aging 2008;29:153-67
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mount C, Downton C. Alzheimer’s disease: progress or profit? Nat Med 2006;3:1280-4
   Google Scholar
• Iliffe S. The National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) and drug treatment for Alzheimer’s disease. CNS Drugs 2007;21:177-84
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McShane R, Areosa Sastre A, Minakaran N. Memantine for dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006(2):CD003154
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khairallah MI, Kassem LA. Alzheimer’s disease: current status of etiopathogenesis and therapeutic strategies. Pak J Biol Sci 2011;14:257-72
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schenk D, Barbour R, Dunn W, Immunization with amyloid-beta attenuates Alzheimer-disease-like pathology in the PDAPP mouse. Nature 1999;400:173-7; 60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olkhanud PB, Mughal M, Ayukawa K, DNA immunization with HBsAg-based particles expressing a B cell epitope of amyloid beta-peptide attenuates disease progression and prolongs survival in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease. Vaccine 2012. [Epub ahead of print]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grimm MO, Rothhaar TL, Hartmann T. The role of APP proteolytic processing in lipid metabolism. Exp Brain Res 2011. [Epub ahead of print]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Panza F, Frisardi V, Solfrizzi V, Immunotherapy for Alzheimer’s disease: from anti-beta-amyloid to tau-based immunization strategies. Immunotherapy 2012;4:213-38
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Imbimbo BP, Ottonello S, Frisardi V, Solanezumab for the treatment of mild-to-moderate Alzheimer’s disease. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2012;8:135-49
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lukiw WJ. Emerging amyloid beta (Abeta) peptide modulators for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Expert Opin Emerg Drugs 2008;13:255-71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hashimoto M, Hossain S. Neuroprotective and ameliorative actions of polyunsaturated fatty acids against neuronal diseases: beneficial effect of docosahexaenoic acid on cognitive decline in Alzheimer’s disease. J Pharmacol Sci 2011;116:150-62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swanson D, Block R, Mousa SA. Omega-3 fatty acids EPA and DHA: health benefits throughout life. Adv Nutr 2012;3:1-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leon H, Shibata MC, Sivakumaran S, Effect of fish oil on arrhythmias and mortality: systematic review. BMJ 2008;337:a2931
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mancuso C, Siciliano R, Barone E, Preziosi P. Natural substances and Alzheimer’s disease: From preclinical studies to evidence based medicine. Biochim Biophys Acta 2011. [Epub ahead of print]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mancuso C, Siciliano R, Barone E, Pharmacologists and Alzheimer disease therapy: to boldly go where no scientist has gone before. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2011;20:1243-61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bezprozvanny I. The rise and fall of Dimebon. Drug News Perspect 2010;23:518-23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carlsson CM, Xu G, Wen Z, Effects of atorvastatin on cerebral blood flow in middle-aged adults at risk for Alzheimer’s disease: a pilot study. Curr Alzheimer Res 2011. [Epub ahead of print]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santos DB, Peres KC, Ribeiro RP, Probucol, a lipid-lowering drug, prevents cognitive and hippocampal synaptic impairments induced by amyloid beta peptide in mice. Exp Neurol 2011 [Epub ahead of print]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gelosa P, Cimino M, Pignieri A, The role of HMG-CoA reductase inhibition in endothelial dysfunction and inflammation. Vasc Health Risk Manag 2007;3:567-77
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jasinska M, Owczarek J, Orszulak-Michalak D. Statins: a new insight into their mechanisms of action and consequent pleiotropic effects. Pharmacol Rep 2007;59:483-99
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parsons RB, Farrant JK, Price GC, Regulation of the lipidation of beta-secretase by statins. Biochem Soc Trans 2007;35:577-82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butterfield DA, Barone E, Di Domenico F, Atorvastatin treatment in a dog preclinical model of Alzheimer’s disease leads to up-regulation of haem oxygenase-1 and is associated with reduced oxidative stress in brain. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2011;18:1-7
   Google Scholar
• Cordy JM, Hooper NM, Turner AJ. The involvement of lipid rafts in Alzheimer’s disease. Mol Membr Biol 2006;23:111-22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warren MW, Hynan LS, Weiner MF. Lipids and adipokines as risk factors for Alzheimer’s disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2012. [Epub ahead of print]
   Google Scholar
• Ledesma MD, Dotti CG. Peripheral cholesterol, metabolic disorders and Alzheimer’s disease. Front Biosci (Elite Ed) 2012;4:181-94
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wolozin B, Manger J, Bryant R, Re-assessing the relationship between cholesterol, statins and Alzheimer’s disease. Acta Neurol Scand Suppl 2006;185:63-70
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pac-Soo C, Lloyd DG, Vizcaychipi MP, Ma D. Statins: the role in the treatment and prevention of Alzheimer’s neurodegeneration. J Alzheimers Dis 2011;27:1-10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shepardson NE, Shankar GM, Selkoe DJ. Cholesterol level and statin use in Alzheimer disease: I. Review of epidemiological and preclinical studies. Arch Neurol 2011;68:1239-44
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parri HR, Hernandez CM, Dineley KT. Research update: alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor mechanisms in Alzheimer’s disease. Biochem Pharmacol 2011;82:931-42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burnett JR, Telford DE, Barrett PH, Huff MW. The ACAT inhibitor avasimibe increases the fractional clearance rate of postprandial triglyceride-rich lipoproteins in miniature pigs. Biochim Biophys Acta 2005;1738:10-18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yatskar L, Fisher EA, Schwartzbard A. Ezetimibe: rationale and role in the management of hypercholesterolemia. Clin Cardiol 2006;29:52-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davignon J, Leiter LA. Ongoing clinical trials of the pleiotropic effects of statins. Vasc Health Risk Manag 2005;1:29-40
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Arvanitakis Z, Schneider JA, Wilson RS, Statins, incident Alzheimer disease, change in cognitive function, and neuropathology. Neurology 2008;70:1795-802
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sparks DL. Alzheimer disease: statins in the treatment of Alzheimer disease. Nat Rev Neurol 2011;7:662-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sabbagh MN, Sparks DL. Statins to treat Alzheimer’s disease: an incomplete story. Expert Rev Neurother 2012;12:27-30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garzone P, Koller M, Pastrak A, Oral amyloid anti-aggregating agent ELND005 is measurable in CSF and brain of healthy adult men. Alzheimers Demen 2009;5:323
   Google Scholar
• Huttunen HJ, Greco C, Kovacs DM. Knockdown of ACAT-1 reduces amyloidogenic processing of APP. FEBS Lett 2007;581:1688-92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aisen PS, Gauthier S, Vellas B, Alzhemed: a potential treatment for Alzheimer’s disease. Curr Alzheimer Res 2007;4:473-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sabbagh MN. Drug development for Alzheimer’s disease: where are we now and where are we headed? Am J Geriatr Pharmacother 2009;7:167-85
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Available from: http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/75040.php www.myriad.com/
   Google Scholar
• Imbimbo BP, Giardina GA. gamma-secretase inhibitors and modulators for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease: disappointments and hopes. Curr Top Med Chem 2011;11:1555-70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Myriad website. Available from: http://www.myriad.com/alzheimers/flurizan.php
   Google Scholar
• Mazza M, Capuano A, Bria P, Mazza S. Ginkgo biloba and donepezil: a comparison in the treatment of Alzheimer’s dementia in a randomized placebo-controlled double-blind study. Eur J Neurol 2006;13:981-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim HG, Oh MS. Nutraceuticals and prevention of neurodegeneration herbal medicines for the prevention and treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease. Curr Pharm Des 2012. [Epub ahead of print]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howes MJ, Perry E. The role of phytochemicals in the treatment and prevention of dementia. Drugs Aging 2011;28:439-68
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts BR, Ryan TM, Bush AI, The role of metallobiology and amyloid-beta peptides in Alzheimer’s disease. J Neurochem 2012;120:149-66
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Squitti R. Metals in Alzheimer’s disease: a systemic perspective. Front Biosci 2012;17:451-72
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Percy ME, Kruck TP, Pogue AI, Lukiw WJ. Towards the prevention of potential aluminum toxic effects and an effective treatment for Alzheimer’s disease. J Inorg Biochem 2011;105:1505-12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kruck TP, Cui JG, Percy ME, Lukiw WJ. Molecular shuttle chelation: the use of ascorbate, desferrioxamine and Feralex-G in combination to remove nuclear bound aluminum. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2004;24:443-59
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kawahara M, Kato-Negishi M. Link between Aluminum and the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease: the integration of the aluminum and amyloid cascade hypotheses. Int J Alzheimers Dis 2011;2011:276393
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kruck TP, Percy ME, Lukiw WJ. Metal sulfate-mediated induction of pathogenic genes and repression by phenyl butyl nitrone and Feralex-G. Neuroreport 2008;19:245-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao Y, Calon F, Julien C, Docosahexaenoic acid-derived neuroprotectin D1 induces neuronal survival via secretase- and PPARgamma-mediated mechanisms in Alzheimer’s disease models. PLoS One 2011;6:e15816
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cole GM, Frautschy SA. DHA may prevent age-related dementia. J Nutr 2010;140:869-74
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lukiw WJ, Cui JG, Marcheselli VL, A role for docosahexaenoic acid-derived neuroprotectin D1 in neural cell survival and Alzheimer disease. J Clin Invest 2005;115:2774-83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Serini S, Bizzarro A, Piccioni E, EPA and DHA differentially affect in vitro inflammatory cytokine release by peripheral blood mononuclear cells from Alzheimer’s patients. Curr Alzheimer Res 2012. [Epub ahead of print]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lebbadi M, Julien C, Phivilay A, Endogenous conversion of omega-6 into omega-3 fatty acids improves neuropathology in an animal model of Alzheimer’s disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2011;27:853-69
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amtul Z, Keet M, Wang L, DHA supplemented in peptamen diet offers no advantage in pathways to amyloidosis: is it time to evaluate composite lipid diet? PLoS One 2011;6:e24094
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lukiw WJ. Cholesterol and 24S-hydroxycholesterol trafficking in Alzheimer’s disease. Expert Rev Neurother 2006;6:683-93
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simons M, Keller P, De Strooper B, Cholesterol depletion inhibits the generation of beta-amyloid in hippocampal neurons. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998;95:6460-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Epis R, Marcello E, Gardoni F, Luca MD. Alpha, beta-and gamma-secretases in Alzheimer’s disease. Front Biosci (Schol Ed) 2012;4:1126-50
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ballard C, Khan Z, Clack H, Corbett A. Nonpharmacological treatment of Alzheimer disease. Can J Psychiatry 2011;56:589-95
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saravanan P, Davidson NC. Fish oil and arrhythmias. Pro-arrhythmic effects of fish oils. BMJ 2009;338:b393
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Burgener SC, Buettner L, Coen Buckwalter K, Evidence supporting nutritional interventions for persons in early stage Alzheimer’s disease (AD). J Nutr Health Aging 2008;12:18-21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burns A, O'Brien J; BAP Dementia Consensus groupAuriacombe S, British Association for Psychopharmacology. Clinical practice with anti-dementia drugs: a consensus statement from British Association for Psychopharmacology. J Psychopharmacol 2006;20:732-55
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sparks DL, Connor DJ, Sabbagh MN, Circulating cholesterol levels, apolipoprotein E genotype and dementia severity influence the benefit of atorvastatin treatment in Alzheimer’s disease: results of the Alzheimer’s Disease Cholesterol-Lowering Treatment (ADCLT) trial. Acta Neurol Scand Suppl 2006;185:3-7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Available from: www.clinicaltrials.gov www.alzforum.org/drg/drc/default.asp
   Google Scholar
• Li L, Cao D, Kim H, Simvastatin enhances learning and memory independent of amyloid load in mice. Ann Neurol 2006;60:729-39
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoglund K, Wiklund O, Vanderstichel H, Plasma levels of beta-amyloid(1-40), beta-amyloid(1-42), and total beta-amyloid remain unaffected in adult patients with hypercholesterolemia after treatment with statins. Arch Neurol 2004;61:333-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu TY, Chen CP, Jinn TR. Traditional Chinese medicines and Alzheimer’s disease. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol 2011;50:131-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chakrabortee S, Liu Y, Zhang L, Macromolecular and small molecule modulation of intracellular Abeta42 aggregation and associated toxicity. Biochem J 2011. [Epub ahead of print]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar V. Potential medicinal plants for CNS disorders: an overview. Phytother Res 2006;20:1023-35
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steele M, Stuchbury G, Munch G. The molecular basis of the prevention of Alzheimer’s disease through healthy nutrition. Exp Gerontol 2007;42:28-36
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adams M, Gmunder F, Hamburger M. Plants traditionally used in age related brain disorders-a survey of the ethnobotanical literature. J Ethnopharmacol 2007;113:363-81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim HG, Oh MS. Nutraceuticals and prevention of neurodegeneration herbal medicines for the prevention and treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease. Curr Pharm Des 2012. [Epub ahead of print]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clare L, Linden DE, Woods RT, Goal-oriented cognitive rehabilitation for people with early-stage Alzheimer disease: a single-blind randomized controlled trial of clinical efficacy. Am J Geriatric Psychiatry 2010;18:928-39
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erickson KI, Voss MW, Prakash RS, Exercise training increases size of hippocampus and improves memory. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2011;108:3017-22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butterfield DA, Barone E, Mancuso C. Cholesterol-independent neuroprotective and neurotoxic activities of statins: perspectives for statin use in Alzheimer disease and other age-related neurodegenerative disorders. Pharmacol Res 2011;64:180-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Medical School, Harvard Health Newsletters. Disease-modifying drug fails in Alzheimer’s study. Harv Ment Health Lett 2010;26:7-11
   Google Scholar
• Green RC, Schneider LS, Amato DA, Tarenflurbil Phase III Study Group. Effect of tarenflurbil on cognitive decline and activities of daily living in patients with mild Alzheimer disease: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2009;302:2557-64
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wan HI, Jacobsen JS, Rutkowski JL, Feuerstein GZ. Translational medicine lessons from flurizan's failure in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) trial: implication for future drug discovery and development for AD. Clin Transl Sci 2009;2:242-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang J, Ferruzzi MG, Varghese M, Preclinical study of dimebon on beta-amyloid-mediated neuropathology in Alzheimer’s disease. Mol Neurodegener 2011;6:7-11
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fisher Center for Alzheimer’s Research Foundation 2011. ClinicalTrials.gov. Available from: www.ALZinfo.org http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/results?term=alzheimer%27s+disease
   Google Scholar
• Mancuso C, Siciliano R, Barone E, Pharmacologists and Alzheimer disease therapy: to boldly go where no scientist has gone before. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2011;20:1243-61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lukiw WJ. Micro-RNA speciation in fetal, adult and Alzheimer’s disease hippocampus. Neuroreport 2007;18:297-300
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lukiw WJ, Zhao Y, Cui JG. An NF-kB-sensitive micro RNA-146a-mediated inflammatory circuit in Alzheimer disease and in stressed human brain cells. J Biol Chem 2008;283:31315-22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sethi P, Lukiw WJ. Micro-RNA abundance and stability in human brain: specific alterations in Alzheimer’s disease temporal lobe neocortex. Neurosci Lett 2009;459:100-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cui JG, Li YY, Zhao Y, Differential regulation of interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase-1 (IRAK-1) and IRAK-2 by miRNA-146a and NF-kB in stressed human astroglial cells and in Alzheimer disease. J Biol Chem 2010;285:38951-60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holtzman JL. Are we prepared to deal with the Alzheimer’s disease pandemic? Clin Pharmacol Ther 2010;88:563-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao Y, Cui JG, Lukiw WJ. Natural secretory products of human neural and microvessel endothelial cells: implications in pathogenic “spreading” and Alzheimer’s disease. Mol Neurobiol 2006;34:181-92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Itil TM, Eralp E, Ahmed I, The pharmacological effects of ginkgo biloba, a plant extract, on the brain of dementia patients in comparison with tacrine. Psychopharmacol Bull 1998;34:391-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fujiwara H, Iwasaki K, Furukawa K, Uncaria rhynchophylla, a Chinese medicinal herb, has potent anti-aggregation effects on Alzheimer’s beta-amyloid proteins. J Neurosci Res 2006;84:427-33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eubanks LM, Rogers CJ, Beuscher AE, A molecular link between the active component of marijuana and Alzheimer’s disease pathology. Mol Pharm 2006;3:773-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• da Rocha MD, Viegas FP, Campos HC, The role of natural products in the discovery of new drug candidates for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders II: Alzheimer’s disease. CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets 2011;10:251-70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aisen PS. Development of a disease-modifying treatment for Alzheimer’s disease: alzhemed. Alzheimers Dement 2006;2:153-4
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Aisen PS, Gauthier S, Ferris SH, Tramiprosate in mild-to-moderate Alzheimer’s disease - a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multi-centre study (the Alphase Study). Arch Med Sci 2011;7:102-11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saumier D, Aisen PS, Gauthier S, Lessons learned in the use of volumetric MRI in therapeutic trials in Alzheimer’s disease: the ALZHEMED (Tramiprosate) experience. J Nutr Health Aging 2009;13:370-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sato N, Shinohara M, Rakugi H, Morishita R. Dual effects of statins on Abeta metabolism: upregulation of the degradation of APP-CTF and Abeta clearance. Neurodegener Dis 2012. [Epub ahead of print]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carlsson CM, Xu G, Wen Z, Effects of atorvastatin on cerebral blood flow in middle-aged adults at risk for Alzheimer’s disease: a pilot study. Curr Alzheimer Res 2011. [Epub ahead of print]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shepardson NE, Shankar GM, Selkoe DJ. Cholesterol level and statin use in Alzheimer disease: II. Review of human trials and recommendations. Arch Neurol 2011;68:1385-92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bachurin S, Bukatina E, Lermontova N, Antihistamine agent Dimebon as a novel neuroprotector and a cognition enhancer. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2001;939:425-35
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill JM, Zhao Y, Clement C, HSV-1 infection of human brain cells induces miRNA-146a and Alzheimer-type inflammatory signaling. Neuroreport 2009;20:1500-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill JM, Gebhardt BM, Azcuy AM, Can a herpes simplex virus type 1 neuroinvasive score be correlated to other risk factors in Alzheimer’s disease? Med Hypotheses 2005;64:320-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLaurin J, Cecal R, Kierstead ME, Therapeutically effective antibodies against amyloid-beta peptide target amyloid-beta residues 4-10 and inhibit cytotoxicity and fibrillogenesis. Nat Med 2002;8:1263-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar