Biological activity of plant extracts: novel analgesic drugs

Bibliography

• DE SMET PAGM: The role of plant-derived drugs and herbal medicines in healthcare. Drugs (1997) 54(6):801–840.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CRAGG GM, NEWMAN DJ, SNADER KM: Natural products in drug discovery and development. J. Nat. Prod. (1997) 60(1):52–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VERPOORTE R: Exploration of nature's chemodiversity: the role of secondary metabolites as leads in drug development. Drug Disc. Today (1998) 3(5):232–238.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HARVEY A: Strategies for the discovering drugs from previously unexplored natural products. Drug Disc. Today (2000) 5(7):294–300.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CALIXTO JB: Efficacy, quality control, marketing and regulatory guidelines for herbal medicines (phytotherapeutics agents). Braz J. Med. Biol. Res. (2000) 33(2):179–189.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CORDELL GA: Biodiversity and drug discovery - a symbiotic relationship. Phytochemistry (2000) 55(6):463–480.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• STROHL WR: The role of natural products in a modern drug discovery program. Drug Disc. Today (2000) 5(2):39–41.
   Google Scholar
• BLUMENTHAL M: Harvard study estimates consumers spend $5.1 billion on herbal products? Herbal Gram (1999) 45:68.
   Google Scholar
• BLUMENTHAL M: Herb industry sees mergers, acquisitions, and entry by pharmaceutical giants in 1998. Herbal Gram (1999) 45:67–68.
   Google Scholar
• BORCHERS AT, SAKAI S, HENDERSON GL et al.: Shosaiko-to and other kampo (Japanese herbal) medicines: a review of their immunomodulatory activities. J. Ethnopharnzacol. (2000) 73(1-2):13.
   Google Scholar
• PANDEY RC: Prospecting for potentially new pharmaceuticals from natural sources. Med. Res. Rev. (1998) 18(5):333–346.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SHU YZ: Recent natural products based drug development: a pharmaceutical industry perspective. J. Nat. Prod. (1998) 61(8): 1053–1071.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BENYHE S: Morphine: new aspects in the study of an ancient compound. Lifi Sci. (1994) 55(13):969–979.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BROWNSTEIN MJ: A brief history of opiates, opioid peptides, and opioid receptors. Proc. NatL Acad. Sci. USA (1993) 90(12):5391–5393.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MATTHES HWD, MALDONADO R, SIMONIN F et al.: Loss of morphine-induced analgesia, reward effect and withdrawal symptoms in mice lacking the µ-opioid-receptor gene. Nature (1996) 383(6603):819–823.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TREASE GE, EVANS WC: Alkaloids. In: Pharmacognosy. Trease GE, Evans WC (Eds.), Cassell & Collier Macmillan Publishers Ltd., London, UK (1978):527–620.
   Google Scholar
• CALIXTO JB, BEIRITH A, FERREIRA J,SANTOS ARS, CECHINEL FILHO V, YUNES RA: Naturally ocurring antinociceptive substances from plants. Phytother. Res. (2000) 14(6):401–418.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •This review article discusses the historical contribution of medicinal plants to the development of modern analgesic therapy and also discusses some recent studies on the antinociceptive substances of plant origin.
   Google Scholar
• KIEFFER LB: Opioids: first lessons from knockout mice. Trends PharmacoL Sci. (1999) 20(1):19–26.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PASTERNAK GW: Insights into mu opioid pharmacology the role of mu opioid receptor subtypes. Lifi Sci. (2001) 68(19-20):2213–2219.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KITCHEN I, SLOWE SJ, MATTHES HWD, KIEFFER B: Quantitative autoradiographic mapping of mu-, delta-and kappa-opioid receptors in knockout mice lacking the mu-opioid receptor gene. Brain Res. (1997) 778(1):73–88.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NARITA M, FUNADA M, SUZUKI T: Regulations of opioid dependence by opioid receptor types. PharmacoL Ther. (2001) 89(1):1–15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ROBBERS JE, TYLER VE: Arthritic and musculoskeletal disorders. In: Tyler's Herbs of Choice. The Therapeutic Use of PhytomedicinaLs. Robbers JE, Tyler VE (Eds.), Haworth Herbal Press, Inc., Binghamton, USA (1999):199–209.
   Google Scholar
• DRESER H: Pharmacologisches über aspirin (acethylsalicylsäuse). Pfläger's Arch. Gesamte PhysioL Menschen Tiere (1899) 76:306.
   Google Scholar
• WALKER JS: NSAID: an update on theiranalgesic effects. Clin. Exp. PharmacoLPhysiol. (1995) 22(10:855–860.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• JACK DB: One hundred years of aspirin. Lancet (1997) 350(9075):437–439.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NORTON wL, MEISINGER MA: An overview of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agents (NSAIA). Inflammation (1977) 2(1):37–46.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• VANE JR: Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis as a mechanism of action for aspirin-like drugs. Nature (1971) 231(25):232–235.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VANE JR, BAKHLE YS, BO 1"IING RM: Cyclooxygenases 1 and 2. Ann. Rev. Pharnzacol Taxied. (1998) 38:97–120.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VANEGAS H, SCHAIBLE HG: Prostaglandins and cyclooxygenases in the spinal cord. Prog. Neurobiol (2001) 64(4):327–363.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BOTTING RM, BOTTING JH: Pathogenesis and mechanisms of inflammation and pain. Clin. Drug Invest. (2000) 19(Suppl. 2):1–7.
   Google Scholar
• VANE JR: The fight against rheumatism: from willow bark COX-1 sparing drugs. J Physiol Pharmacol (2000) 51(4):573–586.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BORENSTEIN DG: Epidemiology, etiology, diagnostic evaluation, and treatment of low back pain. Curr. Opin. Rheumatol (2001) 13(2):128–134.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• STEINEGGER E, HAVEL A: Analytical and biological studies of salicaceae substances, especially an salicin II biological study. Pharm. Acta Hely. (1972) 47(3):222–234.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• SCHMID B, LUDTKE R, SELBMANN HK et al.: Effectiveness and tolerance of standardized willow bark extract in arthrosis patients. Randomized, placebo controlled double-blind study. Z. Rheumatol (2000) 59(5):314–320.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •Reported from clinical trial demonstrating that willow bark extract shows a moderate analgesic effect in osteoarthritis.
   Google Scholar
• CHRUBASIK S, EISENBERG E, BALAN E, WEINBERGER T, LUZZATI R, CONRADT C: Treatment of low back pain exacerbations with willow bark extract: a randomized double-blind study. Am. J. Med. (2000) 109(1):9–14.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •Results from this clinical trial show that willow bark extract may be a useful and safe treatment for low back pain.
   Google Scholar
• RUSSO CM, BROSE WG: Chronic pain.Ann. Rev. Med. (1998) 49:123–133.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MECHOULAM R, FRIDE E: Physiology. A hunger for cannabinoids. Nature (2001) 410(6830):822–825.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AMERI A: The effects of cannabinoids onthe brain. Prog. Neurobiol (1999) 58(4):15–48.
   Google Scholar
• BURSTEIN SH: The cannabinoid acids: nonpsychoactive derivatives with therapeutic potential. Pharmacol Ther. (1999) 82(1):87–86.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DE PETROCELLIS L, MELCK D, BISOGNO T, DI MARZO V: Endocannabinoids and fatty acid amides in cancer, inflammation and related disorders. Chem. Phys. Lipids (2000) 108(1-2):191–209.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ••This is an interesting review that describesthe medicinal use of Cannabis saliva and also discusses its chemical constituents, the cannabinoids. The authors also discuss the therapeutic potential of the endogenous ligands of cannabinoid receptors, the endocannabinoids, and their derivatives.
   Google Scholar
• MECHOULAM R: Looking back at Cannabis research. Curr. Pharm. Des. (2000) 6(13):1313–1322.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PALMER SL, KHANOLKAR AD, MAKRIYANNIS A: Natural and synthetic endocannabinoids and their structure-activity relationships. Curr. Pharm. Des. (2000) 6(13):1381–1397.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MECHOULAM R: Marijuana chemistry. Science (1970) 168(936):1159–1166.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• MATSUDA LA, LOLAIT SJ, BROWNSTEIN MJ, YOUNG AC, BONNER TI: Structure of cannabinoid receptor and functional expression of the cloned cDNA. Nature (1990) 346(6284):561–564.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MUNRO S, THOMAS KL, ABU-SHAAR M: Molecular characterization of a peripheral receptor for cannabinoids. Nature(1993) 365(6441):61–65.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PERTWEE RG: Cannabinoid receptors and pain. Prog. Neurobiol (2001) 63(5):569–611.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ••This is an extensive review that focuses onrecent knowledge in connection with CB, and CB2 receptors and regarding their interest for the development of new analgesic drugs.
   Google Scholar
• MARTIN BR, MECHOULAM R, RAZDAN RK: Discovery and characterization of endogenous cannabinoids. Lifi Sci. (1999) 65(6-7):573–595.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DI MARZO V, SEPE N, DE PETROCELLIS L et al.: Trick or treat from food endocannabinoids? Nature (1998)396(6712):677–678.
   Google Scholar
• MECHOULAM R, FRIDE E, DI MARZO V: Endocannabinoids. Eur. J. Pharmacol (1998) 359(1):1–18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MECHOULAM R: Interview with Prof. Raphael Mechoulam, codiscoverer of THC. Interview by Stanley Einstein. Int. J Addict. (1986) 21(4-5):579–587.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• NOYES R Jr, BRUNK SF, BARAN DA, CANTER A: Analgesic effect of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol. J. Clin. Pharmacol (1975) 15(2-3):139–143.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HOLDCROFT A, SMITH M, JACKLIN A, HODGSON H, SMITH B, NEWTON M, EVANS F: Pain relief with oral cannabinoids in familial Mediterranean fever. Anaesthesia (1997) 52(5):483–486.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RUSSO E: Cannabis for migraine treatment: the one and future prescription? An historical and scientific review. Pain (1998) 76(1-2):3–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FORMUKONG EA, EVANS AT, EVANS FJ: The medicinal uses of Cannabis and its constituents. Phytother. Res. (1989) 3:219–231.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HIRST RA, LAMBERT DG, NOTCUTT WG: Pharmacology and potencial therapeutic uses of cannabis. Br. J Anaest. (1998) 81(1):77–84.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WALKER JM, HOHMANN AG, MARTIN WJ, STRANGMAN NM: The neurobiology of cannabinoid analgesia. Lifi Sci. (1999) 65(6/7):665–673.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MENG ID, MANNING BH, MARTIN WJ, FIELDS HL: An analgesic circuit activated by cannabinoids. Nature (1998) 395(6700):381–383.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CALIGNANO A, LA RANA G, GIUFFRIDA A, PIOMELLI D: Control of pain initiation by endogenous cannabinoids. Nature (1998) 394(6690):277–281.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CALIGNANO A, LA RANA G, PIOMELLI D: Antinociceptive activity of the endogenous fatty acid amide, palmitylethanolamide. Eur. j Pharmacol (2001) 419(2-3):191–198.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LEDENT C, VALVERDE O, COSSU G et al.: Unresponsiveness to cannabinoids and reduced addictive effects of opiates in CB1receptor knockout mice. Science (1999) 283(5400):401–404.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BRIDGES D, AHMAD K, RICE ASC: The synthetic cannabinoid WIN55,212-2 attenuates hyperalgesia and allodynia in a rat model of neuropathic pain. Br. J. Pharmacol (2001) 133(4):586–594.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FOX A, KESINGLAND A, GENTRY C et al.: The role of central and peripheral cannabinoid, receptors in the antihyperalgesic activity of cannabinoids in a model of neuropathic pain. Pain (2001) 92(1-2):91–100.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PIOMELLI D, GIUFFRIDA A, CALIGNANO A, FONSECA FR: The endocannabinoid system as a target for therapeutic drugs. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. (2000) 21(6):218–224.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SIEGLING A, HOFMANN HA, DENZER D, MAULER F, DE VRY J: Cannabinoid CB(1) receptor upregulation in a rat model of chronic neuropathic pain. Eur. Pharmacol. (2001) 415(1):R5–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WILSON RI, NICOLL RA: Endogenous cannabinoids mediate retrograde signalling at hippocampal synapses. Nature (2001) 410(6828):588–592.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HUANG CC, SW L, HSU KS: Presynaptic mechanism underlying cannabinoid inhibition of excitatory synaptic transmission in rat striatal neurons. j Physiol. (2001) 532(3):731–748.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KATHMANN M, WEBER B, SCHLICKER E: Cannabinoid CB1 receptor-mediated inhibition of acetylcholine release in the brain of NMRI, CD-1 and C57BL/6J mice. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol. (2001) 363(1):50–56.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• OHNO-SHOSAKU T, MAEJIMA T, KANO M: Endogenous cannabinoids mediate retrograde signals from depolarized postsynaptic neurons to presynaptic terminals. Neuron (2001) 29(3):729–738.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KREITZER AC, REGEHR WG: Retrograde inhibition of presynaptic calcium influx by endogenous cannabinoids at excitatory synapses onto Purkinje cells. Neuron (2001) 29(3):717–727.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ZYGMUNT PM, PETERSSON J, ANDERSSON DA et al.: Vanilloid receptors on sensory nerves mediate the vasodilator action of anandamide. Nature (1999) 400(6743):452–457.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ••This paper shows that anandamide inducesvasodilatation by activating vanilloid receptors on perivascular sensory nerves and causes the release of calcitonin-gene-related peptide.
   Google Scholar
• ZYGMUNT PM, CHUANG H, MOVAHED P, JULIUS D, HOGESTATT ED: The anandamide transport inhibitor AM404 activates vanilloid receptors. Eur. Pharmacol. (2001) 396(1):39–42.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SMART D, JERMAN JC: Anandamide: an endogenous activator of the vanilloid receptor. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. (2000) 21(4):134.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• OLAH Z, KARAT L, LADAROLA MJ: Anandamide activates vanilloid receptor 1 at acidic pH in DRG neurons and cells ectopically expressing VR1. J. Biol. Chem. (2001). In Press.
   Google Scholar
• •This interesting paper suggests that tissue acidification during inflammatory processes, ischaemia or traumatic injury can sensitise VR1 in dorsal root ganglia receptor to eicosanoids and thus is able to facilitate the transduction of pain from the periphery.
   Google Scholar
• TOGNETTO M, AMADESI S, HARRISON S et al.: Anandamide excites central terminals of dorsal root ganglion neurons via vanilloid receptor-1 activation.Neurosci. (2001) 21(4):1104–1109.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MILLNS PJ, CHAPMAN V, KENDALL DA: Cannabinoid inhibition of the capsaicin-induced calcium response in rat dorsal root ganglion neurones. Br. J. Pharmacol. (2001) 132(5):969–971.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SZALLASI A, BLUMBERG P: Vanilloid (capsaicin) receptors and mechanisms. Pharmacol. Rev. (1999) 51(2):159–211.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ••This is an extensive and very interestingreview that describes the initial research on capsaicin and the discovery of vanilloid receptors, their pharmacological effects and potential interest for the development of new therapeutic agents.
   Google Scholar
• TRESH LT: Isolation of capsaicin. Pharm. J. (1846) 6:941.
   Google Scholar
• NELSON EK: The constitution of capsaicin. The pungent principle of capsaicin. J. Am. Chem. Soc. (1919) 41:1115–1117.
   Google Scholar
• IWAI K, SUZUKI T, SUZUKI T, KOBASHI M: Quantitative microanalysis of capsaicin, dihidrocapsaicin and nordihydrocapsaicin using mass fragmentography. J. Chromatogr. (1976) 123 (1):119–128.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JANCSO N: Role of nerve terminals in themechanism of inflammatory reactions. Bull. Millard Fillmore Hosp. (1960) 7:53–77.
   Google Scholar
• JUNG J, HWANG SW, KWAK J et al.: Capsaicin binds to the intracellular domain of the capsaicin-activated ion channel. J. Neurosci. (1999) 19(2):529–538.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• OH U, HWANG SW, KIM D: Capsaicin activates a nonselective cation channel in cultured neonatal rat dorsal root ganglion neurons. J. Neurosci. (1996) 16(5):1659–1667.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SZALLASI A, DI MARZO V: New perpectives on enigmatic vanilloid receptors. Trends Neurosci. (2000) 23 (10):491–497.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •This is a relevant review that describes the recent studies on vanilloid receptors and their potential interest for the development of new therapeutically useful drugs.
   Google Scholar
• STERNER O, SZALLASI A: Novel natural vanilloid receptor agaonist: new therapeutic targets for drug development. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. (1999) 20(11):459–465.
   Google Scholar
• •This interesting paper describes the pharmacological properties of unsaturated dialdehydes and triprenyl phenols that represent two newly discovered chemical classes of vanilloids. The authors propose that the uses of unsaturated dialdehydes in indigenous medicine might help identify new therapeutic targets for vanilloids and avoid unwanted actions.
   Google Scholar
• CATERINA MJ, SCHUMACHER MA, TOMINAGA M, ROSEN TA, LEVINE JD, JULIUS D: The capsaicin receptor: a heat-activated ion channel in the pain pathway. Nature (1997) 389(6653):816–824.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ••This study demonstrates, for the first time,that the VR1 receptor is a non-selective cation channel that is structurally related to members of the TRP family of ion channels. The cloned capsaicin receptor is also activated by increases in temperature in the noxious range, suggesting that it functions as a transducer of painful thermal stimuli in vivo.
   Google Scholar
• MCINTYRE P, MACLATCHIE LM, CHAMBERS A et al.: Pharmacological differences between the human and rat vanilloid receptor 1 (VR1). Br. J. Pharmacol. (2001) 132(1):1084–1094.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• ••In this study, VR1 were cloned fromhuman and rat dorsal root ganglion libraries and expressed in Xenopus oocytes or Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, showing the pharmacological differences between the human and rat VR1.
   Google Scholar
• HAYES P, MEADOWS HJ, GUNTHORPE MJ et al.: Cloning and functional expression of a human orthologue of rat vanilloid receptor-1. Pain (2000) 88:205–215.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •This paper shows the cloning of a human VR1 cDNA containing a 2517 bp open reading frame that encodes a protein with 92% homology to the rat VR1. Together with the sequence homology, a similar expression profile and functional properties confirm that the cloned cDNA represents the human orthologue of rat VR1.
   Google Scholar
• SMART D, JERMAN JC, GUNTHORPE MJ et al.: Characterisation using FLIPR of human vanilloid VRI receptor pharmacology. Eur. J. PharmacoL (2001) 417:51–58.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PIOMELLI D: The ligand that came fromwithin. Trends PharmacoL Sci. (2001) 22(I):17–19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• REEH PW, KRESS M: Molecular physiology of proton transduction in nociceptors. Curr. Opin. PharmacoL (2001) 1:45–51.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• MEZY E, TOTH ZE, CORTRIGHT DN et al.: Distribution of mRNA for vanilloid receptor subtype 1 (VRI), and VRI-like immunoreactivity, in the central nervous system of the rat and human. Proc. Nail. Acad. Sci. USA (2000) 97(7):3655–3660.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ••A very interesting study that demonstratesthat VR1 is expressed not only in primary sensory neurones but also in several brain nuclei, and is of great importance in that it places VRs in a much broader perspective than pain perception. It also suggests that VRs in the brain (and putative endogenous vanilloids) may be involved in the control of emotions, learning and satiety, to name just a few exciting possibilities.
   Google Scholar
• BARON R: Capsaicin and nociception: from basic mechanisms to novel drugs. Lancet (2000) 356(9232):785–787.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ••This is a very interesting and comprehensive review that comments on the distribution of vanilloid receptors in several brain areas. This review also comments that the selective agonists at these receptors, which are free from pungent activity, may represent a very attractive alternative for the development of new analgesic drugs.
   Google Scholar
• CATERINA MJ, LEFFLER A, MALMBERG AB et al.: Impaired nociception and pain sensation in mice lacking the capsaicin receptor. Science (2000) 288(5464):306–313.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ••This study reports for the first time thatmice lacking the VR1 receptor for capsaicin exhibit normal response to noxious mechanical stimuli but exhibit no vanilloid-evoked pain behaviour, suggesting that VR1 is essential for pain sensation and for tissue injury-induced thermal hyperalgesia.
   Google Scholar
• DAVIS JB, GRAY J, GUNTHORPE MJ et al.: Vanilloid receptor-I is essential for inflammatory thermal hyperalgesia. Nature (2000) 405(6783):183–187. This paper reports that VR1 receptors are essential for the development of sensitisation to thermal stimuli during inflammation but not for normal sensation of noxious heat.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KAMEI J, ZUSHIDA K, MORITA K, SASAKI M, TANAKA SI: Role of vanilloid VRI receptor in thermal allodynia and hyperalgesia in diabetic mice. Eur. J. PharmacoL (2001) 422:83–86.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TOHDA C, SASAKI M, KONEMURA T, SASAMURA T, ITOH M, KURAISHI Y: Axonal transport of VRI capsaicin receptor mRNA in primary afferents and its participation in inflammation-induced increase in capsaicin sensitivity. j Neurochem. (2001) 76(6):1628–1635.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• YIANGOU Y, FACER P, DYER NHC et al.: Vanilloid receptor 1 immunoreactivity in inflamed human bowel. Lancet (2001) 357:1338–1339.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ••This interesting study demonstrates thatVR1 is substantially higher in nerve fibres in inflammatory bowel in human disease than in normal bowel. The authors show that VR1 immunoreactivity is largely increased in colonic nerve fibre of patients with active inflammatory bowel disease.
   Google Scholar
• LEE J, LEE J, KIM J et al.: N-(3-acyloxy-2-benzylpropy1)-N'-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl) thiourea derivatives as potent vanilloid receptor agonists and analgesics. Bioorg. Med. Chem. (2001) 9(I):19–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ••This study reports the synthesis of newthiourea derivatives with strong and non-pungent vanilloid receptor agonists that exhibit potent analgesic activity.
   Google Scholar
• ROBBERS JE, TYLER VE: Performance and immune deficiencies. In Tyler's Herbs of Choice. The Therapeutic Use of Phytomedicinals. Robbers JE, Tyler VE (Eds.), Haworth Herbal Press, Inc., Binghamton, USA (1999):235–260.
   Google Scholar
• ATTELE A, WU JA, YUAN CS: Ginseng pharmacology. Multiple consitituents and multiple actions. Biochem. PharmacoL (1999) 58(II):1685–1693.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NAH JJ, HAHN JH, CHUNG S, CHOI S, KIM YI, NAH SY: Effect of ginsenosides, active components of ginseng, on capsaicin-induced pain-related behavior. Neuropharmaco/ogy (2000) 39(II):2180–2184.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• YOON SR, NAH JJ, SHIN YH et al: Ginsenosides induce differential antinociception and inhibition substance P-induced nociceptive response in mice. Lifi Sci. (1998) 62(21): PL319–PL325.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MOGIL JS, SHIN YH, MCCLESKEYEW, KIM SC, NAH SY: Ginsenoside Rf, a trace component of ginseng root, produces antinociception in mice. Brain Res. (1998) 792(2):218–228.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SHIN YH, JUNG OM, NAH JJ, NAM KY, KIM CY, NAH SY: Ginsenosides that produce differential antinociception in mice. Gen. PharnzacoL (1999) 32(6):653–659.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• SAMPSON JH, PHILLIPSON JD, BOWERY NG, O'NEILL MJ, HOUSTON JG, LEWIS JA: Ethnomedicinally selected plants as sources of potential analgesic compounds: indication of in vitro biological activity in receptor binding assays. Phytother. Res. (2000) 14(I):24–29.
   Google Scholar
• VOGLER BK, PITTLER MH, ERNST E: Feverfew as a preventive treatment for migraine: a systematic review. Cephalalgia (1998) 18(10):704–708.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FUKUDA K, HIBIYA Y, MUTOH M et al.: Inhibition by parthenolide of phorbol ester-induced transcriptional activation of inducible nitric oxide synthase gene in a human monocyte cell line THP-I. Biochem. PharmacoL (2000) 60(4):595–600.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ERNST E, PITTLER MH: The efficacy and safety of feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium): an update of a systematic reviews. Public. Health. Nutr. (2000) 3(4A):500–514.
   Google Scholar
• ALJANCIC I, VAJS V, BULATOVIC V, MENKOVIC N, MILOSAVLJEVIC S: Parthenolide from the aerial parts of Tanacetum larvatum. Biochem. Syst. EcoL (2001) 29(6):655–657.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WILLAMS CA, HARBORNE JB, GEIGER H, HOULT JRS: The flavonoids of Tanacetum parthenium and T vulgare and their anti-inflammatory properties. Phytochemistly (1999) 51(3):417–423.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MILBRODT M, SCHRODER F, KONIG WA: 3,4-P-epoxy-8-deoxycumambrin B, a sesquiterpene lactone from Tanacetum parthenium. Phytochemistry (1997) 44(3):471–474.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JAIN NK, KULKARNI SK: Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of Tanacetum parthenium L. Extract in mice and rats. J. EthnopharmacoL (1999) 68(I-3):251–259.
   Google Scholar
• WONG HR, MENENDEZ IY: Sesquiterpene lactones inhibit inducible nitric oxide synthase gene expression in cultured rat aortic smooth muscle cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. (1999) 262(2):375–380.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HEHNER SP, HEINRICH M, BORK PM et al.: Sesquiterpene lactones specifically inhibit activation of NF-icB by preventing the degradation of IKB-a and IicB-P. j Biol. Chem. (1998) 273(3):1288–1297.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HEHNER SP, HOFMANN TG, DROGE W, SCHMITZ ML: The antiinflammatory sesquiterpene lactone parthenolide inhibits NF-kappa B by targeting the I kappa B kinase.j Immunol (1999) 163(10):5617–5623.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JOHNSON ES, KADAM NP, HYLANDS DM, HYLANDS PJ: Efficacy of feverfew as prophylactic treatment of migraine. Br. Med. J. (1985) 291(6495):569–573.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MURPHY JJ, HEPTINSTALL S, MITCHELL JRA: Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial of feverfew in migraine prevention. Lancet (1988) 2(8604):189–192.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PALEVITCH D, EARON G, CARASSO R: Feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium) as a prophylactic treatment for migraine: a double-blind placebo-controlled study. Phytother. Res. (1997) 11(7):508–511.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BERRY MI: Feverfew faces the future. Pharm. J. (1984) 232:611–614.
   Google Scholar
• PATTRICK M, HEPTINSTALL S, DOHERTY M: Feverfew in rheumatoid arthritis: a double-blind, placebo controlled study. Ann. Rheum. Dis. (1989) 48(7):517–549.
   Google Scholar
• KLEPSER TB, KLEPSER ME: Unsafe and potentially safe herbal therapies. Am. J. Health Syst. Pharm. (1999) 56(2):125–138.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ANDERSON D, JENKINSON PC, DEWDNEY PS, BLOWERS SD, JOHNSON ES, KADAN NP: Chromosomal aberrations and sister chromatid exchanges in lymphocytes and urine mutagenicity of migraine patients: a comparison of chronic feverfew users and matched non-users. Hum. Taxied. (1988) 7(2):145–152.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AMERI A: The effects of Aconitum alkaloids on the central nervous system. Prog. Neurobiol (1998) 56(2):211–235.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GUTSER UT, FRIESE J, HEUBACH JF et al.: Mode of antinociceptive and toxic action of alkaloids of Aconitum species. Naunyn Schmiedeberg's Arch. Pharmacol (1998) 357(1):39–48.
   Google Scholar
• TRENTIN AP, SANTOS ARS, MIGUEL OG, PIZZOLATTI MG, YUNES RA, CALIXTO JB: Mechanisms involved in the antinociceptive effect in mice of the hydroalcoholic extract of Siphocampylus verticillatus. j Pharm. Pharmacol (1997) 49(5):576–572.
   Google Scholar
• SANTOS ARS, MIGUEL OG, YUNES RA, CALIXTO JB: Antinociceptive properties of the new alkaloid, cis-8,10-di-N-propyllobelidiol hydrochloride dihydrate isolated from Siphocampylus verticillatus: evidence for the mechanism of action. J. Pharmacol Exp. Ther. (1999) 289(1):417–426.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •This study shows that the new alkaloid (DPHD) produces dose-dependent and pronounced systemic, spinal and supraspinal antinociceptive action in mice, including against the neurogenic nociception induced by formalin and capsaicin.
   Google Scholar
• TRATSK KS, CAMPOS MM, VAZ ZR, CECHINEL FILHO V, SCHLEMPER V, YUNES RA, CALIXTO JB: Anti-allergic effects and oedema inhibition caused by the extract of aymis winteri. Infiamm. Res. (1997) 46(12):509–514.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MENDES GL, SANTOS ARS, CAMPOS MM et al.: Anti-hyperalgesic properties of the extract and of the main sesquiterpene polygodial isolated from the barks of aymis winteri (Winteraceae). Lifi Sci. (1998) 63(5):369–381.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MENDES GL, SANTOS ARS, MALHEIROS A, CECHINEL FILHO V, YUNES RA, CALIXTO JB: Assessment of the mechanisms involved in the antinociception caused by sesquiterpene polygodial. j Pharmacol Exp. Ther. (2000) 292(1):164–172.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •This study reveals that polygodial, a sesquiterpene isolated from the bark of Drymis winteri, produces dose-dependent and pronounced systemic, spinal and supraspinal antinociceptive action in mice.
   Google Scholar
• CECHINEL FILHO V, SCHLEMPER V, SANTOS ARS et al.: Isolation and identification of active compounds from Drimys winteri barks. J EthnopharmacoL (1998) 62(3):223–227.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MALHEIROS A, CECHINEL FILHO V, SCHMITT CB et al.: A sesquiterpene drimane with antinociceptive activity from Thymis winteri bark. Phytochemistry (2001) 57(1):103–107.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TRENTIN AP, SANTOS ARS, GUEDES A, PIZZOLATTI MG, YUNES RA, CALIXTO JB: Antinociception caused by the extract of Hedyosmum brasiliense and its active principle, the sesquiterpene lactone 13-hydroxy-8,9-dehydroshizukanolide. Planta Med. (1999) 65(6):517–521.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FERREIRA J, SANTOS ARS, CALIXTO JB: The role of systemic, spinal and supraspinal L-arginine-nitric oxide-cGMP pathway in thermal hyperalgesia caused by intrathecal injection of glutamate in mice. Neuropharmaco/ogy (1999) 38(6):835–842.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CALIXTO JB, SANTOS ARS, CECHINEL FILHO V, YUNES RA: A review of the genus Phyllanthus: their chemistry, pharmacology, and therapeutic potential. Med. Res. Rev. (1998) 18(4):225–258.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •This review article describes the recent phytochemical, pharmacological and clinical studies carried out with the plants of the genus Phyllanthus, including their antinociceptive properties.
   Google Scholar
• SANTOS ARS, DE CAMPOS RO, MIGUEL OG, CECHINEL FILHO V, YUNES RA, CALIXTO JB: The involvement of IQ- channels anGilo protein in the antinociceptive action of the gallic acid ethyl ester. Eur. j Pharmacol (1999) 379(1):7–17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •This study reveals that gallic acid ethyl ester (GAEE) produces dose-dependent and pronounced systemic, spinal and supraspinal antinociception in mice, probably by activation of IC- channels and by a G, pertussis toxin-sensitive mechanism.
   Google Scholar
• MILLAN MJ: The induction of pain: an integrative review. Prog. Neurobiol (1999) 57(1):1–164.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MARTINI LH, SOUZA CR, MARQUES PB, CALIXTO JB, YUNES RA, SOUZA DO. Compounds extracted from Phyllanthus and Jatropha elliptica inhibit the binding of [OH] glutamate and [31-1]GMP-PNP in rat cerebral cortex membrane. Neurochem. Res. (2000) 25(2):211–215.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• THYAGARAJAN SP, SUB RAMANIAN S, THIRUNALASUNDARI T, VENKATESWARAN PS, BLUMBERG BS: Effect of Phyllanthus amarus on chronic carriers of hepatitis B virus. Lancet (1988) 2(8614):764–766.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BLUMBERG BS, MILLMAN I, VENKATESWARAN PS, THYAGARAJAN SP: Hepatitis B virus and hepatocellular carcinoma-treatment of HBV carriers with Phyllanthus amarus. Cancer Detect. Prey. (1989) 14(2):195–201.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• WANG M, CHENG H, LI Y, MENG L, ZHAO G, MAT K: Herbs of the genus Phyllanthus in the treatment of chronic hepatitis B: observations with three preparations from different geographic sites. J. Lab. Clin. Med. (1995) 126(4):350–352.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• SANTOS DR: Ch 21 de quebra-pedra (Phyllanthus nirurz) na litiase urindria em humanos e em ratos. In: Escola Paulista de Medicina (PhD Thesis). sao Paulo, SP, Brazil (1990):157.
   Google Scholar
• AYDIN S, BEIS R, OZRURK Y, BASER KH, BASER C: Nepetalactone: a new opioid analgesic from Nepeta caesarea Boiss. Pharm. Pharmacol. (1998) 50(7):813–817.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• XIAO P, KUBO H, OHSAWA M: Kappa-opioid receptor-mediated antinociceptive effects of stereoisomers and derivatives of (+)-marine in mice. Planta Med. (1999) 65(3):230–233.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MATSUMOTO K, MIZOWAKI M, SUCHITRA T et al.: Central antinociceptive effects of mitragynine in mice: contribution of descending noradrenergic and serotonergic systems. Eur. Pharmacol. (1996) 317(1):75–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MATSUMOTO K, MIZOWAKI M, SUCHITRA T et al.: Antinociceptive action of mitragynine in mice: evidence for the involvement of supraspinal opioid receptors. Lifi Sci. (1996) 59(14):1149–1155.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• THONGPRADICHOTE S, MATSUMOTO K, TOHDA M et al.: Identification of opioid receptor subtypes in antinociceptive actions of supraspinally-administered mitragunine in mice. Lifi Sci. (1998) 62(16):1371–1378.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AMADOR TA, ELIZABETSKY E, SOUZA DO: Effects of Psychotria colorata alkaloids in brain opioid system. Neurochem. Res. (1996) 21(1):97–102.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AMADOR TA, VEROTTA L, NUNES DS, ELIZABETSKY E: Antinociceptive profiles of hodgkinsine. Planta Med. (2000) 66(8):770–772.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AMADOR TA, VEROTTA L, NUNES DS, ELIZABETSKY E: Involvement of NMDA receptors in the analgesic properties of psychotridine. Phytomedicine (2001) 8(3):202–206.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CARVALHO JC, SILVA MF, MACIEL MA et al.: Investigation of anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities of trans-dehydrocrotonin, a 19-nor-clerodane diterpene from Croton cajucara. Part 1.Planta Med. (1996) 62(5):402–404.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BIGHETTI EJ, HIRUMA-LIMA CA, GRACIOSO JS, BRITO AR: Anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effects in rodents of the essencial oil of Croton cajucara Benth. j Pharm. Pharmacol. (1999) 51(12):1447–1453.
   Google Scholar
• AYDIN S, DEMIR T, OZTURK Y, BASER KH: Analgesic activity of Nepeta italica L. Phytother. Res. (1999) 13(1):20–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FERREIRA J, FLORIANE AE, CECHINEL FILHO V et al.: Antinociceptive properties of the methanolic extract and two triterpenes isolated from Epidendrum mosenii stems. Lifi Sci. (2000) 66(9):791–802.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DE CAMPOS RO, SANTOS ARS, VAZ ZR et al.: Antinociceptive properties of the hydroalcoholic extract and preliminary study of a xanthone isolated from Polygala cyparissias (Polygalaceae). Lifi Sci. (1998) 61(16):1619–1630.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PERES MTLP, DELLE MONACHE F, PIZZOLATTI MG et al.: Analgesic compounds from Croton urucurana Baillon. Phytother. Res. (1998) 12: 209–211.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SUH HW, SONG DK, SON, KH et al.: Antinociceptive effect of smilaxin B administered intracerebroventricularly in the mouse. Planta Med. (1996) 62(2):141–145.
   Google Scholar
• BEIRITH A, SANTOS ARS, CALLXTO JB et al.: Study of the antinociceptive action of the ethanolic extract and the triterpene 24-hydroxytormentic acid isolated from the stem bark of Ocotea suaveolens. Planta Med. (1999) 65(1):50–55.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TORNOS MP, SAENZ MT, GARCIA MD, FERNANDES MA: Antinociceptive effects of the tubercles of Anredera leptostachys. j Ethnopharmacol. (1999) 68(1-3):229–234.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DE JESUS RA, CECHINEL FILHO V, OLIVEIRA AE, SCHLEMPER V: Analysis of the antinociceptive properties of marrubiin isolated from Marrubium vulgare. Phytomedicine (2000) 7(2):111–115.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ABDEL-FATTAH AM, MATSUMOTO K, WATANABE H: Antinociceptive effects of IVigella sativa oil and its major component, thymoquinone, in mice. Eur. J. Pharmacol. (2000) 400(1):89–97.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GAERTNER M, MULLER L, ROOS JF et al.: Analgesic triterpenes from Sebastiania schottiana roots. Phytomedicine (1999) 6(1):41–44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ALEXANDRE-MOREIRA MS, PIUVEZAM MR, ARAUJO CC, THOMAS G: Studies on the anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity of Curatella americana L. J. Ethnopharmacol. (1999) 67(2):171–177.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DUARTE ID, FERREIRA-ALVES DL, VELOSO DP, NAKAMURA-CRAIG M: Evidence of the involvement of biogenic amines in the antinociceptive effect of a vouacapan extract from Ptero don polygalaeflorus Benth. J. Ethnopharmacol. (1996) 55(1):13–18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FRANZOTTI EM, SANTOS CV, RODRIGUES HM, MOURAO RH, ANDRADE MR, ANTONIOLLI AR: Anti-inflammatory, analgesic activity and acute toxicity of Sida cordifilia L (Malva-branca). J. Ethnopharmacol. (2000) 72(1-2):273–277.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GARRIDO G, GONZALES D, DELPORTE C et al.: Analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of Mangi fira indica L extract (Vimang). Phytother. Res. (2001) 15(1):18–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AMABEOKU GJ, GREEN I, EAGLES P, BENJEDDOU M: Effects of Tarchonanthus camphoratus and Eriocephalus afiicanus on nociception in mice and pyrexia in rats. Phytomedicine (2000) 7(6):517–522.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• OKUYAMA E, HASEGAWA T, MATSUSHITA T, FUJIMOTO H, ISHIBASHI M, YAMAZAKI M: Analgesic components of saposhnikovia root (Saposhnikovia divaricata). Chem. Pharm. Bull. (Tokyo) (2001) 49(2):154–160.
   Google Scholar
• ALT BH, BASHIR AK, TAMIRA MO: Some effects of Cassia italica on the central nervous system in mice. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. (1997) 49(5):500–504.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• APAYDIN S, ZEYBEK U, INCE I et al.: Hypericum triquetrifilium Turra. Extract exhibits antinociceptive activity in the mouse. J. Ethnopharmacol. (1999) 67(3):307–312.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• OMIYA Y, GOTO K, SUZUKI Y, ISHIGE A, KOMATSU Y: Analgesia-producing mechanism of processed Aconiti tuber: role of dynorphin, an endogenous kappa-opioid ligand, in the rodent spinal cord.Jpn. j Pharmacol.(1999) 79(3):295–301.
   Google Scholar
• VAZ ZR, MATA LV, CALIXTO JB: Analgesic effect of the herbal medicine catuama in thermal and chemical models of nociception in mice. Phytother. Res. (1997) 11(2):101–106.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SUNAGAWA M, OKADA M, GUO SY, HISAMITSU T: Effectiveness of Saiko- keishi-to (TJ-10, a Kampo herbal medicine) for trigeminal neuralgia in rats. Mosuls(2001) 50(4):486–490.
   Google Scholar
• SUZUKI T, GOTO K, ISHIGE A, KOMATSU Y, KAMEI J: Antinociceptive mechanism of Gosha-jinki-gan in streptozotocin-induced diabetic animals: role of nitric oxide in the periphery. Jpn. Pharmacol (1999) 79(3):378–391.
   Google Scholar
• YANASE T, NISHIZAWA K, INOUE O, SUKAMATO T, SAITO Y: Antinociceptive effects of Kami-kihi-to in mice. Nippon Yakurigaku Zasshi (1996) 108(2):77–83.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• DE SOUZA MM, MADEIRA A, BERTI C, KROGH R, YUNES RA, CECHINEL FILHO V: Antinociceptive properties of the methanolic extract obtained from Ipomoea pes-caprae (L.) R. Br. J. Ethnopharmacol. (2000) 69(1):85–90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GENTILI M, MAZOIT JX, BOUAZIZ H et al.: Resveratrol decreases hyperalgesia induced by carrageenan in the rat hind paw. Lifi Sci. (2001) 68(11):1317–1321.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CHANTRE P, CAPPELAERE A, LEBLAN D, GUEDON D, VANDERMANDER J, FOURNIE B: Efficacy and tolerance of Hopagophytum procumbens versus diacerhein in treatment of osteoarthritis. Phytomedicine (2000) 7(3):177–183.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RANDALL C, RANDALL H, DOBBS F, HUTTON C, SANDERS H: Randomized controlled trial of nettle sting for treatment of base-of-thumb pain. J. R. Soc. Med. (2000) 93(6):305–309.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SHI Z, ZHANG H, DUX et al.: A double blind observation for therapeutic effects of the tong luo kai bi tablets on rheumatoid arthritis. J. Tradit. Chin. Med. (1999) 19(3):166–172.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• CHOPRA A, LAVIN P, PATWARDHAN B, CHITRE D: Randomized double blind trial of an ayurvedic plant derived formulation for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. J. Rheumatol (2000) 27(6):1365–1372.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MARTINEZ J, MORENO JJ: Effect of resveratrol, a natural polyphenolic compound, on reactive oxygen species and prostaglandin production. Biochem. Pharmacol (2000) 59(7):865–870.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MATSUDA H, KAGEURA T, MORIKAWA T, TOGUCHIDA I, HARINA S, YOSHIKAWA M: Effects of stilbene constituents from rhubarb on nitric oxide production in lipopolysaccharide-activated macrophages. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. (2000) 10(4):323–327. Affiliation
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar