Therapeutic targets in hypertension: is there a place for antagonists of the most potent vasoconstrictors?

Bibliography

• Hickey KA, Rubanyi G, Paul RJ, Highsmith RF. Characterization of a coronary vasoconstrictor produced by cultured endothelial cells. Am J Physiol 1985;248:550-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yanagisawa M, Kurihara H, Kimura S, et al. A novel potent vasoconstrictor peptide produced by vascular endothelial cells. Nature 1988;332:411-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davenport AP, Maguire JJ. Endothelin. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2006;176(Pt 1):295-329
   Google Scholar
• Turner AJ, Barnes K, Schweizer A, Valdenaire O. Isoforms of endothelin-converting enzyme: why and where? Trends Pharmacol Sci 1998;19:483-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davenport AP. International Union of Pharmacology. XXIX. Update on endothelin receptor nomenclature. Pharmacol Rev 2002;54:219-26
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schiffrin EL, Touyz RM. Vascular biology of endothelin. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1998;32(Suppl 3):S2-13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D'Orleans-Juste P, Labonte J, Bkaily G, et al. Function of the endothelin(B) receptor in cardiovascular physiology and pathophysiology. Pharmacol Ther 2002;95:221-38
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bagnall AJ, Kelland NF, Gulliver-Sloan F, et al. Deletion of endothelial cell endothelin B receptors does not affect blood pressure or sensitivity to salt. Hypertension 2006;48:286-93
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schiffrin EL.Vascular endothelin in hypertension. Vasc Pharmacol 2005;43:19-29
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tostes RC, Muscara MN. Endothelin receptor antagonists: another potential alternative for cardiovascular diseases. Curr Drug Targets Cardiovasc Haematol Disord 2005;5:287-301
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Battistini B, Berthiaume N, Kelland NF, et al. Profile of past and current clinical trials involving endothelin receptor antagonists: the novel “-sentan” class of drug. Exp Biol Med 2006;231:653-95
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loffler BM. Endothelin-converting enzyme inhibitors: current status and perspectives. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2000;35(Suppl 2):S79-82
   Google Scholar
• Clavell AL, Mattingly MT, Stevens TL, et al. Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition modulates endogenous endothelin in chronic canine thoracic inferior vena caval constriction. J Clin Invest 1996;97:1286-92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ikeda T, Ohta H, Okada M, et al. Antihypertensive effects of a mixed endothelin-A- and -B-receptor antagonist, J-104132, were augmented in the presence of an AT1-receptor antagonist, MK-954. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2000;36:S337-41
   Google Scholar
• Iwanaga Y, Kihara Y, Inagaki K, et al. Differential effects of angiotensin II versus endothelin-1 inhibitions in hypertrophic left ventricular myocardium during transition to heart failure. Circulation 2001;104:606-12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bohm F, Beltran E, Pernow J. Endothelin receptor blockade improves endothelial function in atherosclerotic patients on angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition. J Intern Med 2005;257:263-71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hernandez-Perera O, Perez-Sala D, Navarro-Antolin J, et al. Effects of the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitors, atorvastatin and simvastatin, on the expression of endothelin-1 and endothelial nitric oxide synthase in vascular endothelial cells. J Clin Invest 1998;101:2711-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montezano AC, Amiri F, Tostes RC, et al. Inhibitory effects of PPAR-γ on endothelin-1-induced inflammatory pathways in vascular smooth muscle cells from normotensive and hypertensive rats. J Am Soc Hypertens 2007;1:150-60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baranyi L, Campbell W, Ohshima K, et al. Antisense homology box-derived peptides represent a new class of endothelin receptor inhibitors. Peptides 1998;19:211-23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohkuma H, Parney I, Megyesi J, et al. Antisense preproendothelin-oligo DNA therapy for vasospasm in a canine model of subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurg 1999;90:1105-14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davenport AP, Ashby MJ, Easton P, et al. A sensitive radioimmunoassay measuring endothelin-like immunoreactivity in human plasma: comparison of levels in patients with essential hypertension and normotensive control subjects. Clin Sci 1990;78:261-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schiffrin EL, Thibault G. Plasma endothelin in human essential hypertension. Am J Hypertens 1991;4:303-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Touyz RM, Schiffrin EL. Role of endothelin in human hypertension. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2003;81:533-41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haynes WG, Hand M, Johnstone H, et al. Direct and sympathetically mediated venoconstriction in essential hypertension: enhanced response to endothelin-1. J Clin Invest 1994;94:1359-64
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kiowski W, Luscher TF, Linder L, Buhler FR. Endothelin-1-induced vasoconstriction in humans. Reversal by calcium channel blockade but not by nitrovasodilators or endothelium-derived relaxing factor. Circulation 1991;83:469-75
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cardillo C, Kilcoyne CM, Waclawiw M, et al. Role of endothelin in the increased vascular tone of patients with essential hypertension. Hypertension 1999;33:753-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schiffrin EL, Deng LY, Larochelle P. Blunted effects of endothelin upon subcutaneous resistance arteries of mild essential hypertensive patients. J Hypertens 1992;10:437-44
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferro CJ, Haynes WG, Hand MF, Webb DJ. Forearm vasoconstriction to endothelin-1 is impaired, but constriction to sarafotoxin 6c and vasodilatation to BQ-123 unaltered, in patients with essential hypertension. Clin Sci 2002;103(Suppl 48):S53-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moreau P, Schiffrin EL. Role of endothelins in animal models of hypertension: focus on cardiovascular protection. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2003;81:511-21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tostes RC, Fortes ZB, Callera GE, et al. Endothelin, sex and hypertension. Clin Sci 2008;114:85-97
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muller DN, Mervaala EMA, Schmidt F, et al. Effect of bosentan on NF-κB, inflammation, and tissue factor in angiotensin II-induced end-organ damage. Hypertension 2000;36:282-93
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tostes RC, Touyz RM, He G, et al. Contribution of ET-1 to renal AP-1 activation and macrophage infiltration in aldosterone-induced hypertension. Clin Sci 2002;103(Suppl 48):S25-30
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amiri F, Virdis A, Neves MF, et al. Endothelium-restricted overexpression of human endothelin-1 causes vascular remodeling and endothelial dysfunction. Circulation 2004;110:2233-40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Callera GE, Montezano AC, Touyz RM, et al. ETA receptor blockade decreases adhesion molecules expression and cardiac injury in Doca-salt hypertension. Hypertension 2004;43:872-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pollock DM, Pollock JS. Endothelin and oxidative stress in the vascular system. Curr Vasc Pharmacol 2005;3:365-7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Li L, Fink GD, Watts SW, et al. Endothelin-1 increases vascular superoxide via endothelin(A)-NADPH oxidase pathway in low-renin hypertension. Circulation 2003;107:1053-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Callera GE, Touyz RM, Teixeira SA, et al. ETA receptor blockade decreases vascular superoxide generation in DOCA-salt hypertension. Hypertension 2003;42:811-7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Callera GE, Tostes RC, Yogi A, et al. Endothelin-1-induced oxidative stress in DOCA-salt hypertension involves NADPH-oxidase-independent mechanisms. Clin Sci 2006;110:243-53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cardillo C, Kilcoyne CM, Waclawiw M, et al. Role of endothelin in the increased vascular tone of patients with essential hypertension. Hypertension 1999;33:753-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bauer M, Wilkens H, Langer F, et al. Selective upregulation of endothelin B receptor gene expression in severe pulmonary hypertension. Circulation 2002;105:1034-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rondelet B, Kerbaul F, Motte S, et al. Bosentan for the prevention of overcirculation-induced experimental pulmonary arterial hypertension. Circulation 2003;107:1329-35
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krum H, Viskoper RJ, Lacourciere Y, et al. The effect of an endothelin receptor antagonist, bosentan, on blood pressure in patients with essential hypertension. N Engl J Med 1998;338:784-90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campia U, Cardillo C, Panza JA. Ethnic differences in the vasoconstrictor activity of endogenous endothelin-1 in hypertensive patients. Circulation 2004;109:3191-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cardillo C, Campia U, Iantorno M, Panza JA. Enhanced vascular activity of endogenous endothelin-1 in obese hypertensive patients. Hypertension 2004;43:36-40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan DK, Bern HA. The caudal neurosecretory system. A critical evaluation of the two-hormone hypothesis. Cell Tissue Res 1976;174:339-54
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bern HA, Pearson D, Larson BA, Nishioka RS. Neurohormones from fish tails: the caudal neurosecretory system. I. “Urophysiology” and the caudal neurosecretory system of fishes. Recent Prog Horm Res 1985;41:533-52
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Conlon JM. “Liberation” of urotensin II from the teleost urophysis: an historical overview. Peptides 2007. Epub ahead of print. doi:10.1016/j.peptides.2007.04.021
   Google Scholar
• Lederis K, Letter A, McMaster D, et al. Complete amino acid sequence of urotensin I, a hypotensive and corticotropin-releasing neuropeptide from Catostomus. Science 1982;218:162-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pearson D, Shively JE, Clark BR, et al. Urotensin II: a somatostatin-like peptide in the caudal neurosecretory system of fishes. Proc Natl Acad Sci 1980;77:5021-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takahashi K. Translational medicine in fish-derived peptides: from fish endocrinology to human physiology and diseases. Endocr J 2004;51:1-17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coulouarn Y, Lihrmann I, Jegou S, et al. Cloning of the cDNA encoding the urotensin II precursor in frog and human reveals intense expression of the urotensin II gene in motoneurons of the spinal cord. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998;95:15803-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russell FD, Kearns P, Toth I, Molenaa RP. Urotensin-II-converting enzyme activity of furin and trypsin in human cells in vitro. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2004;310:209-14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ames RS, SaraU HM, Chambers JK, et al. Human urotensin-II is a potent vasoconstrictor and agonist for the orphan receptor GPR14. Nature 1999;401:282-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu Q, Pong SS, Zeng Z, et al. Identification of urotensin II as the endogenous ligand for the orphan G-protein-coupled receptor GPR14. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1999;266:174-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Douglas SA, Ohlstein EH. Urotensin receptors. In: The IUPHAR Receptor Compendium of Receptor Characterization and Classification. Girdalstone D, editor. IUPHAR Media Ltd, London; 2000. p. 365-72
   Google Scholar
• Foord SM, Bonner TI, Neubig RR, et al. International Union of Pharmacology. XLVI. G protein-coupled receptor list. Pharmacol Rev 2005;57:279-88
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gendron G, Gobeil FJR, Belanger S, et al. Urotensin II-induced hypotensive responses in Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) and spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) rats. Peptides 2005;26:1468-74
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sauzeau V, Le Mellionnec E, Bertoglio J, et al. Human urotensin II-induced contraction and arterial smooth muscle cell proliferation are mediated by RhoA and Rho-kinase. Circ Res 2001;88:1102-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bottrill FE, Douglas SA, Hiley CR, White R. Human urotensin-II is an endothelium-dependent vasodilator in rat small arteries. Br J Pharmacol 2000;130:1865-70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibson A, Wallace P, Bern HA. Cardiovascular effects of urotensin II in anesthetized and pithed rats. Gen Comp Endocrinol 1986;64:435-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibson A. Complex effects of Gillichthys urotensin II on rat aortic strips. Br J Pharmacol 1987;91:205-12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu YC, Zhu YZ, Moore PK. The role of urotensin II in cardiovascular and renal physiology and diseases. Br J Pharmacol 2006;148:884-901
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gardiner SM, March JE, Kemp PA, et al. Depressor and regionally-selective vasodilator effects of human and rat urotensin II in conscious rats. Br J Pharmacol 2001;132:1625-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hassan GS, Chouiali F, Saito T, et al. Effect of human urotensin-II infusion on hemodynamics and cardiac function. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2003;81:125-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gardiner SM, March JE, Kemp PA, et al. Regional heterogeneity in the haemodynamic responses to urotensin II infusion in relation to UT receptor localization. Br J Pharmacol 2006;147:12-21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gong H, Wang YX, Zhu YZ, et al. Cellular distribution of GPR14 and the positive inotropic role of urotensin II in the myocardium in adult rat. J Appl Physiol 2004;97:2228-35
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carotenuto A, Grieco P, Rovero P, Novellino E. Urotensin-II Receptor Antagonists. Curr Med Chem 2006;13:267-75
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rossowski WJ, Cheng BL, Taylor JE, et al. Human urotensin II-induced aorta ring contractions are mediated by protein kinase C, tyrosine kinases and Rho-kinase: inhibition by somatostatin receptor antagonists. Eur J Pharmacol 2002;438:159-70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Behm DJ, Herold CL, Camarda V, et al. Differential agonistic and antagonistic effects of the urotensin-II ligand SB-710411 at rodent and primate UT receptors. Eur J Pharmacol 2004;492:113-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herold CL, Behm DJ, Buckley PT, et al. The neuromedin B receptor antagonist, BIM-23127, is a potent antagonist at human and rat urotensin-II receptors. Br J Pharmacol 2003;139:203-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Camarda V, Guerrini R, Kostenis E, et al. A new ligand for the urotensin II receptor. Br J Pharmacol 2002;137:311-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guerrini R, Camarda V, Marzola E, et al. Structure-activity relationship study on human urotensin II. J Pept Sci 2005;11:85-90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patacchini R, Santicioli P, Giuliani S, et al. Urantide: an ultrapotent urotensin II antagonist peptide in the rat aorta. Br J Pharmacol 2003;140:1155-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Camarda V, Song W, Marzola E, et al. Urantide mimics urotensin-II induced calcium release in cells expressing recombinant UT receptors. Eur J Pharmacol 2004;498:83-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Behm DJ, Stankus G, Doe CP, et al. The peptidic urotensin-II receptor ligand GSK248451 possesses less intrinsic activity than the low-efficacy partial agonists SB-710411 and urantide in native mammalian tissues and recombinant cell systems. Br J Pharmacol 2006;148:173-90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LaVecchia A, Cosconati S, Novellino E. Architecture of the human urotensin II receptor: comparison of the binding domains of peptide and non-peptide urotensin II agonists. J Med Chem 2005;48:2480-92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bohm F, Pernow J. Urotensin II evokes potent vasoconstriction in humans in vivo. Br J Pharmacol 2002;135:25-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilkinson IB, Affolter JT, De Haas SL, et al. High plasma concentrations of human urotensin II do not alter local or systemic hemodynamics in man. Cardiovasc Res 2002;53:341-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sondermeijer B, Kompa A, Komesaroff P, Krum H. Effect of exogenous urotensin-II on vascular tone in skin microcirculation of patients with essential hypertension. Am J Hypertens 2005;18:1195-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsushita M, Shichiri M, Imai T, et al. Co-expression of urotesin and its receptor (GPR14) in human cardiovascular and renal tissues. J Hypertens 2001;19:2185-90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheung BMY, Leung R, Man BY, Wong LYF. Plasma concentrations of urotensin-II is raised in hypertension. J Hypertens 2004;22:1341-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rdzanek A, Filipiak KJ, Karpiński G, et al. Exercise urotensin II dynamics in myocardial infarction survivors with and without hypertension. Int J Cardiol 2006;110:175-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson JP, Watt P, SanghaVI S, et al. A comparison of cerebrospinal fluid and plasma urotensin II concentrations in normotensive and hypertensive patients undergoing urological surgery during spinal anesthesia: a pilot study. Anesth Analg 2003;97:1501-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suguro T, Watanabe T, Ban Y, et al. Increased human urotensin II levels are correlated with carotid atherosclerosis in essential hypertension. Am J Hypertens 2007;20:211-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watanabe T, Suguro T, Kanome T, et al. Human urotensin II accelerates foam cell formation in human monocyte-derived macrophages. Hypertension 2005;46:738-44
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dschietzig T, Richter C, Bartsch C, et al. Flow-induced pressure differentially regulates endothelin-1, urotensin II, adrenomedullin, and relaxin in pulmonary vascular endothelium. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2001;289:245-51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song W, Ashton N, Balment RJ. A radioimmunoassay to detect urotensin II in the plasma of rat models of hypertension. J Physiol 2002;544-S024
   Google Scholar
• Song W, Abdel-Razik AE, Lu W, et al. Urotensin II and renal function in the rat. Kidney Int 2006;69:1360-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin Y, Tsuchihashi T, Matsumura K, et al. Central cardiovascular action of urotensin II in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Hypertens Res 2003;26:839-45
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sauzeau V, Le Mellionnec E, Bertoglio J, et al. Human urotensin II-induced contraction and arterial smooth muscle cell proliferation are mediated by RhoA and Rho-kinase. Circ Res 2001;88:1102-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watanabe T, Pakala R, Katagiri T, Benedict CR. Synergistic effect of urotensin II with serotonin on vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation. J Hypertens 2001;19:2191-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watanabe T, Pakala R, Katagiri T, Benedict CR. Synergistic effect of urotensin II with mildly oxidized LDL on DNA synthesis in vascular smooth muscle cells. Circulation 2001;104:16-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tamura K, Okazaki M, Tamura M, et al. Urotensin II-induced activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells: involvement of cell adhesion-mediated integrin signaling. Life Sci 2003;72:1049-60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kompa AR, Thomas WG, See F, et al. Cardiovascular role of urotensin II: effect of chronic infusion in the rat. Peptides 2004;25:1783-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang H, Mehta JL, Chen K, et al. Human urotensin II modulates collagen synthesis and the expression of MMP-1 in human endothelial cells. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2004;44:577-81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tzanidis A, Hannan RD, Thomas WG, et al. Direct actions of urotensin II on the heart: implications for cardiac fibrosis and hypertrophy. Circ Res 2003;93:246-53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rakowski E, Hassan GS, Dhanak D, et al. A role for urotensin II in restenosis following balloon angioplasty: use of a selective UT receptor blocker. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2005;39:785-91
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Djordjevic T, Belaiba RS, Bonello S, et al. Human urotensin II is a novel activator of NADPH oxidase in human pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2005;25:519-25
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watanabe T, Takahashi K, Kanome T, et al. Human urotensin-II potentiates the mitogenic effect of mildly oxidized low-density lipoprotein on vascular smooth muscle cells: comparison with other vasoactive agents and hydrogen peroxide. Hypertens Res 2006;29:821-31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johns DG, Ao Z, Naselsky D, et al. Urotensin-II-mediated cardiomyocyte hypertrophy: effect of receptor antagonism and role of inflammatory mediators. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2004;370:238-50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mallamaci F, Cutrupi S, Pizzini P, et al. Urotensin II and biomarkers of endothelial activation and atherosclerosis in end-stage renal disease. Am J Hypertens 2006;19:505-10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yi L, Gu YH, Wang XL, et al. Association of ACE, ACE2 and UTS2 polymorphisms with essential hypertension in Han and Dongxiang populations from north-western China. J Int Med Res 2006;34:272-83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ong KL, Wong LY, Man YB, et al. Haplotypes in the urotensin II gene and urotensin II receptor gene are associated with insulin resistance and impaired glucose tolerance. Peptides 2006;27:1659-67
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Douglas SA, Tayara L, Ohlstein EH, et al. Congestive heart failure and expression of myocardial urotensin II. Lancet 2002;359:1990-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ShenoudA A, Douglas SA, Ohlstein EH, Giaid A. Localization of urotensin-II immunoreactivity in normal human kidneys and renal carcinoma. J Histochem Cytochem 2002;50:885-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maguire JJ, Kuc RE, Davenport AP. Orphan-receptor ligand human urotensin II: receptor localization in human tissues and comparison of vasoconstrictor responses with endothelin-1. Br J Pharmacol 2000;131:441-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashton N. Renal and vascular actions of urotensin II. Kidney Int 2006;70:624-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sidharta PN, Wagner FD, Bohnemeier H, et al. Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of the urotensin II receptor antagonist palosuran in macroalbuminuric, diabetic patients. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2006;80:246-56
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Totsune K, Takahashi K, Arihara Z, et al. Elevated plasma levels of immunoreactive urotensin II and its increased urinary excretion in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus: Association with progress of diabetic nephropathy. Peptides 2004;25:1809-14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Totsune K, Takahashi K, Arihara Z, et al. Role of urotensin II in patients on dialysis. Lancet 2001;358:810-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Langham RG, Kelly DJ, Gowrm, et al. Increased expression of urotensin II and urotensin II receptor in human diabetic nephropathy. Am J Kidney Dis 2004;44:826-31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suzuki S, Wenyi Z, Hirai M, et al. Genetic variations at urotensin II and urotensin II receptor genes and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in Japaneses. Peptides 2004;25:1803-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar