New approaches for identifying antiarrhythmic drug targets

Bibliography

• ZIPES DP, WELLENS HJ: Sudden cardiac death. Circulation (1998) 98:2334–2351.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MYERBURG RJ: Life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias: the link between epidemiology and pathophysiology. In: Cardiac Elecmophysiology: From Cell to Bedside. Zipes DP, Jalife J (Eds), WB Saunders Company, Philadelphia (1995):723–729.
   Google Scholar
• WINFREE AT: Evolving perspectives during 12 years of electrical turbulence. Chaos (1998) 8:1–20.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• ••Thoughtful and expert review of the historyof spiral waves and arrhythmias.
   Google Scholar
• ALLESSIE MA, BONKE Fl, SCHOPMAN FJ: Circus movement in rabbit atrial muscle as a mechanism of tachycardia. III. The 'leading circle' concept: a new model of circus movement in cardiac tissue without the involvement of an anatomical obstacle. Circ. Res. (1977) 41:9–18.
   Google Scholar
• CHEN PA, WOLF PD, DIXON EG et al: Mechanism of ventricular vulnerability to single premature stimuli in open-chest dogs. Circ. Res. (1988) 62:1191–1209.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• FRAZIER DW, WOLF PD, WHARTON JM, TANG ASL, SMITH WM, IDEKER RE: Stimulus-induced critical point. Mechanism for electrical initiation of re-entry in normal canine myocardium. Clin. Livest. (1989) 83:1039–1052.
   Google Scholar
• KRINSKY VI, EFIMOV IR: Vortices with linear cores in mathematical models of excitable media. Physica D (1992) A188:55–60.
   Google Scholar
• WITKOWSKI FX, LEON LJ, PENKOSKE PA et al: Spatiotemporal evolution of ventricular fibrillation. Nature (1998) 392:78–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JANSE J, WIT AL: Electrophysiological mechanisms of ventricular arrhythmias resulting from myocardial ischemia and infarction. Physiol Rev (1989) 69:1049–1169.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •Comprehensive review of the mechanisms for ventricular arrhythmias, prior to the emergence of spiral waves as a candidate mechanism.
   Google Scholar
• ANTZELETVITCH C: Electrical heterogeneity, cardiac arrhythmias, and the sodium channel. Circ. Res. (2000) 87:964–965.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• NOLASCO JB, DAHLEN RW: A graphic method for the study of alternation in cardiac action potentials. Appl. Physiol (1968) 25:191–196.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• •The first (and for many years, the only) study to address the relationship between restitution slope and APD alternans.
   Google Scholar
• GUEVARA MR, WARD G, SHRIER A, GLASS L: Electrical alternans and period doubling bifurcations. IEEE Comp. Cardiol (1984) 562:167–170.
   Google Scholar
• CHIALVO DR, GILMOUR RF Jr, JALIFE J: Low dimensional chaos in cardiac tissue. Nature (1990) 343:653–657.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NEARING BD, HUANG AH, VERRIER RL: Dynamic tracking of cardiac vulnerability by complex demodulation of the T wave. Science (1991) 252:437–440.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• KARMA A: Spiral breakup in model equations of action potential propagation in cardiac tissue. Phys. Rev Lett. (1993) 71:1103–1106.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• •This paper is generally credited with establishing a relationship between alternans and spiral wave stability (but see also [20]).
   Google Scholar
• KARMA A: Electrical alternans and spiral wave breakup in cardiac tissue. Chaos (1994) 4:461–472.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• ROSENBAUM DS, JACKSON LE, SMITH JM, GARAN H, RUSKIN JN, COHEN RJ: Electrical alternans and vulnerability to ventricular arrhythmias. N Eng] J. Med. (1994) 330:235–241.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KOLLER ML, RICCIO ML, GILMOUR RF Jr: Dynamic restitution of action potential duration during electrical alternans and ventricular fibrillation. Am. J. Physic] (1998) 275:H1635–H1642.
   Google Scholar
• PASTORE JM, GIROUARD SD, LAURITA KR, AKAR FG, ROSENBAUM DS: Mechanism linking T-wave alternans to the genesis of cardiac fibrillation. Circ. Res. (1999) 99:1385–1394.
   Google Scholar
• GILMOUR RF Jr, CHIALVO DR: Electrical restitution, critical mass, and the riddle of fibrillation." Cardiovasc. Electrophysiol (1999) 10:1087–1089.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• PANFILOV A, PERTSOV A: Ventricular fibrillation: evolution of the multiple wave hypothesis. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lend. A (2001) 359:1315–1325.
   Google Scholar
• FENTON FH, CHERRY EM, HASTINGS HM, EVANS SJ: Multiple mechanisms of spiral wave breakup in a model of cardiac electrical activity. Chaos (2002) 12(3):852–892.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• WEISS JN, CHEN PS, QU Z, KARAGUEUZIAN HS, LIN SF, GARFINKEL A: Electrical restitution and cardiac fibrillation. Cardiovasc. Electrophysiol (2002) 13:292–295.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• WATANABE MA, FENTON FH, EVANS SJ, HASTINGS HM, KARMA A: Mechanisms for discordant alternans. Cardiovasc. Electrophysiol (2001) 12:196–206.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• QU Z, GARFINKEL A, CHEN PS, WEISS JN: Mechanisms of discordant alternans and induction of re-entry in simulated cardiac tissue. Circulation (2000) 102:1664–1670.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• FOX JJ, RICCIO ML, HUA F, BODENSCHATZ E, GILMOUR RF Jr: Spatiotemporal transition to conduction block in canine ventricle. Circ. Res. (2002) 90:289–296.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• FOX JJ, RICCIO DL, DRURY P, WERTHMAN A, GILMOUR RF Jr: Dynamic mechanism for conduction block in heart tissue. N Phys. (2003) 5:101.1–101.14.
   Google Scholar
• KARAGUEUZIAN HS, KHAN SS, HONG K et al.: Action potential alternans and irregular dynamics in quinidine-intoxicated ventricular muscle cells. Implications for ventricular proarrhythmia. Circulation (1993) 87:1661–1672.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• PANFILOV A: Spiral breakup as a model of ventricular fibrillation. Chaos (1998) 8:57–64.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• QU Z, WEISS JN, GARFINKEL A: Cardiac electrical restitution properties and stability of re-entrant spiral waves: a simulation study. Am. J. Physic] (1999) 276:H269–H283.
   Google Scholar
• RICCIO ML, KOLLER ML, GILMOUR RF Jr: Electrical restitution and spatiotemporal organization during ventricular fibrillation. Circ Res. (1999) 84:955–963.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• •This study and [32] provided the first experimental support for the link between restitution and VE
   Google Scholar
• GARFINKEL A, KIM YH, VOROSHILOVSKY O et al.: Preventing ventricular fibrillation by flattening cardiac restitution. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (2000) 97:6061–6066.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• KOLLER ML, RICCIO ML, GILMOUR RF Jr: Effects of [Kt on electrical restitution and activation dynamics during ventricular fibrillation. Am. I Physic] Heart Circ. Physic] (2000) 279:H2665–H2672.
   Google Scholar
• CHUDIN E, GOLDHABER J, GARFINKEL A, WEISS J, KOGAN B: Intracellular Ca2' dynamics and the stability of ventricular tachycardia. Biophys. J. (1999) 77:2930–2941.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GOLDHABER JI, MOTTER C, DUONG TK, WEISS JN: Cellular basis of action potential duration alternans: role of the L-type calcium current and intracellular calcium cycling. Circulation (2002) 106:228–228.
   Google Scholar
• FOX JJ, MCHARG JL, GILMOUR RF Jr: Ionic mechanism of cardiac alternans. Am. J. Physic] (2002) 282:H516–H530.
   Google Scholar
• SALATA JJ, JURKIEWICZ NK, WANG J, EVANS BE, ORME HT, SANGUINETTI MC: A novel benzodiazepine that activates cardiac slow delayed rectifier K.' channels. Mc] Pharmacol (1998) 53:220–230.
   Google Scholar
• BIAN J, CUI J, MCDONALD TV: HERG K* channel activity is regulated by changes in phosphatidyl inositol 4,5-bisphosphate. Circ. Res. (2001) 89:1168–1176.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• KIEHN J: Regulation of the cardiac repolarizing HERG potassium channel by protein kinase A. Trends Cardiovasc. Med. (2001) 10:205–209.
   Google Scholar
• HEATH BM, TERRAR DA: Protein kinase C enhances the rapidly activated delayed rectifier potassium current, 'Kr' through a reduction in C-type inactivation in guinea pig ventricular myocytes. Physic] (Lond) (2000) 522:391–402.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• MARX SO, KUROKAWA J, REIKEN S et al.: Requirement of a macromolecular signaling complex for 13 adrenergic receptor modulation of the KCNQ1-KCNE1 potassium channel. Science (2002) 295:496–499.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SANGUINETTI MC, JURKIEWICZ NK: Two components of cardiac delayed rectifier K.' current. Differential sensitivity to block by Class III antiarrhythmic agents. .1 Gen. Physic] (1990) 96:195–215.
   Google Scholar
• ROCCHETTI M, BESANA A, GURROLA GB, POSSANI LD, ZAZA A: Rate dependency of delayed rectifier currents during the guinea-pig ventricular action potential.' Physic] (2001) 534:721–732.
   Google Scholar
• GINTANT GA: Characterization and functional consequences of delayed rectifier current transient in ventricular repolarization. Am. J. Physic] (2000) 278:H806–H817.
   Google Scholar
• GINTANT GA: Regional differences in IK density in canine left ventricle: role of in electrical heterogeneity. Am. J. Physio] (1995) 268:H604–H613.
   Google Scholar
• CLAY JR, OGBAGHEBRIEL A, PAQUETTE T, SASYNIUK BI, SHRIER A: A quantitative description of the E-4031-sensitive repolarization current in rabbit ventricular myocytes. Biophys. J. (1995) 69:1830–1837.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• NUSS HB, MARBAN E, JOHNS DC: Overexpression of a human potassium channel suppresses cardiac hyperexcitability in rabbit ventricular myocytes. I Clin. Invest. (1999) 103:889–896.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HUA F, JOHNS DC, GILMOUR RF Jr: Suppression of electrical alternans by overexpression of HERG in canine ventricular myocytes. Am. J. Physio] In Press.
   Google Scholar
• WALDO AL, CAMM AJ, DERUYTER H et al.: Effect of d-sotalol on mortality in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after recent and remote myocardial infarction. The SWORD Investigators. Survival With ORal D-sotalol. Lancet (1996) 348:7–12.
   Google Scholar
• •Landmark clinical trial.
   Google Scholar
• HONDEGHEM LM, SNYDERS DJ: Class III antiarrhythmic agents have a lot of potential but a long way to go. Reduced effectiveness and dangers of reverse use dependence. Circulation (1990) 81:686–690.
   Google Scholar
• MOHAMMAD S, ZHOU Z, GONG Q, JANUARY CT: Blockage of the HERG human cardiac K.' channel by the gastrointestinal prokinetic agent cisapride. Am. Physiol (1997) 273:H2534–H2538.
   Google Scholar
• ROY M, DUMAINE R, BROWN AM: HERG, a primary human ventricular target of the nonsedating antihistamine terfenadine. Circulation (1996) 94:817–823.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MITCHESON JS, CHEN J, UN M, CULBERSON C, SANGUINETTI MC: A structural basis for drug-induced long QT syndrome. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (2000) 97:12329–12333.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RODEN DM: Acquired long QT syndromes and the risk of proarrhythmia. I Cardiovasc. Electrophysiol (2000) 11:938–940.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KEATING MT, SANGUINETTI MC: Molecular genetic insights into cardiovascular disease. Science (1996) 272:681–685.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CURRAN ME, SPLAWSKI I, TIMOTHY KW, VINCENT GM, GREEN ED, KEATING MT: A molecular basis for cardiac arrhythmia: HERG mutations cause long QT syndrome. Cell (1995) 80:795–803.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RODEN DM, BALSER JR: A plethora ofmechanisms in the HERG-related long QT syndrome. Genetics meets electrophysiology. Cardiovasc. Res. (1999) 44:242–246.
   Google Scholar
• SANGUINETTI MC, JIANG C, CURRAN ME, KEATING MT: A mechanistic link between an inherited and an acquired cardiac arrhythmia: HERG encodes the 'Kr potassium channel. Cell (1995) 81:299–307.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ECHT DS, LIEBSON PR, MITCHELL LB et al: Mortality and morbidity in patients receiving encainide, flecainide or placebo: the cardiac arrhythmia suppression trial. N. Engl. Med. (1991) 324:781–788.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •Landmark clinical trial.
   Google Scholar
• YUSUF S, WITTES J, FRIEDMAN L: Overview of results of randomized clinical trials in heart disease: I. Treatments following myocardial infarction. JAMA (1988) 260:2088–2095.
   Google Scholar
• HELD PH, YUSUF S: In: Cardiovascular Pharmacology and Therapeutics Singh BN et al. (Eds), Churchill Livingstone, New York (1994):525–533.
   Google Scholar