Initiating antiretrovirals during tuberculosis treatment: a drug safety review

Bibliography

• UNAIDS. AIDS epidemic update December 2009. Available from: http://data.unaids.org/pub/Report/2009/JC1700_Epi_Update_2009_en.pdf [Cited 28 July 2010]
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Global tuberculosis control: a short update to the 2009 report; 2009
   Google Scholar
• Getahun H, Gunneberg C, Granich R, Nunn P. HIV infection-associated tuberculosis: the epidemiology and the response. Clin Infect Dis 2010;50(Suppl 3):S201-7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gandhi NR, Shah NS, Andrews JR, HIV coinfection in multidrug- and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis results in high early mortality. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2009;181(1):80-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Habib AG. A clinical and epidemiologic update on the interaction between tuberculosis and human immunodeficiency virus infection in adults. Ann Afr Med 2009;10(3):147-55
   Google Scholar
• Di Perri G, Aguilar Marucco D, Mondo A, Drug-drug interactions and tolerance in combining antituberculosis and antiretroviral therapy. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2005;4(5):821-36
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McIlleron H, Meintjes G, Burman WJ, Maartens G. Complications of antiretroviral therapy in patients with tuberculosis: drug interactions, toxicity, and immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome. J Infect Dis 2007;196(Suppl 1):S63-75
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Abdool-Karim SS, Abdool-Karim Q, Friedland G, Implementing antiretroviral therapy in resource-constrained settings: opportunities and challenges in integrating HIV and tuberculosis care. AIDS 2004;18(7):975-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dean GL, Edwards SG, Ives NJ, Treatment of tuberculosis in HIV-infected persons in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 2002;16(1):75-83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chilton D, Edwards SG, Pellegrino P, Miller RF. Factors influencing delay in initiating antiretroviral therapy among HIV infected patients coinfected with tuberculosis. Thorax 2008;63(10):935-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dheda K, Lampe FC, Johnson MA, Lipman MC. Outcome of HIV-associated tuberculosis in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. J Infect Dis 2004;190(9):1670-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akolo C, Adetifa I, Shepperd S, Volmink J. Treatment of latent tuberculosis infection in HIV infected persons. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010(1):CD000171
   Google Scholar
• Hung CC, Chen MY, Hsiao CF, Improved outcomes of HIV-1-infected adults with tuberculosis in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 2003;17(18):2615-22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abdool Karim SS, Naidoo K, Grobler A, Timing of initiation of antiretroviral drugs during tuberculosis therapy. N Engl J Med 2010;362(8):697-706
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hardman J, Limbird LE, Gilman A. Goodman and Gilman's The pharmacological basis of therapeutics. 10th edition. McGraw-Hill, New York; 2001
   Google Scholar
• McIlleron H, Wash P, Burger A, Determinants of rifampin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol pharmacokinetics in a cohort of tuberculosis patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2006;50(4):1170-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gurumurthy P, Ramachandran G, Hemanth Kumar AK, Decreased bioavailability of rifampin and other antituberculosis drugs in patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus disease. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2004;48(11):4473-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gurumurthy P, Ramachandran G, Hemanth Kumar AK, Malabsorption of rifampin and isoniazid in HIV-infected patients with and without tuberculosis. Clin Infect Dis 2004;38(2):280-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sahai J, Gallicano K, Swick L, Reduced plasma concentrations of antituberculosis drugs in patients with HIV infection. Ann Intern Med 1997;127(4):289-93
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sommadossi JP. HIV protease inhibitors: pharmacologic and metabolic distinctions. AIDS 1999;13(Suppl 1):S29-40
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Piscitelli SC, Gallicano KD. Interactions among drugs for HIV and opportunistic infections. N Engl J Med 2001;344(13):984-96
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michalets EL. Update: clinically significant cytochrome P-450 drug interactions. Pharmacotherapy 1998;18(1):84-112
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonora S, Di Perri G. Interactions between antiretroviral agents and those used to treat tuberculosis. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2008;3(3):306-12
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Smith PF, DiCenzo R, Morse GD. Clinical pharmacokinetics of non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Clin Pharmacokinet 2001;40(12):893-905
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Washington CB, Duran GE, Man MC, Interaction of anti-HIV protease inhibitors with the multidrug transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp) in human cultured cells. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 1998;19(3):203-9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tostmann A, Boeree MJ, Aarnoutse RE, Antituberculosis drug-induced hepatotoxicity: concise up-to-date review. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2008;23(2):192-202
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Centers for disease control and prevention. Managing drug interactions in the treatment of HIV-related tuberculosis 2007. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/tb/TB_HIV_Drugs/default.htm [Cited 20 July 2010]
   Google Scholar
• Onyebujoh PC, Ribeiro I, Whalen CC. Treatment options for HIV-associated tuberculosis. J Infect Dis 2007;196(Suppl 1):S35-45
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jindani A, Nunn AJ, Enarson DA. Two 8-month regimens of chemotherapy for treatment of newly diagnosed pulmonary tuberculosis: international multicentre randomised trial. Lancet 2004;364(9441):1244-51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El-Sadr WM, Perlman DC, Denning E, A review of efficacy studies of 6-month short-course therapy for tuberculosis among patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus: differences in study outcomes. Clin Infect Dis 2001;32(4):623-32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Treatment of tuberculosis: guidelines for national programmes; 2010
   Google Scholar
• Khan FA, Minion J, Pai M, Treatment of active tuberculosis in HIV-coinfected patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis 2010;50(9):1288-99
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maartens G, Decloedt E, Cohen K. Effectiveness and safety of antiretrovirals with rifampicin: crucial issues for high-burden countries. Antivir Ther 2009;14(8):1039-43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Acquired rifamycin resistance in persons with advanced HIV disease being treated for active tuberculosis with intermittent rifamycin-based regimens. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2002:214-15
   Google Scholar
• Nardell EA, Rubin EJ. Once upon a time improved intermittent therapy for tuberculosis--fact or fable?. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005;172(11):1361-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johns Hopkins University. Study of daily rifapentine for pulmonary tuberculosis. Available from: http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00814671 [Cited 29 November 2010]
   Google Scholar
• Centers for disease control and prevention. TBTC Study 29: Rifapentine During Intensive Phase Tuberculosis (TB) Treatment. Available from: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00694629 [Cited 29 November 2010]
   Google Scholar
• Burman WJ, Gallicano K, Peloquin C. Comparative pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the rifamycin antibacterials. Clin Pharmacokinet 2001;40(5):327-41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maggiolo F. Efavirenz: a decade of clinical experience in the treatment of HIV. J Antimicrob Chemother 2009;64(5):910-28
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uttayamakul S, Likanonsakul S, Manosuthi W, Effects of CYP2B6 G516T polymorphisms on plasma efavirenz and nevirapine levels when co-administered with rifampicin in HIV/TB co-infected Thai adults. AIDS Res Ther 2010;7:8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matteelli A, Regazzi M, Villani P, Multiple-dose pharmacokinetics of efavirenz with and without the use of rifampicin in HIV-positive patients. Curr HIV Res 2007;5(3):349-53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lopez-Cortes LF, Ruiz-Valderas R, Viciana P, Pharmacokinetic interactions between efavirenz and rifampicin in HIV-infected patients with tuberculosis. Clin Pharmacokinet 2002;41(9):681-90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedland G, Khoo S, Jack C, Lalloo U. Administration of efavirenz (600 mg/day) with rifampicin results in highly variable levels but excellent clinical outcomes in patients treated for tuberculosis and HIV. J Antimicrob Chemother 2006;58(6):1299-302
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen K, Grant A, Dandara C, Effect of rifampicin-based antitubercular therapy and the cytochrome P450 2B6 516G>T polymorphism on efavirenz concentrations in adults in South Africa. Antivir Ther 2009;14(5):687-95
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manosuthi W, Sungkanuparph S, Tantanathip P, A randomized trial comparing plasma drug concentrations and efficacies between 2 nonnucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitor-based regimens in HIV-infected patients receiving rifampicin: the N2R Study. Clin Infect Dis 2009;48(12):1752-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manosuthi W, Sungkanuparph S, Thakkinstian A, Efavirenz levels and 24-week efficacy in HIV-infected patients with tuberculosis receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy and rifampicin. AIDS 2005;19(14):1481-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manosuthi W, Kiertiburanakul S, Sungkanuparph S, Efavirenz 600 mg/day versus efavirenz 800 mg/day in HIV-infected patients with tuberculosis receiving rifampicin: 48 weeks results. AIDS 2006;20(1):131-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nyakutira C, Roshammar D, Chigutsa E, High prevalence of the CYP2B6 516G-->T(*6) variant and effect on the population pharmacokinetics of efavirenz in HIV/AIDS outpatients in Zimbabwe. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2008;64(4):357-65
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Department of Health and Human Services. Panel on Antiretroviral Guidelines for Adults and Adolescents. Guidelines for the use of antiretroviral agents in HIV-1-infected adults and adolescents. Department of Health and Human Services. December 1,2009; 1-139. Available from: http://www.aidsinfo.nih.gov/ContentFiles/AdultandAdolescentGL.pdf [Cited 20 July 2010]
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Rapid Advice. Antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection in adults and adolescents – November 2009. Available from: http://www.who.int/hiv/pub/arv/rapid_advice_art.pdf. [Accessed 30 September 2010]. World Health Organisation, Geneva, Switzerland; 2009
   Google Scholar
• Cohen K, van Cutsem G, Boulle A, Effect of rifampicin-based antitubercular therapy on nevirapine plasma concentrations in South African adults with HIV-associated tuberculosis. J Antimicrob Chemother 2008;61(2):389-93
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramachandran G, Hemanthkumar AK, Rajasekaran S, Increasing nevirapine dose can overcome reduced bioavailability due to rifampicin coadministration. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2006;42(1):36-41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Avihingsanon A, Manosuthi W, Kantipong P, Pharmacokinetics and 48-week efficacy of nevirapine: 400 mg versus 600 mg per day in HIV-tuberculosis coinfection receiving rifampicin. Antivir Ther 2008;13(4):529-36
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection in adults and adolescents. Recommendations for a public health approach. Available from: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2010/9789241599764_eng.pdf. [Accessed 21 September 2010]
   Google Scholar
• Laureillard D, Prak N, Fernandez M, Efavirenz replacement by immediate full-dose nevirapine is safe in HIV-1-infected patients in Cambodia. HIV Med 2008;9(7):514-18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winston A, Pozniak A, Smith N, Dose escalation or immediate full dose when switching from efavirenz to nevirapine-based highly active antiretroviral therapy in HIV-1-infected individuals? AIDS 2004;18(3):572-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boulle A, Van Cutsem G, Cohen K, Outcomes of nevirapine- and efavirenz-based antiretroviral therapy when coadministered with rifampicin-based antitubercular therapy. JAMA 2008;300(5):530-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manosuthi W, Mankatitham W, Lueangniyomkul A, Standard-dose efavirenz vs. standard-dose nevirapine in antiretroviral regimens among HIV-1 and tuberculosis co-infected patients who received rifampicin. HIV Med 2008;9(5):294-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Oosterhout JJ, Kumwenda JJ, Beadsworth M, Nevirapine-based antiretroviral therapy started early in the course of tuberculosis treatment in adult Malawians. Antivir Ther 2007;12(4):515-21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tibotec, Inc. Intelence (Etravirine) full prescribing information 2009. Available from: http://rsc.tech-res.com/Document/DrugInfoDoc/PI_Etravirine%20(Intelence)%202-2010.pdf [Cited 28 July 2010]
   Google Scholar
• Boffito M, Maitland D, Samarasinghe Y, Pozniak A. The pharmacokinetics of HIV protease inhibitor combinations. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2005;18(1):1-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Narita M, Stambaugh JJ, Hollender ES, Use of rifabutin with protease inhibitors for human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients with tuberculosis. Clin Infect Dis 2000;30(5):779-83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Justesen US, Andersen AB, Klitgaard NA, Pharmacokinetic interaction between rifampin and the combination of indinavir and low-dose ritonavir in HIV-infected patients. Clin Infect Dis 2004;38(3):426-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• la Porte CJ, Colbers EP, Bertz R, Pharmacokinetics of adjusted-dose lopinavir-ritonavir combined with rifampin in healthy volunteers. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2004;48(5):1553-60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burger DM, Agarwala S, Child M, Effect of rifampin on steady-state pharmacokinetics of atazanavir with ritonavir in healthy volunteers. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2006;50(10):3336-42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rolla VC, da Silva Vieira MA, Pereira Pinto D, Safety, efficacy and pharmacokinetics of ritonavir 400 mg/saquinavir 400 mg twice daily plus rifampicin combined therapy in HIV patients with tuberculosis. Clin Drug Investig 2006;26(8):469-79
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haas DW, Koletar SL, Laughlin L, Hepatotoxicity and gastrointestinal intolerance when healthy volunteers taking rifampin add twice-daily atazanavir and ritonavir. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2009;50(3):290-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mallolas J, Sarasa M, Nomdedeu M, Pharmacokinetic interaction between rifampicin and ritonavir-boosted atazanavir in HIV-infected patients. HIV Med 2007;8(2):131-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Acosta EP, Kendall MA, Gerber JG, Effect of concomitantly administered rifampin on the pharmacokinetics and safety of atazanavir administered twice daily. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2007;51(9):3104-10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tibotec, Inc. Prezista (Darunavir) full prescribing information 2010. Available from: http://rsc.tech-res.com/Document/DrugInfoDoc/PI_Darunavir%20(Prezista)%20April%202010.pdf [Cited 27 July 2010]
   Google Scholar
• Centers for disease control and prevention. Guidelines for prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in HIV-infected adults and adolescents. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2009;58(RR-4):167-84
   Google Scholar
• Polk RE, Brophy DF, Israel DS, Pharmacokinetic Interaction between amprenavir and rifabutin or rifampin in healthy males. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2001;45(2):502-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nijland HM, L'Homme RF, Rongen GA, High incidence of adverse events in healthy volunteers receiving rifampicin and adjusted doses of lopinavir/ritonavir tablets. AIDS 2008;22(8):931-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• L'Homme R F, Nijland HM, Gras L, Clinical experience with the combined use of lopinavir/ritonavir and rifampicin. AIDS 2009;23(7):863-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elsherbiny D, Ren Y, McIlleron H, Population pharmacokinetics of lopinavir in combination with rifampicin-based antitubercular treatment in HIV-infected South African children. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2010;66(10):1017-23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boulanger C, Hollender E, Farrell K, Pharmacokinetic evaluation of rifabutin in combination with lopinavir-ritonavir in patients with HIV infection and active tuberculosis. Clin Infect Dis 2009;49(9):1305-11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khachi H, O'Connell R, Ladenheim D, Orkin C. Pharmacokinetic interactions between rifabutin and lopinavir/ritonavir in HIV-infected patients with mycobacterial co-infection. J Antimicrob Chemother 2009;64(4):871-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gray A, Abdool Karim SS, Gengiah TN. Ritonavir/saquinavir safety concerns curtail antiretroviral therapy options for tuberculosis-HIV-co-infected patients in resource-constrained settings. AIDS 2006;20(2):302-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boehringer Ingelheim. Aptivus (tipranavir) full presecribing information. 2010. Available from: http://rsc.tech-res.com/safetyandpharmacovigilance/PIList.aspx [Cited 29 July 2010]
   Google Scholar
• Emmelkamp JM, Rockstroh JK. CCR5 antagonists: comparison of efficacy, side effects, pharmacokinetics and interactions – review of the literature. Eur J Med Res 2007;12(9):409-17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yost R, Pasquale TR, Sahloff EG. Maraviroc: a coreceptor CCR5 antagonist for management of HIV infection. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2009;66(8):715-26
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pfizer Labs. Maraviroc full prescribing information. May 2010. Available from: http://rsc.tech-res.com/Document/DrugInfoDoc/PI_Maraviroc%20(Selzentry)%20May%202010.pdf [Cited 28 July 2010]
   Google Scholar
• Merck Sharpe Dohme. Isentress (raltegravir) full presecribing information. 2010. Available from: http://rsc.tech-res.com/Document/DrugInfoDoc/PI_Raltegravir%20(Isentress)%20June%202010.pdf [Cited 28 July 2010]
   Google Scholar
• Burger DM, Meenhorst PL, Koks CH, Beijnen JH. Pharmacokinetic interaction between rifampin and zidovudine. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1993;37(7):1426-31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gallicano KD, Sahai J, Shukla VK, Induction of zidovudine glucuronidation and amination pathways by rifampicin in HIV-infected patients. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1999;48(2):168-79
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• South African National Department of Health. Clinical guidelines for the management of HIV and AIDS in adults and adolescents. 2010. Available from: http://www.doh.gov.za/docs/facts-f.html [Cited 28 July 2010]
   Google Scholar
• Droste JA, Verweij-van Wissen CP, Kearney BP, Pharmacokinetic study of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate combined with rifampin in healthy volunteers. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005;49(2):680-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodriguez-Novoa S, Alvarez E, Labarga P, Soriano V. Renal toxicity associated with tenofovir use. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2010;9(4):545-59
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Global tuberculosis control:surveillance, planning, financing “WHO/HTM/TB/2008.393” Geneva; 2008
   Google Scholar
• Coyne KM, Pozniak AL, Lamorde M, Boffito M. Pharmacology of second-line antituberculosis drugs and potential for interactions with antiretroviral agents. AIDS 2009;23(4):437-46
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gandhi NR, Moll A, Sturm AW, Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis as a cause of death in patients co-infected with tuberculosis and HIV in a rural area of South Africa. Lancet 2006;368(9547):1575-80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wells CD, Cegielski JP, Nelson LJ, HIV infection and multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: the perfect storm. J Infect Dis 2007;196(Suppl 1):S86-107
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nunez M. Hepatotoxicity of antiretrovirals: incidence, mechanisms and management. J Hepatol 2006;44(1 Suppl):S132-9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Marks DJ, Dheda K, Dawson R, Adverse events to antituberculosis therapy: influence of HIV and antiretroviral drugs. Int J STD AIDS 2009;20(5):339-45
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aaron L, Saadoun D, Calatroni I, Tuberculosis in HIV-infected patients: a comprehensive review. Clin Microbiol Infect 2004;10(5):388-98
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yee D, Valiquette C, Pelletier M, Incidence of serious side effects from first-line antituberculosis drugs among patients treated for active tuberculosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003;167(11):1472-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pukenyte E, Lescure FX, Rey D, Incidence of and risk factors for severe liver toxicity in HIV-infected patients on anti-tuberculosis treatment. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2007;11(1):78-84
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sulkowski MS, Mehta SH, Chaisson RE, Hepatotoxicity associated with protease inhibitor-based antiretroviral regimens with or without concurrent ritonavir. AIDS 2004;18(17):2277-84
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffmann CJ, Charalambous S, Thio CL, Hepatotoxicity in an African antiretroviral therapy cohort: the effect of tuberculosis and hepatitis B. AIDS 2007;21(10):1301-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Westreich DJ, Sanne I, Maskew M, Tuberculosis treatment and risk of stavudine substitution in first-line antiretroviral therapy. Clin Infect Dis 2009;48(11):1617-23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Breen RA, Lipman MC, Johnson MA. Increased incidence of peripheral neuropathy with co-administration of stavudine and isoniazid in HIV-infected individuals. AIDS 2000;14(5):615
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boulle A, Orrel C, Kaplan R, Substitutions due to antiretroviral toxicity or contraindication in the first 3 years of antiretroviral therapy in a large South African cohort. Antivir Ther 2007;12(5):753-60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonzalez-Duarte A, Cikurel K, Simpson DM. Managing HIV peripheral neuropathy. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 2007;4(3):114-18
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cohen K, Meintjes G. Management of individuals requiring antiretroviral therapy and TB treatment. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2010;5(1):61-9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Paterson DL, Swindells S, Mohr J, Adherence to protease inhibitor therapy and outcomes in patients with HIV infection. Ann Intern Med 2000;133(1):21-30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Munro SA, Lewin SA, Smith HJ, Patient adherence to tuberculosis treatment: a systematic review of qualitative research. PLoS Med 2007;4(7):e238
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chesney M. Adherence to HAART regimens. AIDS Patient Care STDS 2003;17(4):169-77
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amuha MG, Kutyabami P, Kitutu FE, Non-adherence to anti-TB drugs among TB/HIV co-infected patients in Mbarara Hospital Uganda: prevalence and associated factors. Afr Health Sci 2009;9(Suppl 1):S8-15
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kagee A, Remien RH, Berkman A, Structural barriers to ART adherence in Southern Africa: challenges and potential ways forward. Glob Public Health 2010;6:1-15
   Google Scholar
• Meintjes G, Lynen L. Prevention and treatment of the immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2008;3(4):468-76
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Meintjes G, Lawn SD, Scano F, Tuberculosis-associated immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome: case definitions for use in resource-limited settings. Lancet Infect Dis 2008;8(8):516-23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Narita M, Ashkin D, Hollender ES, Pitchenik AE. Paradoxical worsening of tuberculosis following antiretroviral therapy in patients with AIDS. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998;158(1):157-61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manosuthi W, Van Tieu H, Mankatitham W, Clinical case definition and manifestations of paradoxical tuberculosis-associated immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome. AIDS 2009;23(18):2467-71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma SK, Dhooria S, Barwad P, A study of TB-associated immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome using the consensus case-definition. Indian J Med Res 2010;131:804-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baalwa J, Mayanja-Kizza H, Kamya MR, Worsening and unmasking of tuberculosis in HIV-1 infected patients after initiating highly active anti-retroviral therapy in Uganda. Afr Health Sci 2008;8(3):190-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lawn SD, Myer L, Bekker LG, Wood R. Tuberculosis-associated immune reconstitution disease: incidence, risk factors and impact in an antiretroviral treatment service in South Africa. AIDS 2007;21(3):335-41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burman W, Weis S, Vernon A, Frequency, severity and duration of immune reconstitution events in HIV-related tuberculosis. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2007;11(12):1282-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muller M, Wandel S, Colebunders R, Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in patients starting antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis 2010;10(4):251-61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valin N, Pacanowski J, Denoeud L, Risk factors for ‘unmasking immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome’ presentation of tuberculosis following combination antiretroviral therapy initiation in HIV-infected patients. AIDS 2010;24(10):1519-25
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michailidis C, Pozniak AL, Mandalia S, Clinical characteristics of IRIS syndrome in patients with HIV and tuberculosis. Antivir Ther 2005;10(3):417-22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meintjes G, Wilkinson RJ, Morroni C, Randomized placebo-controlled trial of prednisone for paradoxical tuberculosis-associated immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome. AIDS 2010;24(15):2381-90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zolopa A, Andersen J, Powderly W, Early antiretroviral therapy reduces AIDS progression/death in individuals with acute opportunistic infections: a multicenter randomized strategy trial. PLoS One 2009;4(5):e5575
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sungkanuparph S, Manosuthi W, Kiertiburanakul S, Vibhagool A. Initiation of antiretroviral therapy in advanced AIDS with active tuberculosis: clinical experiences from Thailand. J Infect 2006;52(3):188-94
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manosuthi W, Chottanapand S, Thongyen S, Survival rate and risk factors of mortality among HIV/tuberculosis-coinfected patients with and without antiretroviral therapy. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2006;43(1):42-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Velasco M, Castilla V, Sanz J, Effect of simultaneous use of highly active antiretroviral therapy on survival of HIV patients with tuberculosis. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2009;50(2):148-52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanguanwongse N, Cain KP, Suriya P, Antiretroviral therapy for HIV-infected tuberculosis patients saves lives but needs to be used more frequently in Thailand. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2008;48(2):181-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tabarsi P, Saber-Tehrani AS, Baghaei P, Early initiation of antiretroviral therapy results in decreased morbidity and mortality among patients with TB and HIV. J Int AIDS Soc 2009;12(1):14
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yotebieng M, Van Rie A, Moultrie H, Effect on mortality and virological response of delaying antiretroviral therapy initiation in children receiving tuberculosis treatment. AIDS 2010;24(9):1341-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blanc FXea. Significant enhancement in survival with early (2 weeks) vs. late (8 weeks) initiation of highly active antiretroviral treatment (HAART) in severly immunocompromised HIV-infected adults with newly diagnosed tuberculosis. 18th International AIDS Conference. Vienna 2010
   Google Scholar
• Toibaro JJ, Losso MH. Pharmacokinetics interaction studies between rifampicin and protease inhibitors: methodological problems. AIDS 2008;22(15):2046-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grange J, Adhikari M, Ahmed Y, Tuberculosis in association with HIV/AIDS emerges as a major nonobstetric cause of maternal mortality in Sub-Saharan Africa. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2010;108(3):181-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lalloo UG, Ambaram A. New antituberculous drugs in development. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 2010;7(3):143-51
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bonora S, Mondo A, Trentini L, Moxifloxacin for the treatment of HIV-associated tuberculosis in patients with contraindications or intolerance to rifamycins. J Infect 2008;57(1):78-81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Granich R, Akolo C, Gunneberg C, Prevention of tuberculosis in people living with HIV. Clin Infect Dis 2010;50(Suppl 3):S215-22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar