Drug-induced pneumonitis in cancer patients treated with mTOR inhibitors: management and insights into possible mechanisms

Bibliography

• Wander SA, Hennessy BT, Slingerland JM. Next-generation mTOR inhibitors in clinical oncology: how pathway complexity informs therapeutic strategy. J Clin Invest 2011;121:1231-41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martelli AM, Chiarini F, Evangelisti C, et al. Two hits are better than one: targeting both phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and mammalian target of rapamycin as a therapeutic strategy for acute leukemia treatment. Oncotarget 2012;3:371-94
   Google Scholar
• Hudes GR. Targeting mTOR in renal cell carcinoma. Cancer 2009;115(10 Suppl):2313-20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sparks CA, Guertin DA. Targeting mTOR: prospects for mTOR complex 2 inhibitors in cancer therapy. Oncogene 2010;29:3733-44
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou H, Luo Y, Huang S. Updates of mTOR inhibitors. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2010;10:571-81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oshiro N, Yoshino K, Hidayat S, et al. Dissociation of raptor from mTOR is a mechanism of rapamycin-induced inhibition of mTOR function. Genes Cells 2004;9:359-66
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Torisel 30 mg concentrate and diluent for solution for infusion. Summary of product characteristics, last updated August 2013. Available from: http://www.emea.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/EPAR_-_Product_Information/human/000799/WC500039912.pdf [Last accessed 20 September 2013]
   Google Scholar
• Rapamune (sirolimus) oral solution and tablets. Prescribing information, revised December 2012. Available from: http://labeling.pfizer.com/showlabeling.aspx?id=139 [Last accessed 20 September 2013]
   Google Scholar
• Halleck F, Duerr M, Waiser J, et al. An evaluation of sirolimus in renal transplantation. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2012;8:1337-56
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Afinitor (everolimus) tablets for oral administration. Prescribing information, revised August 2012. Available from: http://www.pharma.us.novartis.com/product/pi/pdf/afinitor.pdf [Last accessed 20 September 2013]
   Google Scholar
• Afinitor 2.5 mg tablets. Summary of product characteristics, last updated September 2013. Available from: http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/EPAR_-_Product_Information/human/001038/WC500022814.pdf [Last accessed 20 September 2013]
   Google Scholar
• Keedy VL. Treating metastatic soft-tissue or bone sarcomas - potential role of ridaforolimus. Onco Targets Ther 2012;5:153-60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baselga J, Campone M, Piccart M, et al. Everolimus in postmenopausal hormone-receptor-positive advanced breast cancer. N Engl J Med 2012;366:520-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith SM, van Besien K, Karrison T, et al. Temsirolimus has activity in non-mantle cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma subtypes: the University of Chicago phase II consortium. J Clin Oncol 2010;28:4740-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soria JC, Shepherd FA, Douillard JY, et al. Efficacy of everolimus (RAD001) in patients with advanced NSCLC previously treated with chemotherapy alone or with chemotherapy and EGFR inhibitors. Ann Oncol 2009;20:1674-81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diaz-Padilla I, Duran I, Clarke BA, Oza AM. Biologic rationale and clinical activity of mTOR inhibitors in gynecological cancer. Cancer Treat Rev 2012;38:767-75
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wullschleger S, Loewith R, Hall MN. TOR signaling in growth and metabolism. Cell 2006;124:471-84
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eisen T, Sternberg CN, Robert C, et al. Targeted therapies for renal cell carcinoma: review of adverse event management strategies. J Natl Cancer Inst 2012;104:93-113
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodriguez-Pascual J, Cheng E, Maroto P, Duran I. Emergent toxicities associated with the use of mTOR inhibitors in patients with advanced renal carcinoma. Anticancer Drugs 2010;21:478-86
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aparicio G, Calvo MB, Medina V, et al. Comprehensive lung injury pathology induced by mTOR inhibitors. Clin Transl Oncol 2009;11:499-510
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barber NA, Ganti AK. Pulmonary toxicities from targeted therapies: a review. Target Oncol 2011;6:235-43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borders EB, Bivona C, Medina PJ. Mammalian target of rapamycin: biological function and target for novel anticancer agents. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2010;67:2095-106
   Google Scholar
• Morelon E, Stern M, Kreis H. Interstitial pneumonitis associated with sirolimus therapy in renal-transplant recipients. N Engl J Med 2000;343:225-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pham PT, Pham PC, Danovitch GM, et al. Sirolimus-associated pulmonary toxicity. Transplantation 2004;77:1215-20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atkins MB, Hidalgo M, Stadler WM, et al. Randomized phase II study of multiple dose levels of CCI-779, a novel mammalian target of rapamycin kinase inhibitor, in patients with advanced refractory renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 2004;22:909-18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duran I, Siu LL, Oza AM, et al. Characterisation of the lung toxicity of the cell cycle inhibitor temsirolimus. Eur J Cancer 2006;42:1875-80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Albiges L, Chamming's F, Duclos B, et al. Incidence and management of mTOR inhibitor-associated pneumonitis in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Ann Oncol 2012;23:1943-53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Porta C, Osanto S, Ravaud A, et al. Management of adverse events associated with the use of everolimus in patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma. Eur J Cancer 2011;47:1287-98
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White DA, Camus P, Endo M, et al. Noninfectious pneumonitis after everolimus therapy for advanced renal cell carcinoma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2010;182:396-403
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Säemann MD, Haidinger M, Hecking M, et al. The multifunctional role of mTOR in innate immunity: implications for transplant immunity. Am J Transplant 2009;9:2655-61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brouard S, Puig-Pey I, Lozano JJ, et al. Comparative transcriptional and phenotypic peripheral blood analysis of kidney recipients under cyclosporin A or sirolimus monotherapy. Am J Transplant 2010;10:2604-14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haidinger M, Poglitsch M, Geyeregger R, et al. A versatile role of mammalian target of rapamycin in human dendritic cell function and differentiation. J Immunol 2010;185:3919-31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weichhart T, Costantino G, Poglitsch M, et al. The TSC-mTOR signaling pathway regulates the innate inflammatory response. Immunity 2008;29:565-77
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoshida T, Mett I, Bhunia AK, et al. Rtp801, a suppressor of mTOR signaling, is an essential mediator of cigarette smoke-induced pulmonary injury and emphysema. Nat Med 2010;16:767-73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fielhaber JA, Carroll SF, Dydensborg AB, et al. Inhibition of mammalian target of rapamycin augments lipopolysaccharide-induced lung injury and apoptosis. J Immunol 2012;188:4535-42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weichhart T, Haidinger M, Katholnig K, et al. Inhibition of mTOR blocks the anti-inflammatory effects of glucocorticoids in myeloid immune cells. Blood 2011;117:4273-83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Powell JD, Pollizzi KN, Heikamp EB, Horton MR. Regulation of immune responses by mTOR. Annu Rev Immunol 2012;30:39-68
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antoniou KM, Margaritopoulos GA, Soufla G, et al. Expression analysis of Akt and MAPK signaling pathways in lung tissue of patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2010;30:262-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buron F, Malvezzi P, Villar E, et al. Profiling sirolimus-induced inflammatory syndrome: a prospective tricentric observational study. PLoS One 2013;8:e53078
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• David S, Kümpers P, Shin H, et al. Everolimus-associated interstitial pneumonitis in a patient with a heart transplant. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2007;22:3363-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiner SM, Sellin L, Vonend O, et al. Pneumonitis associated with sirolimus: clinical characteristics, risk factors and outcome – a single-centre experience and review of the literature. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2007;22:3631-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rehm B, Keller F, Mayer J, Stracke S. Resolution of sirolimus-induced pneumonitis after conversion to everolimus. Transplant Proc 2006;38:711-13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellard SL, Clemons M, Gelmon KA, et al. Randomized phase II study comparing two schedules of everolimus in patients with recurrent/metastatic breast cancer: NCIC Clinical Trials Group IND.163. J Clin Oncol 2009;27:4536-41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cauley DH, Atkinson BJ, Ng CS, et al. Everolimus (E) and temsirolimus (T) associated pneumonitis (P) in patients with metastatic renal cell cancer (mRCC): a single-center experience. J Clin Oncol 2012;30(Suppl 5):abstract 401
   Google Scholar
• Maroto JP, Hudes G, Dutcher JP, et al. Drug-related pneumonitis in patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma treated with temsirolimus. J Clin Oncol 2011;29:1750-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Albiges L, Caramella C, Ferte C, et al. Interstitial pneumonitis during RAD-001 treatment: incidence by blinded radiological analysis [abstract 7114]. Eur J Cancer Suppl 2009;7(Suppl 2):427
   Google Scholar
• Amato RJ, Jac J, Giessinger S, et al. A phase 2 study with a daily regimen of the oral mTOR inhibitor RAD001 (everolimus) in patients with metastatic clear cell renal cell cancer. Cancer 2009;115:2438-46
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grünwald V, Karakiewicz PI, Bavbek SE, et al. An international expanded-access programme of everolimus: addressing safety and efficacy in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma who progress after initial vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy. Eur J Cancer 2012;48:324-32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cauley DH, Atkinson BJ, Corn PG, et al. Everolimus-associated pneumonitis (EAP) in metastatic renal cell cancer patients (mRCC): a single-center experience. J Clin Oncol 2011;29(Suppl):abstract 332
   Google Scholar
• Motzer RJ, Escudier B, Oudard S, et al. Efficacy of everolimus in advanced renal cell carcinoma: a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled phase III trial. Lancet 2008;372:449-56
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Franz DN, Belousova E, Sparagana S, et al. Efficacy and safety of everolimus for subependymal giant cell astrocytomas associated with tuberous sclerosis complex (EXIST-1): a multicentre, randomised, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial. Lancet 2013;381:125-32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bissler JJ, Kingswood JC, Radzikowska E, et al. Everolimus for angiomyolipoma associated with tuberous sclerosis complex or sporadic lymphangioleiomyomatosis (EXIST-2): a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2013;381:817-24
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bellmunt J, Szczylik C, Feingold J, et al. Temsirolimus safety profile and management of toxic effects in patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma and poor prognostic features. Ann Oncol 2008;19:1387-92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krueger DA, Care MM, Holland K, et al. Everolimus for subependymal giant-cell astrocytomas in tuberous sclerosis. N Engl J Med 2010;363:1801-11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oberstein PE, Saif MW. Safety and efficacy of everolimus in adult patients with neuroendocrine tumors. Clin Med Insights Oncol 2012;6:41-51
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Alexandru S, Ortiz A, Baldovi S, et al. Severe everolimus-associated pneumonitis in a renal transplant recipient. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2008;23:3353-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Errasti P, Izquierdo D, Martín P, et al. Pneumonitis associated with mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors in renal transplant recipients: a single-center experience. Transplant Proc 2010;42:3053-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradley B, Branley HM, Egan JJ, et al. Interstitial lung disease guideline: the British Thoracic Society in collaboration with the Thoracic Society of Australia and New Zealand and the Irish Thoracic Society. Thorax 2008;63(Suppl 5):v1-v58
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di Lorenzo G, Porta C, Bellmunt J, et al. Toxicities of targeted therapy and their management in kidney cancer. Eur Urol 2011;59:526-40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NIH Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) v. 4, last modified May 2010. Available from: http://evs.nci.nih.gov/ftp1/CTCAE/About.html [Last accessed 20 September 2013]
   Google Scholar