Rhabdomyolysis induced by antiepileptic drugs: characteristics, treatment and prognosis

References

• Shapiro ML, Baldea A, Luchette FA. Rhabdomyolysis in the intensive care unit. J Intensive Care Med. 2012;27(6):335–342.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Torres PA, Helmstetter JA, Kaye AM, et al. Rhabdomyolysis: pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment. Ochsner J. 2015;15(1):58–69.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huerta-Alardin AL, Varon J, Marik PE. Bench-to-bedside review: rhabdomyolysis – an overview for clinicians. Crit Care. 2005;9(2):158–169.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan EK, Kornberg AJ, Ryan MM. A diagnostic approach to recurrent myalgia and rhabdomyolysis in children. Arch Dis Child. 2015;100(8):793–797.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petejova N, Martinek A. Acute kidney injury due to rhabdomyolysis and renal replacement therapy: a critical review. Crit Care. 2014;18(3):224.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vanholder R, Sever MS, Erek E, et al. Rhabdomyolysis. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2000;11(8):1553–1561.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bywaters EG, Beall D. Crush injuries with impairment of renal function. Br Med J. 1941;1(4185):427–432.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zutt R, Van Der Kooi AJ, Linthorst GE, et al. Rhabdomyolysis: review of the literature. Neuromuscul Disord. 2014;24(8):651–659.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sauret JM, Marinides G, Wang GK. Rhabdomyolysis. Am Fam Physician. 2002;65(5):907–912.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown CV, Rhee P, Chan L, et al. Preventing renal failure in patients with rhabdomyolysis: do bicarbonate and mannitol make a difference? J Trauma. 2004;56(6):1191–1196.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chamberlain MC. Rhabdomyolysis in children: a 3-year retrospective study. Pediatr Neurol. 1991;7(3):226–228.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alpers JP, Jones LK Jr. Natural history of exertional rhabdomyolysis: a population-based analysis. Muscle Nerve. 2010;42(4):487–491.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perreault S, Birca A, Piper D, et al. Transient creatine phosphokinase elevations in children: a single-center experience. J Pediatr. 2011;159(4):682–685.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mackay MT, Kornberg AJ, Shield LK, et al. Benign acute childhood myositis: laboratory and clinical features. Neurology. 1999;53(9):2127–2131.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cervellin G, Comelli I, Lippi G. Rhabdomyolysis: historical background, clinical, diagnostic and therapeutic features. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2010;48(6):749–756.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Melli G, Chaudhry V, Cornblath DR. Rhabdomyolysis: an evaluation of 475 hospitalized patients. Medicine (Baltimore). 2005;84(6):377–385.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watson JD, Gifford SM, Clouse WD. Biochemical markers of acute limb ischemia, rhabdomyolysis, and impact on limb salvage. Semin Vasc Surg. 2014;27(3–4):176–181.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bedry R, Baudrimont I, Deffieux G, et al. Wild-mushroom intoxication as a cause of rhabdomyolysis. N Engl J Med. 2001;345(11):798–802.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mannix R, Tan ML, Wright R, et al. Acute pediatric rhabdomyolysis: causes and rates of renal failure. Pediatrics. 2006;118(5):2119–2125.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou Z-B, Yang X-Y, Zhou X, et al. Propofol-induced rhabdomyolysis: a case report. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2015;53(10):890–894.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crepeau AZ, Treiman DM. Levetiracetam: a comprehensive review. Expert Rev Neurother. 2010;10(2):159–171.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akiyama H, Haga Y, Sasaki N, et al. A case of rhabdomyolysis in which levetiracetam was suspected as the cause. Epilepsy Behav Case Rep. 2014;2:152–155.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Meyer S, Martin T, Löffler G, et al. Severe rhabdomyolysis caused by valproic acid in a neonate with seizures and chromosomal abnormalities. Klin Padiatr. 2011;223(7):434–435.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kicka M, Kłopotowski T, Picheta S, et al. [Massive lamotrigine poisoning--case report]. Przegla̧D Lekarski. 2011;68(8):543–545.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Diaz JH, et al. Propofol infusion syndrome: a retrospective analysis at a level 1 trauma center. Crit Care Res Pract. 2014;2014:346968.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Levin PD, Levin V, Weissman C, et al. Therapeutic plasma exchange as treatment for propofol infusion syndrome. J Clin Apher. 2015;30:311–313.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gunathilake R, Boyce LE, Knight AT. Pregabalin-associated rhabdomyolysis. Med J Aust. 2013;199(9):624–625.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gabow PA, Kaehny WD, Kelleher SP. The spectrum of rhabdomyolysis. Medicine (Baltimore). 1982;61(3):141–152.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khan FY. Rhabdomyolysis: a review of the literature. Neth J Med. 2009;67(9):272–283.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bosch X, Poch E, Grau JM. Rhabdomyolysis and acute kidney injury. N Engl J Med. 2009;361(1):62–72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Isaacson JE, Choe DJ, Doherty MJ. Creatine phosphokinase elevation exacerbated by levetiracetam therapy. Epilepsy Behav Case Rep. 2014;2:189–191.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Incecik F, et al. Acute rhabdomyolysis associated with levetiracetam therapy in a child. Acta Neurol Belg. 2015. [Epub ahead of print].
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Haruda F. Phenytoin hypersensitivity: 38 cases. Neurology. 1979;29(11):1480–1485.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Engel JN, Mellul VG, Goodman DB. Phenytoin hypersensitivity: a case of severe acute rhabdomyolysis. Am J Med. 1986;81(5):928–930.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santos-Calle FJ, Borrás-Blasco J, Navarro-Ruiz A, et al. Unsuspected rhabdomyolysis associated with phenytoin. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2005;43(9):436–440.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Korman LB, Olson MJ. Phenytoin-induced hepatitis, rhabdomyolysis, and renal dysfunction. Clin Pharm. 1989;8(7):514–515.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ponchaut S, Van Hoof F, Veitch K. Valproate and cytochrome c oxidase deficiency. Eur J Pediatr. 1995;154(1):79.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roodhooft AM, Van Dam K, Haentjens D, et al. Acute sodium valproate intoxication: occurrence of renal failure and treatment with haemoperfusion-haemodialysis. Eur J Pediatr. 1990;149(5):363–364.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pinkston R, Walker LA. Multiorgan system failure caused by valproic acid toxicity. Am J Emerg Med. 1997;15(5):504–506.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kottlors M, Jaksch M, Ketelsen UP, et al. Valproic acid triggers acute rhabdomyolysis in a patient with carnitine palmitoyltransferase type II deficiency. Neuromuscul Disord. 2001;11(8):757–759.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wieser T. Carnitine palmitoyltransferase II deficiency. GeneReviews® [Internet]. 1993.
   Google Scholar
• Lheureux PE, Penaloza A, Zahir S, et al. Science review: carnitine in the treatment of valproic acid-induced toxicity - what is the evidence? Crit Care. 2005;9(5):431–440.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sills GJ. The mechanisms of action of gabapentin and pregabalin. Curr Opin Pharmacol. 2006;6(1):108–113.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gabapentin as add-on therapy in refractory partial epilepsy: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study 2001. Neurology. 1993;57(11 Suppl 4):S62–8.
   Google Scholar
• Goa KL, Sorkin EM. Gabapentin. A review of its pharmacological properties and clinical potential in epilepsy. Drugs. 1993;46(3):409–427.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bilgir O, Calan M, Bilgir F, et al. Gabapentin-induced rhabdomyolysis in a patient with diabetic neuropathy. Intern Med. 2009;48(12):1085–1087.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Falconi D, et al. [Rhabdomyolysis from gabapentin: a case report]. G Ital Nefrol. 2015;32(2).
   Google Scholar
• Tuccori M, Lombardo G, Lapi F, et al. Gabapentin-induced severe myopathy. Ann Pharmacother. 2007;41(7):1301–1305.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilman JT. Lamotrigine: an antiepileptic agent for the treatment of partial seizures. Ann Pharmacother. 1995;29(2):144–151.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sbei M, Campellone JV. Stupor from lamotrigine toxicity. Epilepsia. 2001;42(8):1082–1083.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guberman AH, Besag FM, Brodie MJ, et al. Lamotrigine-associated rash: risk/benefit considerations in adults and children. Epilepsia. 1999;40(7):985–991.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schaub JE, Caporaso NE, Page WF, et al. Multisystem adverse reaction to lamotrigine. Lancet. 1994;344(8920):481.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chattergoon DS, McGuigan MA, Koren G, et al. Multiorgan dysfunction and disseminated intravascular coagulation in children receiving lamotrigine and valproic acid. Neurology. 1997;49(5):1442–1444.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwartz MD, Geller RJ. Seizures and altered mental status after lamotrigine overdose. Ther Drug Monit. 2007;29(6):843–844.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferguson LP, Dargan PI, Hood JL, et al. Life-threatening organ failure after lamotrigine therapy. Pediatr Neurol. 2009;40(5):392–394.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rossetti AO, Logroscino G, Bromfield EB. Refractory status epilepticus: effect of treatment aggressiveness on prognosis. Arch Neurol. 2005;62(11):1698–1702.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Parke TJ, Stevens JE, Rice AS, et al. Metabolic acidosis and fatal myocardial failure after propofol infusion in children: five case reports. BMJ. 1992;305(6854):613–616.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zaccheo MM, Bucher DH. Propofol infusion syndrome: a rare complication with potentially fatal results. Crit Care Nurse. 2008;28(3):18–26; quiz 27.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanna JP, Ramundo ML. Rhabdomyolysis and hypoxia associated with prolonged propofol infusion in children. Neurology. 1998;50(1):301–303.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cornfield DN, Tegtmeyer K, Nelson MD, et al. Continuous propofol infusion in 142 critically ill children. Pediatrics. 2002;110(6):1177–1181.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zarovnaya EL, Jobst BC, Harris BT. Propofol-associated fatal myocardial failure and rhabdomyolysis in an adult with status epilepticus. Epilepsia. 2007;48(5):1002–1006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karakitsos D, Poularas J, Kalogeromitros A, et al. The propofol infusion syndrome treated with haemofiltration. Is there a time for genetic screening? Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2007;51(5):644–645.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toth C. Pregabalin: latest safety evidence and clinical implications for the management of neuropathic pain. Ther Adv Drug Saf. 2014;5(1):38–56.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Krasowski MD, McMillin GA. Advances in anti-epileptic drug testing. Clin Chim Acta. 2014;436:224–236.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ward MM. Factors predictive of acute renal failure in rhabdomyolysis. Arch Intern Med. 1988;148(7):1553–1557.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Watanabe T. Rhabdomyolysis and acute renal failure in children. Pediatr Nephrol. 2001;16(12):1072–1075.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watemberg N, Leshner RL, Armstrong BA, et al. Acute pediatric rhabdomyolysis. J Child Neurol. 2000;15(4):222–227.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Veenstra J, Smit WM, Krediet RT, et al. Relationship between elevated creatine phosphokinase and the clinical spectrum of rhabdomyolysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1994;9(6):637–641.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lane R, Phillips M. Rhabdomyolysis. BMJ. 2003;327(7407):115–116.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chatzizisis YS, Misirli G, Hatzitolios AI, et al. The syndrome of rhabdomyolysis: complications and treatment. Eur J Intern Med. 2008;19(8):568–574.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Better OS, Abassi ZA. Early fluid resuscitation in patients with rhabdomyolysis. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2011;7(7):416–422.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferraz C, Reis ME, Lopes MM, et al. [Hypoglycaemia without ketosis. A case report]. Rev Neurol. 2005;41(6):349–353.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bagley WH, Yang H, Shah KH. Rhabdomyolysis. Intern Emerg Med. 2007;2(3):210–218.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Ismaili Z, Piccioni M, Zappitelli M. Rhabdomyolysis: pathogenesis of renal injury and management. Pediatr Nephrol. 2011;26(10):1781–1788.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernandez WG, Hung O, Bruno GR, et al. Factors predictive of acute renal failure and need for hemodialysis among ED patients with rhabdomyolysis. Am J Emerg Med. 2005;23(1):1–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gunal AI, Celiker H, Dogukan A, et al. Early and vigorous fluid resuscitation prevents acute renal failure in the crush victims of catastrophic earthquakes. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2004;15(7):1862–1867.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zager RA. Rhabdomyolysis and myohemoglobinuric acute renal failure. Kidney Int. 1996;49(2):314–326.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Altintepe L, Guney I, Tonbul Z, et al. Early and intensive fluid replacement prevents acute renal failure in the crush cases associated with spontaneous collapse of an apartment in Konya. Ren Fail. 2007;29(6):737–741.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antoon JW, Chakraborti C. Corticosteroids in the treatment of alcohol-induced rhabdomyolysis. Mayo Clin Proc. 2011;86(10):1005–1007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hohenegger M. Drug induced rhabdomyolysis. Curr Opin Pharmacol. 2012;12(3):335–339.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mor A, Wortmann RL, Mitnick HJ, et al. Drugs causing muscle disease. Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 2011;37(2):219–231.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abend NS, Loddenkemper T. Pediatric status epilepticus management. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2014;26(6):668–674.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mazurkiewicz-Beldzinska M, Szmuda M, Zawadzka M, et al. Current treatment of convulsive status epilepticus - a therapeutic protocol and review. Anaesthesiol Intensive Ther. 2014;46(4):293–300.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Otsuki T. [Epilepsy care network]. Nihon Rinsho. 2014;72(5):947–951.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zimmerman JL, Shen MC. Rhabdomyolysis. Chest. 2013;144(3):1058–1065.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parekh R, Care DA, Tainter CR. Rhabdomyolysis: advances in diagnosis and treatment. Emerg Med Pract. 2012;14(3):1–15; quiz 15.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zeng X, Zhang L, Wu T. Continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) for rhabdomyolysis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;6:CD008566.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Scharman EJ, Troutman WG. Prevention of kidney injury following rhabdomyolysis: a systematic review. Ann Pharmacother. 2013;47(1):90–105.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Splendiani G, Mazzarella V, Cipriani S, et al. Dialytic treatment of rhabdomyolysis-induced acute renal failure: our experience. Ren Fail. 2001;23(2):183–191.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guitton C, Gabillet L, Latour P, et al. Propofol infusion syndrome during refractory status epilepticus in a young adult: successful ECMO resuscitation. Neurocrit Care. 2011;15(1):139–145.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sibon I, De Toffol B, Azulay J-P, et al. [American academy of neurology, Washington, 18-25 April 2015]. Rev Neurol (Paris). 2015;171(6–7):581–601.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Serrano E, Kanner AM. Recent treatment advances and novel therapeutic approaches in epilepsy. F1000Prime Rep. 2015;7:61.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar