Strategies for therapy of retinal diseases using systemic drug delivery: relevance of transporters at the blood–retinal barrier

Bibliography

• Del Amo EM, Urtti A. Current and future ophthalmic drug delivery systems. A shift to the posterior segment. Drug Discov Today 2008;13:135-43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rahmani B, Tielsch JM, Katz J, The cause-specific prevalence of visual impairment in an urban population. The Baltimore Eye Survey. Ophthalmology 1996;103:1721-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joussen AM, Poulaki V, Le ML, A central role for inflammation in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy. FASEB J 2004;18:1450-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson OA, Bainbridge JW, Shima DT. Delivery of anti-angiogenic molecular therapies for retinal disease. Drug Discov Today 2010;15:272-82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Urtti A, Pipkin JD, Rork G, Controlled drug delivery devices for experimental ocular studies with timolol 2. Ocular and systemic absorption in rabbits. Int J Pharm 1990;61:241-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Myles ME, Neumann DM, Hill JM. Recent progress in ocular drug delivery for posterior segment disease: emphasis on transscleral iontophoresis. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2005;57:2063-79
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thrimawithana TR, Young S, Bunt CR, Drug delivery to the posterior segment of the eye. Drug Discov Today 2011;16:270-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cunha-Vaz JG. The blood-ocular barriers: past, present, and future. Doc Ophthalmol 1997;93:149-57
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hosoya K, Tachikawa M. Inner blood-retinal barrier transporters: role of retinal drug delivery. Pharm Res 2009;26:2055-65
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomi M, Hosoya K. The role of blood-ocular barrier transporters in retinal drug disposition: an overview. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2010;6:1111-24
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ganapathy V, Thangaraju M, Gopal E, Sodium-coupled monocarboxylate transporters in normal tissues and in cancer. AAPS J 2008;10:193-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hosoya K, Tomi M. Advances in the cell biology of transport via the inner blood-retinal barrier: establishment of cell lines and transport functions. Biol Pharm Bull 2005;28:1-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mannermaa E, Vellonen KS, Urtti A. Drug transport in corneal epithelium and blood-retina barrier: emerging role of transporters in ocular pharmacokinetics. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2006;58:1136-63
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tachikawa M, Takeda Y, Tomi M, Involvement of OCTN2 in the transport of acetyl-L-carnitine across the inner blood-retinal barrier. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2010;51:430-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Puchowicz MA, Xu K, Magness D, Comparison of glucose influx and blood flow in retina and brain of diabetic rats. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2004;24:449-57
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomi M, Kitade N, Hirose S, Cationic amino acid transporter 1-mediated L-arginine transport at the inner blood-retinal barrier. J Neurochem 2009;111:716-25
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macha S, Mitra AK. Ocular pharmacokinetics in rabbits using a novel dual probe microdialysis technique. Exp Eye Res 2001;72:289-99
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rittenhouse KD, Peiffer Jr RL, Pollack GM. Microdialysis evaluation of the ocular pharmacokinetics of propranolol in the conscious rabbit. Pharm Res 1999;16:736-42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pow DV. Amino acids and their transporters in the retina. Neurochem Int 2001;38:463-84
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sen HA, Berkowitz BA, Ando N, In vivo imaging of breakdown of the inner and outer blood-retinal barriers. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1992;33:3507-12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alm A, Tornquist P. The uptake index method applied to studies on the blood-retinal barrier. I. A methodological study. Acta Physiol Scand 1981;113:73-9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pardridge WM, Landaw EM, Miller LP, Carotid artery injection technique: bounds for bolus mixing by plasma and by brain. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1985;5:576-83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hosoya K, Yamamoto A, Akanuma S, Lipophilicity and transporter influence on blood-retinal barrier permeability: a comparison with blood-brain barrier permeability. Pharm Res 2010;27:2715-24
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toda R, Kawazu K, Oyabu M, Comparison of drug permeabilities across the blood-retinal barrier, blood-aqueous humor barrier, and blood-brain barrier. J Pharm Sci 2011;100:3904-11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schinkel AH, Wagenaar E, van Deemter L, Absence of the mdr1a P-Glycoprotein in mice affects tissue distribution and pharmacokinetics of dexamethasone, digoxin, and cyclosporin A. J Clin Invest 1995;96:1698-705
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsuji A, Terasaki T, Takabatake Y, P-glycoprotein as the drug efflux pump in primary cultured bovine brain capillary endothelial cells. Life Sci 1995;51:1427-37
   Google Scholar
• Wadelius M, Sorlin K, Wallerman O, Warfarin sensitivity related to CYP2C9, CYP3A5, ABCB1 (MDR1) and other factors. Pharmacogenomics J 2004;4:40-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alm A, Tornquist P, Maepea O. The uptake index method applied to studies on the blood-retinal barrier. II. Transport of several hexoses by a common carrier. Acta Physiol Scand 1981;113:81-4
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ohkura Y, Akanuma S, Tachikawa M, Blood-to-retina transport of biotin via Na+-dependent multivitamin transporter (SMVT) at the inner blood-retinal barrier. Exp Eye Res 2010;91:387-92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tornquist P, Alm A. Carrier-mediated transport of amino acids through the blood-retinal and the blood-brain barriers. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 1986;224:21-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blasberg RG, Fenstermacher JD, Patlak CS. Transport of alpha-aminoisobutyric acid across brain capillary and cellular membranes. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1983;3:8-32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hosoya K, Minamizono A, Katayama K, Vitamin C transport in oxidized form across the rat blood-retinal barrier. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2004;45:1232-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katayama K, Ohshima Y, Tomi M, Application of microdialysis to evaluate the efflux transport of estradiol 17-beta glucuronide across the rat blood-retinal barrier. J Neurosci Methods 2006;156:249-56
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hosoya K, Makihara A, Tsujikawa Y, Roles of inner blood-retinal barrier organic anion transporter 3 in the vitreous/retina-to-blood efflux transport of p-aminohippuric acid, benzylpenicillin, and 6-mercaptopurine. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2009;329:87-93
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takata K, Kasahara T, Kasahara M, Ultracytochemical localization of the erythrocyte/HepG2-type glucose transporter (GLUT1) in cells of the blood-retinal barrier in the rat. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1992;33:377-83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernandes R, Suzuki K, Kumagai AK. Inner blood-retinal barrier GLUT1 in long-term diabetic rats: an immunogold electron microscopic study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2003;44:3150-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polt R, Porreca F, Szabo LZ, Glycopeptide enkephalin analogues produce analgesia in mice: evidence for penetration of the blood-brain barrier. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994;91:7114-18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakashima T, Tomi M, Katayama K, Blood-to-retina transport of creatine via creatine transporter (CRT) at the rat inner blood-retinal barrier. J Neurochem 2004;89:1454-61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomi M, Mori M, Tachikawa M, L-type amino acid transporter 1-mediated L-leucine transport at the inner blood-retinal barrier. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2005;46:2522-30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamamoto A, Akanuma SI, Tachikawa M, Involvement of LAT1 and LAT2 in the high- and low-affinity transport of L-leucine in human retinal pigment epithelial cells (ARPE-19 cells). J Pharm Sci 2010;99:2475-82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kageyama T, Nakamura M, Matsuo A, The 4F2hc/LAT1 complex transports L-DOPA across the blood-brain barrier. Brain Res 2000;879:115-21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldenberg GJ, Lam HY, Begleiter A. Active carrier-mediated transport of melphalan by two separate amino acid transport systems in LPC-1 plasmacytoma cells in vitro. J Biol Chem 1979;254:1057-64
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanai Y, Segawa H, Miyamoto K, Expression cloning and characterization of a transporter for large neutral amino acids activated by the heavy chain of 4F2 antigen (CD98). J Biol Chem 1998;273:23629-32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gandhi MD, Pal D, Mitra AK. Identification and functional characterization of a Na(+)-independent large neutral amino acid transporter (LAT2) on ARPE-19 cells. Int J Pharm 2004;275:189-200
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bhaskar PA, Vanchilingam S, Bhaskar EA, Effect of L-dopa on visual evoked potential in patients with Parkinson's disease. Neurology 1986;36:1119-21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaneko A, Suzuki S. Eye-preservation treatment of retinoblastoma with vitreous seeding. Jpn J Clin Oncol 2003;33:601-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hosoya K, Tomi M, Ohtsuki S, Conditionally immortalized retinal capillary endothelial cell lines (TR-iBRB) expressing differentiated endothelial cell functions derived from a transgenic rat. Exp Eye Res 2001;72:163-72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hosoya K, Kyoko H, Toyooka N, Evaluation of amino acid-mustard transport as L-type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1)-mediated alkylating agents. Biol Pharm Bull 2008;31:2126-30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uchino H, Kanai Y, Kim do K, Transport of amino acid-related compounds mediated by L-type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1): insights into the mechanisms of substrate recognition. Mol Pharmacol 2002;61:729-37
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakauchi T, Ando A, Ueda-Yamada M, Prevention of ornithine cytotoxicity by nonpolar side chain amino acids in retinal pigment epithelial cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2003;44:5023-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakanishi T, Hatanaka T, Huang W, Na+- and Cl--coupled active transport of carnitine by the amino acid transporter ATB0,+ from mouse colon expressed in HRPE cells and Xenopus oocytes. J Physiol 2001;532:297-304
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ganapathy ME, Ganapathy V. Amino acid transporter ATB0,+ as a delivery system for drugs and prodrugs. Curr Drug Targets Immune Endocr Metabol Disord 2005;5:357-64
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hatanaka T, Haramura M, Fei YJ, Transport of amino acid-based prodrugs by the Na+- and Cl- -coupled amino acid transporter ATB0,+ and expression of the transporter in tissues amenable for drug delivery. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2004;308:1138-47
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Umapathy NS, Ganapathy V, Ganapathy ME. Transport of amino acid esters and the amino-acid-based prodrug valganciclovir by the amino acid transporter ATB0,+. Pharm Res 2004;21:1303-10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt K, List BM, Klatt P, Characterization of neuronal amino acid transporters: uptake of nitric oxide synthase inhibitors and implication for their biological effects. J Neurochem 1995;64:1469-75
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomi M, Terayama T, Isobe T, Function and regulation of taurine transport at the inner blood-retinal barrier. Microvasc Res 2007;73:100-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okamoto M, Akanuma S, Tachikawa M, Characteristics of glycine transport across the inner blood-retinal barrier. Neurochem Int 2009;55:789-95
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomi M, Hosoya K, Takanaga H, Induction of xCT gene expression and L-cystine transport activity by diethyl maleate at the inner blood-retinal barrier. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2002;43:774-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hosoya K, Saeki S, Terasaki T. Activation of carrier-mediated transport of L-cystine at the blood-brain and blood-retinal barriers in vivo. Microvasc Res 2001;62:136-42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tachikawa M, Okamoto M, Hirose S, The inner blood-retinal barrier mediates L-isomer-predominant transport of serine. J Pharm Sci 2011;100:3892-903
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poitry-Yamate CL, Poitry S, Tsacopoulos M. Lactate released by Muller glial cells is metabolized by photoreceptors from mammalian retina. J Neurosci 1995;15:5179-91
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerhart DZ, Leino RL, Drewes LR. Distribution of monocarboxylate transporters MCT1 and MCT2 in rat retina. Neuroscience 1999;92:367-75
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Philp NJ, Yoon H, Grollman EF. Monocarboxylate transporter MCT1 is located in the apical membrane and MCT3 in the basal membrane of rat RPE. Am J Physiol 1998;274:R1824-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin PM, Dun Y, Mysona B, Expression of the sodium-coupled monocarboxylate transporters SMCT1 (SLC5A8) and SMCT2 (SLC5A12) in retina. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2007;48:3356-63
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alm A, Tornquist P. Lactate transport through the blood-retinal and the blood-brain barrier in rats. Ophthalmic Res 1985;17:181-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tachikawa M, Murakami K, Martin P, Retinal transfer of nicotinate by H plus;-monocarboxylate transporter at the inner blood-retinal barrier. Microvasc Res 2011; In press
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hosoya K, Kondo T, Tomi M, MCT1-mediated transport of L-lactic acid at the inner blood-retinal barrier: a possible route for delivery of monocarboxylic acid drugs to the retina. Pharm Res 2001;18:1669-76
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morris ME, Felmlee MA. Overview of the proton-coupled MCT (SLC16A) family of transporters: characterization, function and role in the transport of the drug of abuse gamma-hydroxybutyric acid. AAPS J 2008;10:311-21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Enerson BE, Drewes LR. Molecular features, regulation, and function of monocarboxylate transporters: implications for drug delivery. J Pharm Sci 2003;92:1531-44
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gopal E, Miyauchi S, Martin PM, Transport of nicotinate and structurally related compounds by human SMCT1 (SLC5A8) and its relevance to drug transport in the mammalian intestinal tract. Pharm Res 2007;24:575-84
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thangaraju M, Karunakaran SK, Itagaki S, Transport by SLC5A8 with subsequent inhibition of histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1) and HDAC3 underlies the antitumor activity of 3-bromopyruvate. Cancer 2009;115:4655-66
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagase K, Tomi M, Tachikawa M, Functional and molecular characterization of adenosine transport at the rat inner blood-retinal barrier. Biochim Biophys Acta 2006;1758:13-19
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baldwin SA, Beal PR, Yao SY, The equilibrative nucleoside transporter family, SLC29. Pflugers Arch 2004;447:735-43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yao SY, Ng AM, Sundaram M, Transport of antiviral 3'-deoxy-nucleoside drugs by recombinant human and rat equilibrative, nitrobenzylthioinosine (NBMPR)-insensitive (ENT2) nucleoside transporter proteins produced in Xenopus oocytes. Mol Membr Biol 2001;18:161-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mason JO, Fischer DH. Intrathecal chemotherapy for recurrent central nervous system intraocular lymphoma. Ophthalmology 2003;110:1241-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim SK, Chan CC, Wallace DJ. Management of primary intraocular lymphoma. Curr Oncol Rep 2005;7:74-9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hosoya K, Fujita K, Tachikawa M. Involvement of reduced folate carrier 1 in the inner blood-retinal barrier transport of methyltetrahydrofolate. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2008;23:285-92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chancy CD, Kekuda R, Huang W, Expression and differential polarization of the reduced-folate transporter-1 and the folate receptor alpha in mammalian retinal pigment epithelium. J Biol Chem 2000;275:20676-84
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Umapathy NS, Gnana-Prakasam JP, Martin PM, Cloning and functional characterization of the proton-coupled electrogenic folate transporter and analysis of its expression in retinal cell types. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2007;48:5299-305
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hardwig PW, Pulido JS, Bakri SJ. The safety of intraocular methotrexate in silicone-filled eyes. Retina 2008;28:1082-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monica ML, Hesse RJ, Messerli FH. The effect of a calcium-channel blocking agent on intraocular pressure. Am J Ophthalmol 1983;96:814
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Psaty BM, Heckbert SR, Koepsell TD, The risk of myocardial infarction associated with antihypertensive drug therapies. J Am Med Assoc 1995;274:620-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bankstahl JP, Kuntner C, Abrahim A, Tariquidar-induced P-glycoprotein inhibition at the rat blood-brain barrier studied with (R)-11C-verapamil and PET. J Nucl Med 2008;49:1328-35
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rajan PD, Kekuda R, Chancy CD, Expression of the extraneuronal monoamine transporter in RPE and neural retina. Curr Eye Res 2000;20:195-204
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomi M, Arai K, Tachikawa M, Na+-independent choline transport in rat retinal capillary endothelial cells. Neurochem Res 2007;32:1833-42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ganapathy ME, Huang W, Rajan DP, Beta-lactam antibiotics as substrates for OCTN2, an organic cation/carnitine transporter. J Biol Chem 2000;275:1699-707
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohashi R, Tamai I, Yabuuchi H, Na+-dependent carnitine transport by organic cation transporter (OCTN2): its pharmacological and toxicological relevance. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1999;291:778-84
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koepsell H, Lips K, Volk C. Polyspecific organic cation transporters: structure, function, physiological roles, and biopharmaceutical implications. Pharm Res 2007;24:1227-51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Han YH, Sweet DH, Hu DN, Characterization of a novel cationic drug transporter in human retinal pigment epithelial cells. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2001;296:450-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang N, Kannan R, Okamoto CT, Characterization of brimonidine transport in retinal pigment epithelium. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2006;47:287-94
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Acheampong AA, Shackleton M, John B, Distribution of brimonidine into anterior and posterior tissues of monkey, rabbit, and rat eyes. Drug Metab Dispos 2002;30:421-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herrmann N, Li A, Lanctot K. Memantine in dementia: a review of the current evidence. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2011;12:787-800
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes PM, Olejnik O, Chang-Lin JE, Topical and systemic drug delivery to the posterior segments. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2005;57:2010-32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schroder A, Erb C. Use of memantine in progressive glaucoma. Case report. Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd 2002;219:533-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leopold IH, Nichols AC, Vogel AW. Penetration of chloramphenicol U.S.P. (chloromycetin) into the eye. Arch Ophthal 1950;44:22-36
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kennedy BG, Mangini NJ. P-glycoprotein expression in human retinal pigment epithelium. Mol Vis 2002;8:422-30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BenEzra D, Maftzir G. Ocular penetration of cyclosporin A. The rabbit eye. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1990;31:1362-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BenEzra D, Maftzir G. Ocular penetration of cyclosporine A in the rat eye. Arch Ophthalmol 1990;108:584-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BenEzra D, Maftzir G, de Courten C, Ocular penetration of cyclosporin A. III: the human eye. Br J Ophthalmol 1990;74:350-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tachikawa M, Toki H, Tomi M, Gene expression profiles of ATP-binding cassette transporter A and C subfamilies in mouse retinal vascular endothelial cells. Microvasc Res 2008;75:68-72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mannermaa E, Vellonen KS, Ryhanen T, Efflux protein expression in human retinal pigment epithelium cell lines. Pharm Res 2009;26:1785-91
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tagami M, Kusuhara S, Honda S, Expression of ATP-binding cassette transporters at the inner blood-retinal barrier in a neonatal mouse model of oxygen-induced retinopathy. Brain Res 2009;1283:186-93
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aukunuru JV, Sunkara G, Bandi N, Expression of multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP) in human retinal pigment epithelial cells and its interaction with BAPSG, a novel aldose reductase inhibitor. Pharm Res 2001;18:565-72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asashima T, Hori S, Ohtsuki S, ATP-binding cassette transporter G2 mediates the efflux of phototoxins on the luminal membrane of retinal capillary endothelial cells. Pharm Res 2006;23:1235-42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barza M, Kane A, Baum J. Pharmacokinetics of intravitreal carbenicillin, cefazolin, and gentamicin in rhesus monkeys. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1983;24:1602-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kikuchi R, Kusuhara H, Sugiyama D, Contribution of organic anion transporter 3 (Slc22a8) to the elimination of p-aminohippuric acid and benzylpenicillin across the blood-brain barrier. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2003;306:51-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Somervaille TC, Hann IM, Harrison G, Intraocular relapse of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Br J Haematol 2003;121:280-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noe B, Hagenbuch B, Stieger B, Isolation of a multispecific organic anion and cardiac glycoside transporter from rat brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1997;94:10346-50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uchida Y, Kamiie J, Ohtsuki S, Multichannel liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry cocktail method for comprehensive substrate characterization of multidrug resistance-associated protein 4 transporter. Pharm Res 2007;24:2281-96
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gao B, Wenzel A, Grimm C, Localization of organic anion transport protein 2 in the apical region of rat retinal pigment epithelium. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2002;43:510-14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomi M, Hosoya K. Application of magnetically isolated rat retinal vascular endothelial cells for the determination of transporter gene expression levels at the inner blood-retinal barrier. J Neurochem 2004;91:1244-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sugiyama D, Kusuhara H, Shitara Y, Characterization of the efflux transport of 17beta-estradiol-D-17beta-glucuronide from the brain across the blood-brain barrier. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2001;298:316-22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zelcer N, Reid G, Wielinga P, Steroid and bile acid conjugates are substrates of human multidrug-resistance protein (MRP) 4 (ATP-binding cassette C4). Biochem J 2003;371:361-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sunkara G, Ayalasomayajula SP, DeRuiter J, Probenecid treatment enhances retinal and brain delivery of N-4-benzoylaminophenylsulfonylglycine: an anionic aldose reductase inhibitor. Brain Res Bull 2010;81:327-32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohtsuki S, Terasaki T. Contribution of carrier-mediated transport systems to the blood-brain barrier as a supporting and protecting interface for the brain; importance for CNS drug discovery and development. Pharm Res 2007;24:1745-58
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kamiie J, Ohtsuki S, Iwase R, Quantitative atlas of membrane transporter proteins: development and application of a highly sensitive simultaneous LC/MS/MS method combined with novel in-silico peptide selection criteria. Pharm Res 2008;25:1469-83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamazaki M, Terasaki T, Yoshioka K, Carrier-mediated transport of H1-antagonist at the blood-brain barrier: a common transport system of H1-antagonists and lipophilic basic drugs. Pharm Res 1994;11:1516-18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bridges CC, Ola MS, Prasad PD, Regulation of taurine transporter expression by NO in cultured human retinal pigment epithelial cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2001;281:C1825-36
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bridges CC, Kekuda R, Wang H, Structure, function, and regulation of human cystine/glutamate transporter in retinal pigment epithelial cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2001;42:47-54
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karlsson C, Maepea O, Alm A. Choline transport through the blood-retinal and the blood-brain barrier in vivo. Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh) 1984;62:763-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar