The development of rectal microbicides for HIV prevention

Bibliography

• Centers for Disease Control (CDC). Pneumocystis pneumonia–Los Angeles. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1981;30(21):250-2
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Serwadda D, Mugerwa RD, Sewankambo NK, et al. Slim disease: a new disease in Uganda and its association with HTLV-III infection. Lancet 1985;2(8460):849-52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beyrer C, Baral SD, Walker D, et al. The expanding epidemics of HIV type 1 among men who have sex with men in low- and middle-income countries: diversity and consistency. Epidemiol Rev 2010;32(1):137-51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beyrer C, Baral SD, van GF, et al. Global epidemiology of HIV infection in men who have sex with men. Lancet 2012;380(9839):367-77
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pilcher CD, Eron JJ Jr, Galvin S, et al. Acute HIV revisited: new opportunities for treatment and prevention. J Clin Invest 2004;113(7):937-45
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen MS, Hoffman IF, Royce RA, et al. Reduction of concentration of HIV-1 in semen after treatment of urethritis: implications for prevention of sexual transmission of HIV-1. AIDSCAP Malawi Research Group. Lancet 1997;349(9069):1868-73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vernazza PL, Gilliam BL, Dyer J, et al. Quantification of HIV in semen: correlation with antiviral treatment and immune status. AIDS 1997;11(8):987-93
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baeten JM, Donnell D, Ndase P, et al. Antiretroviral prophylaxis for HIV prevention in heterosexual men and women. N Engl J Med 2012;367(5):399-410
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen MS, Chen YQ, McCauley M, et al. Prevention of HIV-1 infection with early antiretroviral therapy. N Engl J Med 2011;365(6):493-505
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donnell D, Baeten JM, Kiarie J, et al. Heterosexual HIV-1 transmission after initiation of antiretroviral therapy: a prospective cohort analysis. Lancet 2010;375(9731):2092-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boily MC, Baggaley RF, Wang L, et al. Heterosexual risk of HIV-1 infection per sexual act: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Lancet Infect Dis 2009;9(2):118-29
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Varghese B, Maher JE, Peterman TA, et al. Reducing the risk of sexual HIV transmission: quantifying the per-act risk for HIV on the basis of choice of partner, sex act, and condom use. Sex Transm Dis 2002;29(1):38-43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baggaley RF, White RG, Boily MC. HIV transmission risk through anal intercourse: systematic review, meta-analysis and implications for HIV prevention. Int J Epidemiol 2010;39(4):1048-63
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koboziev I, Karlsson F, Grisham MB. Gut-associated lymphoid tissue, T cell trafficking, and chronic intestinal inflammation. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2010;1207(Suppl 1):E86-93
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Langman JM, Rowland R. The number and distribution of lymphoid follicles in the human large intestine. J Anat 1986;149:189-94
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Langman JM, Rowland R. Density of lymphoid follicles in the rectum and at the anorectal junction. J Clin Gastroenterol 1992;14(1):81-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anton PA, Elliott J, Poles MA, et al. Enhanced levels of functional HIV-1 co-receptors on human mucosal T cells demonstrated using intestinal biopsy tissue. AIDS 2000;14(12):1761-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poles MA, Elliott J, Taing P, et al. A preponderance of CCR5(+) CXCR4(+) mononuclear cells enhances gastrointestinal mucosal susceptibility to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. J Virol 2001;75(18):8390-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang L, He T, Talal A, et al. In vivo distribution of the human immunodeficiency virus/simian immunodeficiency virus coreceptors: CXCR4, CCR3, and CCR5. J Virol 1998;72(6):5035-45
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGowan I, Elliott J, Fuerst M, et al. Increased HIV-1 mucosal replication is associated with generalized mucosal cytokine activation. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2004;37(2):1228-36
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu H, Wang X, Veazey RS. Mucosal immunology of HIV infection. Immunol Rev 2013;254(1):10-33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenberger JG, Reece M, Schick V, et al. Sexual behaviors and situational characteristics of most recent male-partnered sexual event among gay and bisexually identified men in the United States. J Sex Med 2011;8(11):3040-50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xia Q, Osmond DH, Tholandi M, et al. HIV prevalence and sexual risk behaviors among men who have sex with men: results from a statewide population-based survey in California. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2006;41(2):238-45
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lattimore S, Thornton A, Delpech V, Elford J. Changing patterns of sexual risk behavior among London gay men: 1998-2008. Sex Transm Dis 2011;38(3):221-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baral S, Trapence G, Motimedi F, et al. HIV prevalence, risks for HIV infection, and human rights among men who have sex with men (MSM) in Malawi, Namibia, and Botswana. PLoS ONE 2009;4(3):e4997
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arnold MP, Struthers H, McIntyre J, Lane T. Contextual correlates of per partner unprotected anal intercourse rates among MSM in Soweto, South Africa. AIDS Behav 2013;17(Suppl 1):S4-11
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Herbenick D, Reece M, Schick V, et al. Sexual behavior in the United States: results from a national probability sample of men and women ages 14-94. J Sex Med 2010;7(Suppl 5):255-65
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Risser JM, Padgett P, Wolverton M, Risser WL. Relationship between heterosexual anal sex, injection drug use and HIV infection among black men and women. Int J STD AIDS 2009;20(5):310-14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gorbach PM, Manhart LE, Hess KL, et al. Anal intercourse among young heterosexuals in three sexually transmitted disease clinics in the United States. Sex Transm Dis 2009;36(4):193-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalichman SC, Simbayi LC, Cain D, Jooste S. Heterosexual anal intercourse among community and clinical settings in Cape Town, South Africa. Sex Transm Infect 2009;85(6):411-15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tellalian D, Maznavi K, Bredeek UF, Hardy WD. Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for HIV infection: results of a survey of HIV healthcare providers evaluating their knowledge, attitudes, and prescribing practices. AIDS Patient Care STDS 2013;27(10):553-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tripathi A, Whiteside YO, Duffus WA. Perceptions and attitudes about preexposure prophylaxis among seronegative partners and the potential of sexual disinhibition. South Med J 2013;106(10):558-64
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foss AM, Vickerman PT, Heise L, Watts CH. Shifts in condom use following microbicide introduction: should we be concerned? AIDS 2003;17(8):1227-37
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abbas UL, Glaubius R, Mubayi A, et al. Antiretroviral therapy and pre-exposure prophylaxis: combined impact on HIV transmission and drug resistance in South Africa. J Infect Dis 2013;208(2):224-34
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carballo-Dieguez A, Stein Z, Saez H, et al. Frequent use of lubricants for anal sex among men who have sex with men: the HIV prevention potential of a microbicidal gel. Am J Public Health 2000;90(7):1117-21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carballo-Dieguez A, O'sullivan LF, Lin P, et al. Awareness and attitudes regarding microbicides and Nonoxynol-9 use in a probability sample of gay men. AIDS Behav 2007;11(2):271-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark JL, Salvatierra HJ, Segura ER, et al. Frequency, patterns, and preferences of lubricant use during anal intercourse within male sexual partnerships in Lima, Peru: implications for a rectal microbicide HIV prevention intervention. AIDS Care 2013;25(5):579-85
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kinsler JJ, Cunningham WE, Nurena CR, et al. Using conjoint analysis to measure the acceptability of rectal microbicides among men who have sex with men in four South American cities. AIDS Behav 2012;16(6):1436-47
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abdool KQ, Abdool Karim SS, Frohlich JA, et al. Effectiveness and safety of tenofovir gel, an antiretroviral microbicide, for the prevention of HIV infection in women. Science 2010;329(5996):1168-74
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dezzutti CS, Hladik F. Use of human mucosal tissue to study HIV-1 pathogenesis and evaluate HIV-1 prevention modalities. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 2013;10(1):12-20
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Greenhead P, Hayes P, Watts PS, et al. Parameters of human immunodeficiency virus infection of human cervical tissue and inhibition by vaginal virucides. J Virol 2000;74(12):5577-86
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fletcher PS, Elliott J, Grivel JC, et al. Ex vivo culture of human colorectal tissue for the evaluation of candidate microbicides. AIDS 2006;20(9):1237-45
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abner SR, Guenthner PC, Guarner J, et al. A Human Colorectal Explant Culture to Evaluate Topical Microbicides for the Prevention of HIV Infection. J Infect Dis 2005;192(9):1545-56
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harman S, Herrera C, Armanasco N, et al. Preclinical evaluation of the HIV-1 fusion inhibitor L'644 as a potential candidate microbicide. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2012;56(5):2347-56
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou Z, Barry de LN, Schmitt A, et al. HIV-1 efficient entry in inner foreskin is mediated by elevated CCL5/RANTES that recruits T cells and fuels conjugate formation with Langerhans cells. PLoS Pathog 2011;7(6):e1002100
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dezzutti CS, Shetler C, Mahalingam A, et al. Safety and efficacy of tenofovir/IQP-0528 combination gels - a dual compartment microbicide for HIV-1 prevention. Antiviral Res 2012;96(2):221-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herrera C, Cranage M, McGowan I, et al. Reverse transcriptase inhibitors as potential colorectal microbicides. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2009;53(5):1797-807
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herrera C, Cranage M, McGowan I, et al. Colorectal microbicide design: triple combinations of reverse transcriptase inhibitors are optimal against HIV-1 in tissue explants. AIDS 2011;25(16):1971-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dezzutti CS, Rohan LC, Wang L, et al. Reformulated tenofovir gel for use as a dual compartment microbicide. J Antimicrob Chemother 2012;67(9):2139-42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun Z, Denton PW, Estes JD, et al. Intrarectal transmission, systemic infection, and CD4+ T cell depletion in humanized mice infected with HIV-1. J Exp Med 2007;204(4):705-14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Denton PW, Krisko JF, Powell DA, et al. Systemic administration of antiretrovirals prior to exposure prevents rectal and intravenous HIV-1 transmission in humanized BLT mice. PLoS ONE 2010;5(1):e8829
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chateau ML, Denton PW, Swanson MD, et al. Rectal transmission of transmitted/founder HIV-1 is efficiently prevented by topical 1% tenofovir in BLT humanized mice. PLoS ONE 2013;8(3):e60024
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Veazey RS, Shattock RJ, Klasse PJ, Moore JP. Animal models for microbicide studies. Curr HIV Res 2012;10(1):79-87
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pal R, Galmin L, Pereira LE, et al. Virological and molecular characterization of a simian human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) encoding the envelope and reverse transcriptase genes from HIV-1. Virology 2012;432(1):173-83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsai CC, Emau P, Jiang Y, et al. Cyanovirin-N gel as a topical microbicide prevents rectal transmission of SHIV89.6P in macaques. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2003;19(7):535-41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cranage M, Sharpe S, Herrera C, et al. Prevention of SIV rectal transmission and priming of T cell responses in macaques after local pre-exposure application of tenofovir gel. PLoS Med 2008;5(8):e157
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singer R, Derby N, Rodriguez A, et al. The nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor MIV-150 in carrageenan gel prevents rectal transmission of simian/human immunodeficiency virus infection in macaques. J Virol 2011;85(11):5504-12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nuttall J, Kashuba A, Wang R, et al. Pharmacokinetics of tenofovir following intravaginal and intrarectal administration of tenofovir gel to rhesus macaques. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2012;56(1):103-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang L, Schnaare RL, Dezzutti C, et al. Rectal microbicides: clinically relevant approach to the design of rectal specific placebo formulations. AIDS Res Ther 2011;8:12
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rohan LC, Moncla BJ, Kunjara Na, et al. In vitro and ex vivo testing of tenofovir shows it is effective as an HIV-1 microbicide. PLoS ONE 2010;5(2):e9310
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cummins JE Jr, Guarner J, Flowers L, et al. Preclinical testing of candidate topical microbicides for anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 activity and tissue toxicity in a human cervical explant culture. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2007;51(5):1770-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carballo-Dieguez A, Exner T, Dolezal C, et al. Rectal microbicide acceptability: results of a volume escalation trial. Sex Transm Dis 2007;34(4):224-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carballo-Dieguez A, Dolezal C, Bauermeister JA, et al. Preference for gel over suppository as delivery vehicle for a rectal microbicide: results of a randomised, crossover acceptability trial among men who have sex with men. Sex Transm Infect 2008;84(6):483-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pines HA, Gorbach PM, Weiss RE, et al. Acceptability of potential rectal microbicide delivery systems for HIV prevention: a randomized crossover trial. AIDS Behav 2013;17(3):1002-15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galea JT, Kinsler JJ, Imrie J, et al. Rectal douching and implications for rectal microbicides among populations vulnerable to HIV in South America: a qualitative study. Sex Transm Infect 2013
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leyva FJ, Bakshi RP, Fuchs EJ, et al. Iso-osmolar enemas demonstrate preferential gastrointestinal distribution, safety, and acceptability compared with hyper- and hypo-osmolar enemas as a potential delivery vehicle for rectal microbicides. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2013;29(11):1487-95
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahan ED, Morrow KM, Hayes JE. Quantitative perceptual differences among over-the-counter vaginal products using a standardized methodology: implications for microbicide development. Contraception 2011;84(2):184-93
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morrow KM, Hendrix C. Clinical evaluation of microbicide formulations. Antiviral Res 2010;88(Suppl 1):S40-6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Marrazzo J, Ramjee G, Nair G, et al. Pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV in women: daily oral tenofovir, oral tenofovir/emtricitabine, or vaginal tenofovir gel in the VOICE study (MTN-003) [abstract #28LB]. 20th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections 2013; Atlanta, Georgia
   Google Scholar
• Hendrix CW, Fuchs EJ, Macura KJ, et al. Quantitative imaging and sigmoidoscopy to assess distribution of rectal microbicide surrogates. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2008;83(1):97-105
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Louissaint NA, Nimmagadda S, Fuchs EJ, et al. Distribution of cell-free and cell-associated HIV surrogates in the colon after simulated receptive anal intercourse in men who have sex with men. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2012;59(1):10-17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cao YJ, Caffo BS, Fuchs EJ, et al. Quantification of the spatial distribution of rectally applied surrogates for microbicide and semen in colon with SPECT and magnetic resonance imaging. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2012;74(6):1013-22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hossain MM, Parniak MA. In vitro microbicidal activity of the nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) UC781 against NNRTI-resistant human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J Virol 2006;80(9):4440-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu S, Lu H, Neurath AR, Jiang S. Combination of candidate microbicides cellulose acetate 1,2-benzenedicarboxylate and UC781 has synergistic and complementary effects against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005;49(5):1830-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balzarini J, Naesens L, Verbeken E, et al. Preclinical studies on thiocarboxanilide UC-781 as a virucidal agent. AIDS 1998;12(10):1129-38
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fletcher P, Kiselyeva Y, Wallace G, et al. The nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor UC-781 inhibits human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection of human cervical tissue and dissemination by migratory cells. J Virol 2005;79(17):11179-86
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Celum C, Baeten JM. Tenofovir-based pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV prevention: evolving evidence. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2012;25(1):51-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gengiah TN, Baxter C, Mansoor LE, et al. A drug evaluation of 1% tenofovir gel and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate tablets for the prevention of HIV infection. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2012;21(5):695-715
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dorr P, Westby M, Dobbs S, et al. Maraviroc (UK-427,857), a potent, orally bioavailable, and selective small-molecule inhibitor of chemokine receptor CCR5 with broad-spectrum anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 activity. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005;49(11):4721-32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown KC, Patterson KB, Malone SA, et al. Single and multiple dose pharmacokinetics of maraviroc in saliva, semen, and rectal tissue of healthy HIV-negative men. J Infect Dis 2011;203(10):1484-90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dumond JB, Patterson KB, Pecha AL, et al. Maraviroc concentrates in the cervicovaginal fluid and vaginal tissue of HIV-negative women. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2009;51(5):546-53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meng G, Wei X, Wu X, et al. Primary intestinal epithelial cells selectively transfer R5 HIV-1 to CCR5+ cells. Nat Med 2002;8(2):150-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore JP, Kitchen SG, Pugach P, Zack JA. The CCR5 and CXCR4 coreceptors–central to understanding the transmission and pathogenesis of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2004;20(1):111-26
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Massud I, Aung W, Martin A, et al. Lack of prophylactic efficacy of oral maraviroc in macaques despite high drug concentrations in rectal tissues. J Virol 2013;87(16):8952-61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Napier C, Sale H, Mosley M, et al. Molecular cloning and radioligand binding characterization of the chemokine receptor CCR5 from rhesus macaque and human. Biochem Pharmacol 2005;71(1-2):163-72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anton PA, Saunders T, Elliott J, et al. First Phase 1 double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized rectal microbicide trial using UC781 gel with a novel index of ex vivo efficacy. PLoS ONE 2011;6(9):e23243
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anton PA, Cranston RD, Kashuba A, et al. RMP-02/MTN-006: a Phase 1 rectal safety, acceptability, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic study of tenofovir 1% gel compared to oral tenofovir disoproxil fumarate. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2012;28(11):1412-21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGowan I, Hoesley C, Cranston RD, et al. A phase 1 randomized, double blind, placebo controlled rectal safety and acceptability study of tenofovir 1% Gel (MTN-007). PLoS ONE 2013;8(4):e60147
   Google Scholar
• Hendrix CW, Chen BA, Guddera V, et al. MTN-001: randomized pharmacokinetic cross-over study comparing tenofovir vaginal gel and oral tablets in vaginal tissue and other compartments. PLoS ONE 2013;8(1):e55013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tabet SR, Surawicz C, Horton S, et al. Safety and toxicity of nonoxynol-9 gel as a rectal microbicide. Sex Transm Infect 1999;26(10):564-71
   Google Scholar
• Gross M, Celum CL, Tabet SR, et al. Acceptability of a bioadhesive nonoxynol-9 gel delivered by an applicator as a rectal microbicide. Sex Transm Dis 1999;26(10):572-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grant RM, Lama JR, Anderson PL, et al. Preexposure chemoprophylaxis for HIV prevention in men who have sex with men. N Engl J Med 2010;363(27):2587-99
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malnati MS, Scarlatti G, Gatto F, et al. A universal real-time PCR assay for the quantification of group-M HIV-1 proviral load. Nat Protoc 2008;3(7):1240-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li P, Ruel T, Fujimoto K, et al. Novel application of Locked Nucleic Acid chemistry for a Taqman assay for measuring diverse human immunodeficiency virus type 1 subtypes. J Virol Methods 2010;170(1-2):115-20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rouet F, Chaix ML, Nerrienet E, et al. Impact of HIV-1 genetic diversity on plasma HIV-1 RNA Quantification: usefulness of the Agence Nationale de Recherches sur le SIDA second-generation long terminal repeat-based real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction test. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2007;45(4):380-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drosten C, Panning M, Drexler JF, et al. Ultrasensitive monitoring of HIV-1 viral load by a low-cost real-time reverse transcription-PCR assay with internal control for the 5' long terminal repeat domain. Clin Chem 2006;52(7):1258-66
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stefanidou M, Herrera C, Armanasco N, Shattock RJ. Saquinavir inhibits early events associated with establishment of HIV-1 infection: potential role for protease inhibitors in prevention. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2012;56(8):4381-90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singer R, Derby N, Rodriguez A, et al. The nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor MIV-150 in carrageenan gel prevents rectal transmission of simian/human immunodeficiency virus infection in macaques. J Virol 2011;85(11):5504-12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kenney J, Singer R, Derby N, et al. A single dose of a MIV-150/Zinc acetate gel provides 24 h of protection against vaginal simian human immunodeficiency virus reverse transcriptase infection, with more limited protection rectally 8-24 h after gel use. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2012;28(11):1476-84
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar