Bibliography
- MILSOM I, ABRAMS P, CARDOZO L et al.: How widespread are the symptoms of an overactive bladder and how are they managed? A population-based prevalence study. BJU Int. (2001) 87:760-766. Erratum in BJU Int. (2001) 88(7):807.
- STEWART WF, VAN ROOYEN JB, CUNDIFF GW et al.: Prevalence and burden of overactive bladder in the United States. World J. Urol. (2003) 20:327-336.
- WEIN AJ, ROVNER ES: Definition and epidemiology of overactive bladder. Urology (2002) 60:7-12.
- NABI G, CODY JD, ELLIS G et al.: Anticholinergic drugs versus placebo for overactive bladder syndrome in adults. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. (2006) 4:CD003781.
- HAY-SMITH J, HERBISON P, ELLIS G et al.: Which anticholinergic drug for overactive bladder symptoms in adults. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. (2005) 3:CD005429.
- ABRAMS P, BLAIVAS JG, STANTON SL et al.: The standardisation of terminology of lower urinary tract function. The International Continence Society Committee on Standardisation of Terminology. Scand. J. Urol. Nephrol. Suppl. (1988) 114:5-19.
- DE GROAT WC: A neurologic basis for the overactive bladder. Urology (1997) 50:36-52; discussion 53-56.
- DE GROAT WC: The urothelium in overactive bladder: passive bystander or active participant? Urology (2004) 64:7-11.
- MALKOWICZ SB, WEIN AJ, RUGGIERI MR et al.: Comparison of calcium antagonist properties of antispasmotic agents. J. Urol. (1987) 138:667-670.
- LISH PM, LABUDDE JA, PETERS EL et al.: Oxybutynin – a musculotropic antispasmodic drug with moderate anticholinergic action. Arch. Int. Pharmacodyn. Ther. (1965) 156:467-488.
- NORONHA-BLOB L, LOWE VC, PETERSON JS et al.: The anticholinergic activity of agents indicated for urinary incontinence is an important property for effective control of bladder dysfunction. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. (1989) 251:586-593.
- NILVEBRANT L, ANDERSSON KE, GILLBERG PG et al.: Tolterodine – a new bladder-selective antimuscarinic agent. Eur. J. Pharmacol. (1997) 327:195-207.
- MATSUI M, GRIFFIN MT, SHEHNAZ D et al.: Increased relaxant action of forskolin and isoproterenol against muscarinic agonist-induced contractions in smooth muscle from M2 receptor knockout mice. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. (2003) 305:106-113.
- NAKAMURA T, MATSUI M, UCHIDA K et al.: M(3) muscarinic acetylcholine receptor plays a critical role in parasympathetic control of salivation in mice. J. Physiol. (2004) 558:561-575.
- KAY GG, GRANVILLE LJ: Antimuscarinic agents: implications and concerns in the management of overactive bladder in the elderly. Clin. Ther. (2005) 27:127-138; quiz 139-140.
- CEVC G: Transfersomes, liposomes and other lipid suspensions on the skin: permeation enhancement, vesicle penetration, and transdermal drug delivery. Crit. Rev. Ther. Drug Carrier Syst. (1996) 13:257-388.
- DAVILA GW, DAUGHERTY CA, SANDERS SW: A short-term, multicenter, randomized double-blind dose titration study of the efficacy and anticholinergic side effects of transdermal compared to immediate release oral oxybutynin treatment of patients with urge urinary incontinence. J. Urol. (2001) 166:140-145.
- ZOBRIST RH, SCHMID B, FEICK A et al.: Pharmacokinetics of the R- and S-enantiomers of oxybutynin and N-desethyloxybutynin following oral and transdermal administration of the racemate in healthy volunteers. Pharm. Res. (2001) 18:1029-1034.
- APPELL RA, CHANCELLOR MB, ZOBRIST RH et al.: Pharmacokinetics, metabolism, and saliva output during transdermal and extended-release oral oxybutynin administration in healthy subjects. Mayo Clin. Proc. (2003) 78:696-702.
- STARKMAN JS, DMOCHOWSKI RR: Management of overactive bladder with transdermal oxybutynin. Rev. Urol. (2006) 8:93-103.
- LUKKARI E, JUHAKOSKI A, ARANKO K et al.: Itraconazole moderately increases serum concentrations of oxybutynin but does not affect those of the active metabolite. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. (1997) 52:403-406.
- DMOCHOWSKI RR, NITTI V, STASKIN D et al.: Transdermal oxybutynin in the treatment of adults with overactive bladder: combined results of two randomized clinical trials. World J. Urol. (2005) 23:263-270.