Bibliography
- Bates G, Harper PS, Jones L. Huntington's Disease. Third edition, Oxford University Press: Oxford; 2002. p. 558
- Handley OJ, Naji JJ, Dunnett SB, et al. Pharmaceutical, cellular and genetic therapies for Huntington's disease. Clin Sci 2006;110:73-88
- The Huntington Study Group. Unified Huntington's disease rating scale: reliability and consistency. Mov Disord 1996;11:136-42
- Wild EJ, Tabrizi SJ. Predict-HD and the future of therapeutic trials. Lancet Neurol 2006;5:724-5
- Paulsen JS, Hayden M, Stout JC, et al. Preparing for preventive clinical trials: the Predict-HD study. Arch Neurol 2006;63:883-90
- Biomarkers Definitions Working Group. Biomarkers and surrogate endpoints: preferred definitions and conceptual framework. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2001;69:89-95
- Fox NC, Black RS, Gilman S, et al. Effects of A{beta} immunization (AN1792) on MRI measures of cerebral volume in Alzheimer disease. Neurology 2005;64:1563-72
- Delta Coordinating Committee. Evidence for prolonged clinical benefit from initial combination antiretroviral therapy: delta extended follow-up. HIV Med 2001;2:181-8
- Henley SM, Bates GP, Tabrizi SJ. Biomarkers for neurodegenerative diseases. Curr Opin Neurol 2005;18:698-705
- Aylward EH, Rosenblatt A, Field K, et al. Caudate volume as an outcome measure in clinical trials for Huntington's disease: a pilot study. Brain Res Bull 2003;62:137-41
- Rosas HD, Hevelone ND, Zaleta AK, et al. Regional cortical thinning in preclinical Huntington disease and its relationship to cognition. Neurology 2005;65:745-7
- Henley SMD, Frost C, MacManus DG, et al. Increased rate of whole-brain atrophy over 6 months in early Huntington disease. Neurology 2006;67:694-6.
- Rosas HD, Tuch DS, Hevelone ND, et al. Diffusion tensor imaging in presymptomatic and early Huntington's disease: selective white matter pathology and its relationship to clinical measures. Mov Disord 2006;21:1317-25.
- Hennenlotter A, Schroeder U, Erhard P, et al. Neural correlates associated with impaired disgust processing in pre-symptomatic Huntington's disease. Brain 2004;127:1446-53
- Pavese N, Andrews TC, Brooks DJ, et al. Progressive striatal and cortical dopamine receptor dysfunction in Huntington's disease: a PET study. Brain 2003;126:1127-35
- Alexander GE, DeLong MR, Strick PL. Parallel organization of functionally segregated circuits linking basal ganglia and cortex. Ann Rev Neurosci 1986;9:357-81
- Harris GJ, Pearlson GD, Peyser CE, et al. Putamen volume reduction on magnetic resonance imaging exceeds caudate changes in mild Huntington's disease. Ann Neurol 1992;31:69-75
- Aylward EH, Brandt J, Codori AM, et al. Reduced basal ganglia volume associated with the gene for Huntington's disease in asymptomatic at-risk persons. Neurology 1994;44:823-8
- Aylward EH, Codori AM, Barta PE, et al. Basal ganglia volume and proximity to onset in presymptomatic Huntington disease. Arch Neurol 1996;53:1293-6
- Brandt J, Bylsma FW, Aylward EH, et al. Impaired source memory in Huntington's disease and its relation to basal ganglia atrophy. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 1995;17:868-77
- Aylward EH, Li Q, Stine OC, et al. Longitudinal change in basal ganglia volume in patients with Huntington's disease. Neurology 1997;48:394-9
- Aylward EH, Codori AM, Rosenblatt A, et al. Rate of caudate atrophy in presymptomatic and symptomatic stages of Huntington's disease. Mov Disord 2000;15:552-60
- Aylward EH, Sparks BF, Field KM, et al. Onset and rate of striatal atrophy in preclinical Huntington disease. Neurology 2004;63:66-72
- Rosas HD, Goodman J, Chen YI, et al. Striatal volume loss in HD as measured by MRI and the influence of CAG repeat. Neurology 2001;57:1025-8
- Hobbs NZ, Henley SM, Barnes J, et al. Increased Caudate Atrophy Rates in Huntington's Disease and Premanifest Subjects: A Novel Semiautomated Technique. World Congress on Huntington's Disease, 2007; Dresden, Germany. Available at: URL: www.worldcongress-hd.net [last accessed December 2007]
- Rosas HD, Feigin AS, Hersch SM. Using advances in neuroimaging to detect, understand, and monitor disease progression in Huntington's disease. NeuroRx 2004;1:263-72
- Rosas HD, Koroshetz WJ, Chen YI, et al. Evidence for more widespread cerebral pathology in early HD: an MRI-based morphometric analysis. Neurology 2003;60:1615-20
- Rosas HD, Liu AK, Hersch S, et al. Regional and progressive thinning of the cortical ribbon in Huntington's disease. Neurology 2002;58:695-701
- Freeborough PA, Fox NC. The boundary shift integral: an accurate and robust measure of cerebral volume changes from registered repeat MRI. IEEE Trans Med Imaging 1997;16:623-9
- Kassubek J, Juengling FD, Ecker D, et al. Thalamic atrophy in Huntington's disease co-varies with cognitive performance: a morphometric MRI analysis. Cereb Cortex 2005;15:846-53
- Kassubek J, Juengling FD, Kioschies T, et al. Topography of cerebral atrophy in early Huntington's disease: a voxel based morphometric MRI study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2004;75:213-20
- Thieben MJ, Duggins AJ, Good CD, et al. The distribution of structural neuropathology in pre-clinical Huntington's disease. Brain 2002;125:1815-28
- Kipps CM, Duggins AJ, Mahant N, et al. Progression of structural neuropathology in preclinical Huntington's disease: a tensor based morphometry study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2005;76:650-5
- Werring DJ, Clark CA, Barker GJ, et al. Diffusion tensor imaging of lesions and normal-appearing white matter in multiple sclerosis. Neurology 1999;52:1626-32
- Reading SAJ, Yassa MA, Bakker A, et al. Regional white matter change in pre-symptomatic Huntington's disease: a diffusion tensor imaging study. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 2005;140:55-62
- Clark VP, Lai S, Deckel AW. Altered functional MRI responses in Huntington's disease. Neuroreport 2002;13:703-6
- Thiruvady DR, Georgiou-Karistianis N, Egan GF, et al. Functional connectivity of the prefrontal cortex in Huntington's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2007;78:127-33
- Aron AR, Schlaghecken F, Fletcher PC, et al. Inhibition of subliminally primed responses is mediated by the caudate and thalamus: evidence from functional MRI and Huntington's disease. Brain 2003;126:713-23
- Paulsen JS, Zimbelman JL, Hinton SC, et al. fMRI biomarker of early neuronal dysfunction in presymptomatic Huntington's disease. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2004;25:1715-21
- Gavazzi C, Nave RD, Petralli R, et al. Combining functional and structural brain magnetic resonance imaging in Huntington disease. J Comput Assist Tomogr 2007;31:574-80
- Jenkins BG, Rosas HD, Chen YC, et al. 1H NMR spectroscopy studies of Huntington's disease: correlations with CAG repeat numbers. Neurology 1998;50:1357-65
- Reynolds NC Jr, Prost RW, Mark LP. Heterogeneity in 1H-MRS profiles of presymptomatic and early manifest Huntington's disease. Brain Res 2005;1031:82-9
- Koroshetz WJ, Jenkins BG, Rosen BR, et al. Energy metabolism defects in Huntington's disease and effects of coenzyme Q10. Ann Neurol 1997;41:160-5
- Hoang TQ, Bluml S, Dubowitz DJ, et al. Quantitative proton-decoupled 31P MRS and 1H MRS in the evaluation of Huntington's and Parkinson's diseases. Neurology 1998;50:1033-40
- Sanchez-Pernaute R, Garcia-Segura JM, del Barrio Alba A, et al. Clinical correlation of striatal 1H MRS changes in Huntington's disease. Neurology 1999;53:806-12
- Hersch SM, Gevorkian S, Marder K, et al. Creatine in Huntington disease is safe, tolerable, bioavailable in brain and reduces serum 8OH2'dG. Neurology 2006;66:250-2
- Cross A, Rossor M. Dopamine D-1 and D-2 receptors in Huntington's disease. Eur J Pharmacol 1983;88:223-9
- Turjanski N, Weeks R, Dolan R, et al. Striatal D1 and D2 receptor binding in patients with Huntington's disease and other choreas. A PET study. Brain 1995;118(Pt 3):689-96
- Ginovart N, Lundin A, Farde L, et al. PET study of the pre- and post-synaptic dopaminergic markers for the neurodegenerative process in Huntington's disease. Brain 1997;120(Pt 3):503-14
- Weeks RA, Piccini P, Harding AE, et al. Striatal D1 and D2 dopamine receptor loss in asymptomatic mutation carriers of Huntington's disease. Ann Neurol 1996;40:49-54
- Antonini A, Leenders KL, Eidelberg D. [11C]raclopride-PET studies of the Huntington's disease rate of progression: relevance of the trinucleotide repeat length. Ann Neurol 1998;43:253-5
- van Oostrom JCH, Maguire RP, Verschuuren-Bemelmans CC, et al. Striatal dopamine D2 receptors, metabolism, and volume in preclinical Huntington disease. Neurology 2005;65:941-3
- Lawrence AD, Weeks RA, Brooks DJ, et al. The relationship between striatal dopamine receptor binding and cognitive performance in Huntington's disease. Brain 1998;121(Pt 7):1343-55
- Andrews TC, Weeks RA, Turjanski N, et al. Huntington's disease progression. PET and clinical observations. Brain 1999;122(Pt 12):2353-63
- Furtado S, Sossi V, Hauser RA, et al. Positron emission tomography after fetal transplantation in Huntington's disease. Ann Neurol 2005;58:331-7
- Messmer K, Reynolds GP. Increased peripheral benzodiazepine binding sites in the brain of patients with Huntington's disease. Neurosci Lett 1998;241:53-6
- Sapp E, Kegel KB, Aronin N, et al. Early and progressive accumulation of reactive microglia in the Huntington disease brain. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2001;60:161-72
- Giorgini F, Guidetti P, Nguyen Q, et al. A genomic screen in yeast implicates kynurenine 3-monooxygenase as a therapeutic target for Huntington disease. Nat Genet 2005;37:526-31
- Pavese N, Gerhard A, Tai YF, et al. Microglial activation correlates with severity in Huntington disease: a clinical and PET study. Neurology 2006;66:1638-43
- Tai YF, Pavese N, Gerhard A, et al. Microglial activation in presymptomatic Huntington's disease gene carriers. Brain 2007;130:1759-66
- Nordberg A. Amyloid imaging in Alzheimer's disease. Curr Opin Neurol 2007;20:398-402
- Ciammola A, Sassone J, Cannella M, et al. Low brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels in serum of Huntington's disease patients. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2007;144B:574-7
- Borovecki F, Lovrecic L, Zhou J, et al. Genome-wide expression profiling of human blood reveals biomarkers for Huntington's disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2005;102:11023-8
- Runne H, Kuhn A, Wild EJ, et al. Analysis of potential transcriptomic biomarkers for Huntington's disease in peripheral blood. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2007;104(36):14424-9
- Dalrymple A, Wild EJ, Joubert R, et al. Proteomic profiling of plasma in Huntington's disease reveals neuroinflammatory activation and biomarker candidates. J Proteome Res 2007;6:2833-40
- Wild EJ, Petzold A, Keir G, et al. Plasma neurofilament heavy chain levels in Huntington's disease. Neurosci Lett 2007;417:231-3
- Chen CM, Wu YR, Cheng ML, et al. Increased oxidative damage and mitochondrial abnormalities in the peripheral blood of Huntington's disease patients. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007;359:335-40
- Underwood BR, Broadhurst D, Dunn WB, et al. Huntington disease patients and transgenic mice have similar pro-catabolic serum metabolite profiles. Brain 2006;129:877-86
- Mochel F. Early energy deficit in Huntington disease: identification of a plasma biomarker traceable during disease progression. PLoS One 2007;2:e647
- Valenza M, Rigamonti D, Goffredo D, et al. Dysfunction of the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway in Huntington's disease. J Neurosci 2005;25:9932-9
- Runne H, Kuhn A, Wild EJ, et al. Analysis of potential transcriptomic biomarkers for Huntington's disease in peripheral blood. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2007;104:14424-9
- Battista N, Bari M, Tarditi A, et al. Severe deficiency of the fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) activity segregates with the Huntington's disease mutation in peripheral lymphocytes. Neurobiol Dis 2007;27:108-16
- Varani K, Bachoud-Levi AC, Mariotti C, et al. Biological abnormalities of peripheral A(2A) receptors in a large representation of polyglutamine disorders and Huntington's disease stages. Neurobiol Dis 2007;27:36-43.
- Bjorkqvist M, Petersen A, Bacos K, et al. Progressive alterations in the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis in the R6/2 transgenic mouse model of Huntington's disease. Hum Mol Genet 2006;15:1713-21
- Popovic V, Svetel M, Djurovic M, et al. Circulating and cerebrospinal fluid ghrelin and leptin: potential role in altered body weight in Huntington's disease. Eur J Endocrinol 2004;151:451-5
- Markianos M, Panas M, Kalfakis N, et al. Plasma testosterone in male patients with Huntington's disease: relations to severity of illness and dementia. Ann Neurol 2005;57:520-5
- Bjorkqvist M, Leavitt BR, Nielsen JE, et al. Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript is increased in Huntington disease. Mov Disord 2007;22(13):1952-4
- Bogdanov MB, Andreassen OA, Dedeoglu A, et al. Increased oxidative damage to DNA in a transgenic mouse model of Huntington's disease. J Neurochem 2001;79:1246-9
- Biglan K, Dorsey ER, Kieburtz K, et al. Serum 8OHdG Levels in Manifest Huntington's Disease and Healthy Controls Treated with Coenzyme Q10. World Congress on Huntington's Disease, 2007; Dresden, Germany. Available at: URL: www.worldcongress-hd.net [last accessed December 2007]
- Liu CS, Cheng WL, Kuo SJ, et al. Depletion of mitochondrial DNA in leukocytes of patients with poly-Q diseases. J Neurol Sci 2008;264(1-2):18-21
- Farrer LA, Meaney FJ. An anthropometric assessment of Huntington's disease patients and families. Am J Phys Anthropol 1985;67:185-94
- Phillipson OT, Bird ED. Plasma glucose, non-esterified fatty acids and amino acids in Huntington's chorea. Clin Sci Mol Med 1977;52:311-18
- Cha JH. Transcriptional dysregulation in Huntington's disease. Trends Neurosci 2000;23:387-92
- Strand AD, Aragaki AK, Shaw D, et al. Gene expression in Huntington's disease skeletal muscle: a potential biomarker. Hum Mol Genet 2005;14:1863-76
- Ferrer I, Goutan E, Marin C, et al. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor in Huntington disease. Brain Res 2000;866:257-61
- Borrell-Pages M, Canals JM, Cordelieres FP, et al. Cystamine and cysteamine increase brain levels of BDNF in Huntington disease via HSJ1b and transglutaminase. J Clin Invest 2006;116:1410-24
- Lommatzsch M, Zingler D, Schuhbaeck K, et al. The impact of age, weight and gender on BDNF levels in human platelets and plasma. Neurobiol Aging 2005;26:115-23
- Lastres-Becker I, De Miguel R, Fernandez-Ruiz JJ. The endocannabinoid system and Huntington's disease. Curr Drug Targets CNS Neurol Disord 2003;2:335-47
- Varani K, Rigamonti D, Sipione S, et al. Aberrant amplification of A(2A) receptor signaling in striatal cells expressing mutant huntingtin. FASEB J 2001;15:1245-7
- Varani K, Abbracchio MP, Cannella M, et al. Aberrant A2A receptor function in peripheral blood cells in Huntington's disease. FASEB J 2003;17(14):2148-50
- Petersen A, Bjorkqvist M. Hypothalamic-endocrine aspects in Huntington's disease. Eur J Neurosci 2006;24:961-7
- Markianos M, Panas M, Kalfakis N, et al. Plasma testosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, and cortisol in female patients with Huntington's disease. Neuro Endocrinol Lett 2007;28:199-203
- Golding CV, Danchaivijitr C, Hodgson TL, et al. Identification of an oculomotor biomarker of preclinical Huntington disease. Neurology 2006;67(3):485-7
- Ali FR, Michell AW, Barker RA, et al. The use of quantitative oculometry in the assessment of Huntington's disease. Exp Brain Res 2006;169:237-45
- Gordon AM, Quinn L, Reilmann R, et al. Coordination of prehensile forces during precision grip in Huntington's disease. Exp Neurol 2000;163:136-48
- Hurelbrink CB, Lewis SJG, Barker RA. The use of the Actiwatch-Neurologica® system to objectively assess the involuntary movements and sleep-wake activity in patients with mild-moderate Huntington's disease. J Neurol 2005;252:642-7
- Blekher TM, Yee RD, Kirkwood SC, et al. Oculomotor control in asymptomatic and recently diagnosed individuals with the genetic marker for Huntington's disease. Vision Res 2004;44:2729-36
- Saft C, Andrich J, Meisel NM, et al. Assessment of simple movements reflects impairment in Huntington's disease. Mov Disord 2006;21:1208-12
- Andrich J, Saft C, Ostholt N, et al. Assessment of simple movements and progression of Huntington's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2007;78:405-7
- Hinton SC, Paulsen JS, Hoffmann RG, et al. Motor timing variability increases in preclinical Huntington's disease patients as estimated onset of motor symptoms approaches. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2007;13:539-43
- Reilmann R, Kirsten F, Quinn L, et al. Objective assessment of progression in Huntington's disease: a 3-year follow-up study. Neurology 2001;57:920-4
- Reilmann R, Bohlen S, Kirsten F, et al. Grip-Force Variability in Asymptomatic Carriers of the Huntington Gene – A Biomarker for Presymptomatic Clinical Studies? American Academy of Neurology Annual Meeting, 2007; Boston, MA, USA. Available at: URL: www.aan.com [last accessed December 2007]
- van Vugt JP, Siesling S, Piet KK, et al. Quantitative assessment of daytime motor activity provides a responsive measure of functional decline in patients with Huntington's disease. Mov Disord 2001;16:481-8
- Rao AK, Quinn L, Marder KS. Reliability of spatiotemporal gait outcome measures in Huntington's disease. Mov Disord 2005;20:1033-7
- Thanendrarajan S, Hoffmann A, Landwehrmeyer GB, et al. Computer-aided analysis of drawing movements in Huntington patients: graphimetry. World Congress on Huntington's Disease, 2007; Dresden, Germany. Available at: URL: www.worldcongress-hd.net [last accessed December 2007]
- Bohlen S, Kirsten F, Auer D, et al. Assessment of motor phenotype in symptomatic Huntington's disease – is tongue protrusion force analysis an objective surrogate marker? American Academy of Neurology Annual Meeting, 2007; Boston, MA, USA. Available at: URL: www.aan.com [last accessed December 2007]
- Craufurd D, Snowden J, Neuropsychological and Neuropsychiatric Aspects of Huntington's Disease, in Huntington's Disease, PS Harper, editor, Oxford Medical Publications: Oxford; 2002
- Huntington Study Group. Clinical Trials & Research Studies in Progress. Available at: URL: www.huntington-study-group.org [last accessed 3 October 2007]
- European Huntington's Disease Network. EHDN Registry. Available at: URL: www.euro-hd.net [last accessed 3 October 2007]
- HD Toolkit. Available at: URL: www.indiana.edu/∼ccns/research_hdtk.html [last accessed 3 October 2007]
- TRACK-HD. Available at: URL: www.track-hd.net [last accessed 3 October 2007]