102
Views
1
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Reviews

Childhood medulloblastoma: current and future treatment strategies

, MD (Pediatric Neuro-Oncology Fellow) & , FRCP (Professor of Pediatrics (with Tenure) and Associate Professor of Surgery, Director)

Bibliography

  • Villani A, Malkin D, Tabori U. Syndromes predisposing to pediatric central nervous system tumors: lessons learned and new promises. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2012;12(2):153-64
  • Gajjar A, Chintagumpala M, Ashley D, et al. Risk-adapted craniospinal radiotherapy followed by high-dose chemotherapy and stem-cell rescue in children with newly diagnosed medulloblastoma (St Jude Medulloblastoma-96): long-term results from a prospective, multicentre trial. Lancet Oncol 2006;7(10):813-20
  • Packer RJ, Zhou T, Holmes E, et al. Survival and secondary tumors in children with medulloblastoma receiving radiotherapy and adjuvant chemotherapy: results of Children’s Oncology Group trial A9961. Neuro Oncol 2013;15(1):97-103
  • Edelstein K, Spiegler BJ, Fung S, et al. Early aging in adult survivors of childhood medulloblastoma: long-term neurocognitive, functional, and physical outcomes. Neuro Oncol 2011;13(5):536-45
  • Kool M, Korshunov A, Remke M, et al. Molecular subgroups of medulloblastoma: an international meta-analysis of transcriptome, genetic aberrations, and clinical data of WNT, SHH, Group 3, and Group 4 medulloblastomas. Acta Neuropathol 2012;123(4):473-84
  • Northcott PA, Korshunov A, Witt H, et al. Medulloblastoma comprises four distinct molecular variants. J Clin Oncol 2011;29(11):1408-14
  • Siegel R, Naishadham D, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2012. CA Cancer J Clin 2012;62(1):10-29
  • Ostrom QT, Gittleman H, Liao P, et al. CBTRUS statistical report: primary brain and central nervous system tumors diagnosed in the United States in 2007-2011. Neuro Oncol 2014;16(Suppl 4):iv1-63
  • Gerber NU, von Hoff K, von Bueren AO, et al. A long duration of the prediagnostic symptomatic interval is not associated with an unfavourable prognosis in childhood medulloblastoma. Eur J Cancer 2012;48(13):2028-36
  • Brasme JF, Chalumeau M, Doz F, et al. Interval between onset of symptoms and diagnosis of medulloblastoma in children: distribution and determinants in a population-based study. Eur J Pediatr 2012;171(1):25-32
  • Packer RJ, Cogen P, Vezina G, et al. Medulloblastoma: clinical and biologic aspects. Neuro Oncol 1999;1(3):232-50
  • Santi M, Kadom N, Vezina G, et al. Undiagnosed medulloblastoma presenting as fatal hemorrhage in a 14-year-old boy: case report and review of the literature. Childs Nerv Syst 2007;23(7):799-805
  • Koeller KK, Rushing EJ. From the archives of the AFIP: medulloblastoma: a comprehensive review with radiologic-pathologic correlation. Radiographics 2003;23(6):1613-37
  • Perreault S, Ramaswamy V, Achrol AS, et al. MRI surrogates for molecular subgroups of medulloblastoma. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2014;35(7):1263-9
  • Dhall G. Medulloblastoma. J Child Neurol 2009;24(11):1418-30
  • Erdem E, Zimmerman RA, Haselgrove JC, et al. Diffusion-weighted imaging and fluid attenuated inversion recovery imaging in the evaluation of primitive neuroectodermal tumors. Neuroradiology 2001;43(11):927-33
  • Giangaspero F, Perilongo G, Fondelli MP, et al. Medulloblastoma with extensive nodularity: a variant with favorable prognosis. J Neurosurg 1999;91(6):971-7
  • Harrison SK, Ditchfield MR, Waters K. Correlation of MRI and CSF cytology in the diagnosis of medulloblastoma spinal metastases. Pediatr Radiol 1998;28(8):571-4
  • Meyers SP, Wildenhain SL, Chang JK, et al. Postoperative evaluation for disseminated medulloblastoma involving the spine: contrast-enhanced MR findings, CSF cytologic analysis, timing of disease occurrence, and patient outcomes. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2000;21(9):1757-65
  • Wong V, Crawford JR. Extensive subdural spinal enhancement mimicking leptomeningeal disease in a young child with posterior fossa tumour following lumbar puncture and surgery. BMJ Case Rep 2014;2014
  • Louis DN, Ohgaki H, Wiestler OD, et al. The 2007 WHO classification of tumours of the central nervous system. Acta Neuropathol 2007;114(2):97-109
  • Gajjar AJ, Robinson GW. Medulloblastoma-translating discoveries from the bench to the bedside. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2014;11(12):714-22
  • McManamy CS, Pears J, Weston CL, et al. Nodule formation and desmoplasia in medulloblastomas-defining the nodular/desmoplastic variant and its biological behavior. Brain Pathol 2007;17(2):151-64
  • Ellison D. Classifying the medulloblastoma: insights from morphology and molecular genetics. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2002;28(4):257-82
  • Gilbertson RJ, Ellison DW. The origins of medulloblastoma subtypes. Annu Rev Pathol 2008;3:341-65
  • Rutkowski S, Bode U, Deinlein F, et al. Treatment of early childhood medulloblastoma by postoperative chemotherapy alone. N Engl J Med 2005;352(10):978-86
  • Packer RJ, Gajjar A, Vezina G, et al. Phase III study of craniospinal radiation therapy followed by adjuvant chemotherapy for newly diagnosed average-risk medulloblastoma. J Clin Oncol 2006;24(25):4202-8
  • Rutkowski S, von Hoff K, Emser A, et al. Survival and prognostic factors of early childhood medulloblastoma: an international meta-analysis. J Clin Oncol 2010;28(33):4961-8
  • Packer R, Zhou T, Holmes E, Allen J, Jakacki RI. Timing, Patterns of relapse, and postrelapse survival in children with medulloblastoma: Results from four consecutive Children’s Oncology Group (COG) studies performed over the past 20 years (PNET/MED 43). Neuro Oncol 2008;10(3):488
  • Evans DG, Birch JM, Orton CI. Brain tumours and the occurrence of severe invasive basal cell carcinoma in first degree relatives with Gorlin syndrome. Br J Neurosurg 1991;5(6):643-6
  • Farndon PA, Del Mastro RG, Evans DG, et al. Location of gene for Gorlin syndrome. Lancet 1992;339(8793):581-2
  • Brugieres L, Remenieras A, Pierron G, et al. High frequency of germline SUFU mutations in children with desmoplastic/nodular medulloblastoma younger than 3 years of age. J Clin Oncol 2012;30(17):2087-93
  • Gilbertson RJ. Medulloblastoma: signalling a change in treatment. Lancet Oncol 2004;5(4):209-18
  • Hamilton SR, Liu B, Parsons RE, et al. The molecular basis of Turcot’s syndrome. N Engl J Med 1995;332(13):839-47
  • Skomorowski M, Taxier M, Wise WJr. Turcot syndrome type 2: medulloblastoma with multiple colorectal adenomas. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2012;10(10):A24
  • Ikeda J, Sawamura Y, van Meir EG. Pineoblastoma presenting in familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP): random association, FAP variant or Turcot syndrome? Br J Neurosurg 1998;12(6):576-8
  • Attard TM, Giglio P, Koppula S, et al. Brain tumors in individuals with familial adenomatous polyposis: a cancer registry experience and pooled case report analysis. Cancer 2007;109(4):761-6
  • Taylor MD, Mainprize TG, Rutka JT. Molecular insight into medulloblastoma and central nervous system primitive neuroectodermal tumor biology from hereditary syndromes: a review. Neurosurgery 2000;47(4):888-901
  • Tabori U, Baskin B, Shago M, et al. Universal poor survival in children with medulloblastoma harboring somatic TP53 mutations. J Clin Oncol 2010;28(8):1345-50
  • Pei Y, Moore CE, Wang J, et al. An animal model of MYC-driven medulloblastoma. Cancer Cell 2012;21(2):155-67
  • Kool M, Koster J, Bunt J, et al. Integrated genomics identifies five medulloblastoma subtypes with distinct genetic profiles, pathway signatures and clinicopathological features. PLoS ONE 2008;3(8):e3088
  • Gibson P, Tong Y, Robinson G, et al. Subtypes of medulloblastoma have distinct developmental origins. Nature 2010;468(7327):1095-9
  • Zhukova N, Ramaswamy V, Remke M, et al. Subgroup-specific prognostic implications of TP53 mutation in medulloblastoma. J Clin Oncol 2013;31(23):2927-35
  • Ellison DW, Dalton J, Kocak M, et al. Medulloblastoma: clinicopathological correlates of SHH, WNT, and non-SHH/WNT molecular subgroups. Acta Neuropathol 2011;121(3):381-96
  • Salaroli R, Ronchi A, Buttarelli FR, et al. Wnt activation affects proliferation, invasiveness and radiosensitivity in medulloblastoma. J Neurooncol 2015;121(1):119-27
  • Shih DJ, Northcott PA, Remke M, et al. Cytogenetic prognostication within medulloblastoma subgroups. J Clin Oncol 2014;32(9):886-96
  • Northcott PA, Jones DT, Kool M, et al. Medulloblastomics: the end of the beginning. Nat Rev Cancer 2012;12(12):818-34
  • Jones DT, Jäger N, Kool M, et al. Dissecting the genomic complexity underlying medulloblastoma. Nature 2012;488(7409):100-5
  • Poschl J, Stark S, Neumann P, et al. Genomic and transcriptomic analyses match medulloblastoma mouse models to their human counterparts. Acta Neuropathol 2014;128(1):123-36
  • Markant SL, Wechsler-Reya RJ. Review: personalized mice: modelling the molecular heterogeneity of medulloblastoma. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2012;38(3):228-40
  • Lewis PM, Gritli-Linde A, Smeyne R, et al. Sonic hedgehog signaling is required for expansion of granule neuron precursors and patterning of the mouse cerebellum. Dev Biol 2004;270(2):393-410
  • Archer TC, Weeraratne SD, Pomeroy SL. Hedgehog-GLI pathway in medulloblastoma. J Clin Oncol 2012;30(17):2154-6
  • Hatton BA, Villavicencio EH, Tsuchiya KD, et al. The Smo/Smo model: hedgehog-induced medulloblastoma with 90% incidence and leptomeningeal spread. Cancer Res 2008;68(6):1768-76
  • Wu X, Northcott PA, Croul S, et al. Mouse models of medulloblastoma. Chin J Cancer 2011;30(7):442-9
  • Taylor MD, Northcott PA, Korshunov A, et al. Molecular subgroups of medulloblastoma: the current consensus. Acta Neuropathol 2012;123(4):465-72
  • Kool M, Jones DT, Jäger N, et al. Genome sequencing of SHH medulloblastoma predicts genotype-related response to smoothened inhibition. Cancer Cell 2014;25(3):393-405
  • Bien-Willner GA, López-Terrada D, Bhattacharjee MB, et al. Early recurrence in standard-risk medulloblastoma patients with the common idic(17)(p11.2) rearrangement. Neuro Oncol 2012;14(7):831-40
  • Min HS, Lee JY, Kim SK, et al. Genetic grouping of medulloblastomas by representative markers in pathologic diagnosis. Transl Oncol 2013;6(3):265-72
  • Schroeder K, Gururangan S. Molecular variants and mutations in medulloblastoma. Pharmgenomics Pers Med 2014;7:43-51
  • Kawauchi D, Robinson G, Uziel T, et al. A mouse model of the most aggressive subgroup of human medulloblastoma. Cancer Cell 2012;21(2):168-80
  • Morfouace M, Shelat A, Jacus M, et al. Pemetrexed and gemcitabine as combination therapy for the treatment of Group3 medulloblastoma. Cancer Cell 2014;25(4):516-29
  • Northcott PA, Shih DJ, Peacock J, et al. Subgroup-specific structural variation across 1,000 medulloblastoma genomes. Nature 2012;488(7409):49-56
  • Robinson G, Parker M, Kranenburg TA, et al. Novel mutations target distinct subgroups of medulloblastoma. Nature 2012;488(7409):43-8
  • Laughton SJ, Merchant TE, Sklar CA, et al. Endocrine outcomes for children with embryonal brain tumors after risk-adapted craniospinal and conformal primary-site irradiation and high-dose chemotherapy with stem-cell rescue on the SJMB-96 trial. J Clin Oncol 2008;26(7):1112-18
  • Merchant TE, Happersett L, Finlay JL, et al. Preliminary results of conformal radiation therapy for medulloblastoma. Neuro Oncol 1999;1(3):177-87
  • Rutka JT, Hoffman HJ. Medulloblastoma: a historical perspective and overview. J Neurooncol 1996;29(1):1-7
  • Sutton LN, Phillips PC, Molloy PT. Surgical management of medulloblastoma. J Neurooncol 1996;29(1):9-21
  • Martin AM, Raabe E, Eberhart C, et al. Management of pediatric and adult patients with medulloblastoma. Curr Treat Options Oncol 2014;15(4):581-94
  • Gopalakrishnan CV, Dhakoji A, Menon G, et al. Factors predicting the need for cerebrospinal fluid diversion following posterior fossa tumor surgery in children. Pediatr Neurosurg 2012;48(2):93-101
  • Dias MS, Albright AL. Management of hydrocephalus complicating childhood posterior fossa tumors. Pediatr Neurosci 1989;15(6):283-9. discussion 290
  • Schneider C, Ramaswamy V, Kulkarni AV, et al. Clinical implications of medulloblastoma subgroups: incidence of CSF diversion surgery. J Neurosurg Pediatr 2015;15(3):236-42
  • Foreman P, McClugage SIII, Naftel R, et al. Validation and modification of a predictive model of postresection hydrocephalus in pediatric patients with posterior fossa tumors. J Neurosurg Pediatr 2013;12(3):220-6
  • Albright AL, Wisoff JH, Zeltzer PM, et al. Effects of medulloblastoma resections on outcome in children: a report from the Children’s Cancer Group. Neurosurgery 1996;38(2):265-71
  • Halperin EC, Constine IS, Tarbell NJ, et al. Pediatric radiation oncology. 2 edition. Raven Press; New York: 1994
  • Lannering B, Rutkowski S, Doz F, et al. Hyperfractionated versus conventional radiotherapy followed by chemotherapy in standard-risk medulloblastoma: results from the randomized multicenter HIT-SIOP PNET 4 trial. J Clin Oncol 2012;30(26):3187-93
  • Gandola L, Massimino M, Cefalo G, et al. Hyperfractionated accelerated radiotherapy in the Milan strategy for metastatic medulloblastoma. J Clin Oncol 2009;27(4):566-71
  • Allen J, Donahue B, Mehta M, et al. A phase II study of preradiotherapy chemotherapy followed by hyperfractionated radiotherapy for newly diagnosed high-risk medulloblastoma/primitive neuroectodermal tumor: a report from the Children’s Oncology Group (CCG 9931). Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2009;74(4):1006-11
  • Kennedy C, Bull K, Chevignard M, et al. Quality of survival and growth in children and young adults in the PNET4 European controlled trial of hyperfractionated versus conventional radiation therapy for standard-risk medulloblastoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2014;88(2):292-300
  • Merchant TE, Wang MH, Haida T, et al. Medulloblastoma: long-term results for patients treated with definitive radiation therapy during the computed tomography era. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1996;36(1):29-35
  • Yock TI, Tarbell NJ. Technology insight: Proton beam radiotherapy for treatment in pediatric brain tumors. Nat Clin Pract Oncol 2004;1(2):97-103. quiz 1 p following 111
  • Merchant TE, Hua CH, Shukla H, et al. Proton versus photon radiotherapy for common pediatric brain tumors: comparison of models of dose characteristics and their relationship to cognitive function. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2008;51(1):110-17
  • Lee CT, Bilton SD, Famiglietti RM, et al. Treatment planning with protons for pediatric retinoblastoma, medulloblastoma, and pelvic sarcoma: how do protons compare with other conformal techniques? Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2005;63(2):362-72
  • Thomas PR, Deutsch M, Kepner JL, et al. Low-stage medulloblastoma: final analysis of trial comparing standard- dose with reduced-dose neuraxis irradiation. J Clin Oncol 2000;18(16):3004-11
  • Tarbell NJ, Loeffler JS, Silver B, et al. The change in patterns of relapse in medulloblastoma. Cancer 1991;68(7):1600-4
  • Mulhern RK, Kepner JL, Thomas PR, et al. Neuropsychologic functioning of survivors of childhood medulloblastoma randomized to receive conventional or reduced-dose craniospinal irradiation: a Pediatric Oncology Group study. J Clin Oncol 1998;16(5):1723-8
  • Mulhern RK, Merchant TE, Gajjar A, et al. Late neurocognitive sequelae in survivors of brain tumours in childhood. Lancet Oncol 2004;5(7):399-408
  • Walter AW, Mulhern RK, Gajjar A, et al. Survival and neurodevelopmental outcome of young children with medulloblastoma at St Jude Children’s Research Hospital. J Clin Oncol 1999;17(12):3720-8
  • Friedman HS, Schold SCJr. Rational approaches to the chemotherapy of medulloblastoma. Neurol Clin 1985;3(4):843-53
  • Sexauer CL, Khan A, Burger PC, et al. Cisplatin in recurrent pediatric brain tumors. A POG Phase II study. a pediatric oncology group study. Cancer 1985;56(7):1497-501
  • Zeltzer PM, Boyett JM, Finlay JL, et al. Metastasis stage, adjuvant treatment, and residual tumor are prognostic factors for medulloblastoma in children: conclusions from the children’s cancer group 921 randomized phase III study. J Clin Oncol 1999;17(3):832-45
  • Packer RJ, Goldwein J, Nicholson HS, et al. Treatment of children with medulloblastomas with reduced-dose craniospinal radiation therapy and adjuvant chemotherapy: a children’s cancer group study. J Clin Oncol 1999;17(7):2127-36
  • Strother D, Ashley D, Kellie SJ, et al. Feasibility of four consecutive high-dose chemotherapy cycles with stem-cell rescue for patients with newly diagnosed medulloblastoma or supratentorial primitive neuroectodermal tumor after craniospinal radiotherapy: results of a collaborative study. J Clin Oncol 2001;19(10):2696-704
  • Fouladi M, Chintagumpala M, Ashley D, et al. Amifostine protects against cisplatin-induced ototoxicity in children with average-risk medulloblastoma. J Clin Oncol 2008;26(22):3749-55
  • Dufour C, Kieffer V, Varlet P, et al. Tandem high-dose chemotherapy and autologous stem cell rescue in children with newly diagnosed high-risk medulloblastoma or supratentorial primitive neuro-ectodermic tumors. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2014;61(8):1398-402
  • Tarbell NJ, Friedman H, Polkinghorn WR, et al. High-risk medulloblastoma: a pediatric oncology group randomized trial of chemotherapy before or after radiation therapy (POG 9031). J Clin Oncol 2013;31(23):2936-41
  • Taylor RE, Bailey CC, Robinson K, et al. Results of a randomized study of preradiation chemotherapy versus radiotherapy alone for nonmetastatic medulloblastoma: The International society of paediatric oncology/United Kingdom children’s cancer study group PNET-3 study. J Clin Oncol 2003;21(8):1581-91
  • Duffner PK, Horowitz ME, Krischer JP, et al. The treatment of malignant brain tumors in infants and very young children: an update of the Pediatric Oncology Group experience. Neuro Oncol 1999;1(2):152-61
  • Northcott PA, Korshunov A, Pfister SM, et al. The clinical implications of medulloblastoma subgroups. Nat Rev Neurol 2012;8(6):340-51
  • Chi SN, Gardner SL, Levy AS, et al. Feasibility and response to induction chemotherapy intensified with high-dose methotrexate for young children with newly diagnosed high-risk disseminated medulloblastoma. J Clin Oncol 2004;22(24):4881-7
  • Ashley DM, Merchant TE, Strother D, et al. Induction chemotherapy and conformal radiation therapy for very young children with nonmetastatic medulloblastoma: Children’s Oncology Group study P9934. J Clin Oncol 2012;30(26):3181-6
  • Duffner PK, Horowitz ME, Krischer JP, et al. Postoperative chemotherapy and delayed radiation in children less than three years of age with malignant brain tumors. N Engl J Med 1993;328(24):1725-31
  • Goldwein JW, Radcliffe J, Johnson J, et al. Updated results of a pilot study of low dose craniospinal irradiation plus chemotherapy for children under five with cerebellar primitive neuroectodermal tumors (medulloblastoma). Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1996;34(4):899-904
  • Mason WP, Grovas A, Halpern S, et al. Intensive chemotherapy and bone marrow rescue for young children with newly diagnosed malignant brain tumors. J Clin Oncol 1998;16(1):210-21
  • Dhall G, Grodman H, Ji L, et al. Outcome of children less than three years old at diagnosis with non-metastatic medulloblastoma treated with chemotherapy on the "Head Start" I and II protocols. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2008;50(6):1169-75
  • Guruangan S, Dunkel IJ, Goldman S, et al. Myeloablative chemotherapy with autologous bone marrow rescue in young children with recurrent malignant brain tumors. J Clin Oncol 1998;16(7):2486-93
  • Dunkel IJ, Gardner SL, Garvin JHJr, et al. High-dose carboplatin, thiotepa, and etoposide with autologous stem cell rescue for patients with previously irradiated recurrent medulloblastoma. Neuro Oncol 2010;12(3):297-303
  • Kramer K, Humm JL, Souweidane MM, et al. Phase I study of targeted radioimmunotherapy for leptomeningeal cancers using intra-Ommaya 131-I-3F8. J Clin Oncol 2007;25(34):5465-70
  • Blaney SM, Kocak M, Gajjar A, et al. Pilot study of systemic and intrathecal mafosfamide followed by conformal radiation for infants with intracranial central nervous system tumors: a pediatric brain tumor consortium study (PBTC-001). J Neurooncol 2012;109(3):565-71
  • Sands SA, van Gorp WG, Finlay JL. Pilot neuropsychological findings from a treatment regimen consisting of intensive chemotherapy and bone marrow rescue for young children with newly diagnosed malignant brain tumors. Childs Nerv Syst 1998;14(10):587-9
  • Gajjar A, Stewart CF, Ellison DW, et al. Phase I study of vismodegib in children with recurrent or refractory medulloblastoma: a pediatric brain tumor consortium study. Clin Cancer Res 2013;19(22):6305-12
  • Gururangan S, Krauser J, Watral MA, et al. Efficacy of high-dose chemotherapy or standard salvage therapy in patients with recurrent medulloblastoma. Neuro Oncol 2008;10(5):745-51
  • Gururangan S, Petros WP, Poussaint TY, et al. Phase I trial of intrathecal spartaject busulfan in children with neoplastic meningitis: a Pediatric Brain Tumor Consortium Study (PBTC-004). Clin Cancer Res 2006;12(5):1540-6
  • Blaney SM, Tagen M, Onar-Thomas A, et al. A phase-1 pharmacokinetic optimal dosing study of intraventricular topotecan for children with neoplastic meningitis: a Pediatric Brain Tumor Consortium study. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2013;60(4):627-32
  • Robinson GW, Orr BA, Wu G, et al. Vismodegib Exerts Targeted Efficacy Against Recurrent Sonic Hedgehog-Subgroup Medulloblastoma: Results From Phase II Pediatric Brain Tumor Consortium Studies PBTC-025B and PBTC-032. J Clin Oncol 2015;33(24):2646-54
  • Shou Y, Robinson DM, Amakye DD, et al. A five-gene hedgehog signature developed as a patient preselection tool for hedgehog inhibitor therapy in medulloblastoma. Clin Cancer Res 2015;21(3):585-93
  • Jones DT, Northcott PA, Kool M, et al. The role of chromatin remodeling in medulloblastoma. Brain Pathol 2013;23(2):193-9
  • Yauch RL, Dijkgraaf GJ, Alicke B, et al. Smoothened mutation confers resistance to a Hedgehog pathway inhibitor in medulloblastoma. Science 2009;326(5952):572-4
  • Metcalfe C, Alicke B, Crow A, et al. PTEN loss mitigates the response of medulloblastoma to Hedgehog pathway inhibition. Cancer Res 2013;73(23):7034-42
  • Kieran MW. Targeted treatment for sonic hedgehog-dependent medulloblastoma. Neuro Oncol 2014;16(8):1037-47
  • Markant SL, Esparza LA, Sun J, et al. Targeting sonic hedgehog-associated medulloblastoma through inhibition of Aurora and Polo-like kinases. Cancer Res 2013;73(20):6310-22
  • Bandopadhayay P, Bergthold G, Nguyen B, et al. BET bromodomain inhibition of MYC-amplified medulloblastoma. Clin Cancer Res 2014;20(4):912-25
  • Knutson SK, Wigle TJ, Warholic NM, et al. A selective inhibitor of EZH2 blocks H3K27 methylation and kills mutant lymphoma cells. Nat Chem Biol 2012;8(11):890-6
  • Fossati P, Ricardi U, Orecchia R. Pediatric medulloblastoma: toxicity of current treatment and potential role of proton therapy. Cancer Treat Rev 2009;35(1):79-96
  • Gururangan S. Late effects of chemotherapy. Cancer Treat Res 2009;150:43-65
  • Ramaswamy V, Remke M, Bouffet E, et al. Recurrence patterns across medulloblastoma subgroups: an integrated clinical and molecular analysis. Lancet Oncol 2013;14(12):1200-7
  • Wang X, Dubuc AM, Ramaswamy V, et al. Medulloblastoma subgroups remain stable across primary and metastatic compartments. Acta Neuropathol 2015;129(3):449-57
  • Mitchell DA, Sampson JH. Toward effective immunotherapy for the treatment of malignant brain tumors. Neurotherapeutics 2009;6(3):527-38
  • Gururangan S, Grant G, Driscoll T, et al. Phase I/II study of adoptive T-cell therapy (ALT) and Dendritic cell vaccination (DCV) during recovery from myeloablative chemotherapy and hematopoeitic stem cell transplantation (HDC+ASCR) or non-myeloablative conditioning (NMA) in patients (pts) with recurrent central PNETs (reMATCH protocol) (O-0045). Pediatr Blood Cancer 2013(60):S3
  • Rosenberg SA, Restifo NP. Adoptive cell transfer as personalized immunotherapy for human cancer. Science 2015;348(6230):62-8
  • Mitchell DA, Nair SK. RNA-transfected dendritic cells in cancer immunotherapy. J Clin Invest 2000;106(9):1065-9
  • Gururangan S, Robinson G, Ellison D, et al. Gorlin syndrome and desmoplastic medulloblastoma: Report of 3 cases with unfavorable clinical course and novel mutations. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2015
  • Wu X, Northcott PA, Dubuc A, et al. Clonal selection drives genetic divergence of metastatic medulloblastoma. Nature 2012;482(7386):529-33
  • Sanai N, Buylla AA, Berger MS. Neural stem cells and the origin of gliomas. N Engl J Med 2005;353:811-22
  • Davis LE, Mori M, Keller C. Personalized cancer care: opportunities and challenges in pediatric neuro-oncology. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2012;59(1):1-2

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.