94
Views
8
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Therapeutic strategies for Cushing’s syndrome: an update

, MD (Endocrinologist) , , MD (Endocrinologist) , , MD (Endocrinologist) , , MD (Endocrinologist) , , MD (Endocrinologist) & , MD (Endocrinologist)

Bibliography

  • Nieman LK, Biller BM, Findling JW, et al. The diagnosis of Cushing’s syndrome: an Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008;93(5):1526-40
  • Boscaro M, Arnaldi G. Approach to the patient with possible Cushing’s syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009;94(9):3121-31
  • Colao A, Boscaro M, Ferone D, Casanueva FF. Managing Cushing’s disease: the state of the art. Endocrine 2014;47(1):9-20
  • Chiodini I, Mascia ML, Muscarella S, et al. Subclinical hypercortisolism among outpatients referred for osteoporosis. Ann Intern Med 2007;147(8):541-8
  • Terzolo M, Reimondo G, Chiodini I, et al. Screening of Cushing’s syndrome in outpatients with type 2 diabetes: results of a prospective multicentric study in Italy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2012;97(10):3467-75
  • Zilio M, Barbot M, Ceccato F, et al. Diagnosis and complications of Cushing’s disease: gender-related differences. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2014;80(3):403-10
  • Dimopoulou C, Schopohl J, Rachinger W, et al. Long-term remission and recurrence rates after first and second transsphenoidal surgery for Cushing’s disease: care reality in the Munich Metropolitan Region. Eur J Endocrinol 2013;170(2):283-92
  • Barbot M, Albiger N, Koutroumpi S, et al. Predicting late recurrence in surgically treated patients with Cushing’s disease. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2013;79(3):394-401
  • Nieman LK. Update in the medical therapy of Cushing’s disease. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2013;20(4):330-4
  • Devin JK, Allen GS, Cmelak AJ, et al. The efficacy of linear accelerator radiosurgery in the management of patients with Cushing’s disease. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 2004;82(5-6):254-62
  • Losa M, Picozzi P, Redaelli MG, et al. Pituitary radiotherapy for Cushing’s disease. Neuroendocrinology 2010;92(Suppl 1):107-10
  • Biller BM, Grossman AB, Stewart PM, et al. Treatment of adrenocorticotropin-dependent Cushing’s syndrome: a consensus statement. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008;93(7):2454-62
  • Castinetti F, Morange I, Jaquet P, et al. Ketoconazole revisited: a preoperative or postoperative treatment in Cushing’s disease. Eur J Endocrinol 2008;158(1):91-9
  • Castinetti F, Guignat L, Giraud P, et al. Ketoconazole in Cushing’s disease: is it worth a try? J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014;99(5):1623-30
  • Bertagna X, Guignat L. Approach to the Cushing’s disease patient with persistent/recurrent hypercortisolism after pituitary surgery. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013;98(4):1307-18
  • Valassi E, Crespo I, Gich I, et al. A reappraisal of the medical therapy with steroidogenesis inhibitors in Cushing’s syndrome. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2012;77(5):735-42
  • Sonino N, Boscaro M, Paoletta A, et al. Ketoconazole treatment in Cushing’s syndrome: experience in 34 patients. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1991;35(4):347-52
  • Gadelha MR, Vieira Neto L. Efficacy of medical treatment in Cushing’s disease: a systematic review. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2014;80(1):1-12
  • Tritos NA, Biller BM, Swearingen B. Management of Cushing disease. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2011;7(5):279-89
  • Stewart PM, Petersenn S. Rationale for treatment and therapeutic options in Cushing’s disease. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009;23(Suppl 1):S15-22
  • Fleseriu M, Petersenn S. Medical management of Cushing’s disease: what is the future? Pituitary 2012;15(3):330-41
  • Newell-Price J. Ketoconazole as an adrenal steroidogenesis inhibitor: effectiveness and risks in the treatment of Cushing’s disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014;99(5):1586-8
  • Van der Pas R, Hofland LJ, Hofland J, et al. Fluconazole inhibits human adrenocortical steroidogenesis in vitro. J Endocrinol 2012;215(3):403-12
  • Riedl M, Maier C, Zettinig G, et al. Long term control of hypercortisolism with fluconazole: case report and in vitro studies. Eur J Endocrinol 2006;154(4):519-24
  • Verhelst JA, Trainer PJ, Howlett TA, et al. Short and long-term responses to metyrapone in the medical management of 91 patients with Cushing’s syndrome. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1991;35(2):169-78
  • Engelhardt D, Weber MM. Therapy of Cushing’s syndrome with steroid biosynthesis inhibitors. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 1994;49(4-6):261-7
  • Trainer PJ. New options for the medical treatment of Cushing’s syndrome. Indian J Endocrinol Metab 2013;17(2):245-8
  • Amar L, Azizi M, Menard J, et al. Aldosterone synthase inhibition with LCI699: a proof-of-concept study in patients with primary aldosteronism. Hypertension 2010;56:831-8
  • Bertagna X, Pivonello R, Fleseriu M, et al. LCI699, a potent 11β-hydroxylase inhibitor, normalizes urinary cortisol in patients with Cushing’s disease: results from a multicenter, proof-of-concept study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014;99(4):1375-83
  • Kamenický P, Droumaguet C, Salenave S, et al. Mitotane, metyrapone, and ketoconazole combination therapy as an alternative to rescue adrenalectomy for severe ACTH-dependent Cushing’s syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011;96(9):2796-804
  • Terzolo M, Zaggia B, Allasino B, et al. Practical treatment using mitotane for adrenocortical carcinoma. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2014;21(3):159-65
  • Chortis V, Taylor AE, Schneider P, et al. Mitotane therapy in adrenocortical cancer induces CYP3A4 and inhibits 5α-reductase, explaining the need for personalized glucocorticoid and androgen replacement. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013;98(1):161-71
  • Cuevas-Ramos D, Fleseriu M. Treatment of Cushing’s disease: a mechanistic update. J Endocrinol 2014;223:R19-39
  • Fleseriu M, Biller BM, Findling JW, et al. Mifepristone, a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, produces clinical and metabolic benefits in patients with Cushing’s syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2012;97(6):2039-49
  • Katznelson L, Loriaux DL, Feldman D, et al. Global clinical response in Cushing’s syndrome patients treated with mifepristone. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2014;80(4):562-9
  • Fleseriu M, Findling JW, Koch CA, et al. Changes in plasma ACTH levels and corticotroph tumor size in patients with Cushing’s disease during long-term treatment with the glucocorticoid receptor antagonist mifepristone. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014;99:3718-27
  • Pivonello R, De Martino MC, Cappabianca P, et al. The medical treatment of Cushing’s disease: effectiveness of chronic treatment with the dopamine agonist cabergoline in patients unsuccessfully treated by surgery. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009;94(1):223-30
  • Godbout A, Manavela M, Danilowicz K, et al. Cabergoline monotherapy in the long-term treatment of Cushing’s disease. Eur J Endocrinol 2010;163(5):709-16
  • Lila AR, Gopal RA, Acharya SV, et al. Efficacy of cabergoline in uncured (persistent or recurrent) Cushing disease after pituitary surgical treatment with or without radiotherapy. Endocr Pract 2010;16(6):968-76
  • Woo I, Ehsanipoor RM. Cabergoline therapy for Cushing disease throughout pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 2013;122(2 Pt 2):485-7
  • Steiger M, Jost W, Grandas F, et al. Risk of valvular heart disease associated with the use of dopamine agonists in Parkinson’s disease: a systematic review. J Neural Transm 2009;116(2):179-91
  • Drake WM, Stiles CE, Howlett TA, et al. A cross-sectional study of the prevalence of cardiac valvular abnormalities in hyperprolactinemic patients treated with ergot-derived dopamine agonists. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014;99(1):90-6
  • Pecori Giraldi F, Ambrogio AG, Andrioli M, et al. Potential role for retinoic acid in patients with Cushing’s disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2012;97(10):3577-83
  • Occhi G, Regazzo D, Albiger N, et al. Activation of the dopamine receptor type-2 (DRD2) promoter by 9-cis retinoic acid in a cellular model of Cushing’s disease mediates the inhibition of cell proliferation and ACTH secretion without a complete corticotroph-to-melanotroph transdifferentiation. Endocrinology 2014;155(9):3538-49
  • Ambrosi B, Dall’Asta C, Cannavo S, et al. Effects of chronic administration of PPAR-gamma ligand rosiglitazone in Cushing’s disease. Eur J Endocrinol 2004;151(2):173-8
  • Pecori Giraldi F, Scaroni C, Arvat E, et al. Effect of protracted treatment with rosiglitazone, a PPARgamma agonist, in patients with Cushing’s disease. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2006;64(2):219-24
  • Raverot G, Castinetti F, Jouanneau E, et al. Pituitary carcinomas and aggressive pituitary tumours: merits and pitfalls of temozolomide treatment. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2012;76(6):769-75
  • Zacharia BE, Gulati AP, Bruce JN, et al. High response rates and prolonged survival in patients with corticotroph pituitary tumors and refractory Cushing disease from capecitabine and temozolomide (CAPTEM): a case series. Neurosurgery 2014;74(4):E447-55; discussion E455
  • Boscaro M, Ludlam WH, Atkinson B, et al. Treatment of pituitary-dependent Cushing’s disease with the multireceptor ligand somatostatin analog pasireotide (SOM230): a multicenter, phase II trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009;94(1):115-22
  • Colao A, Petersenn S, Newell-Price J, et al. Pasireotide B2305 Study Group. A 12-month phase 3 study of pasireotide in Cushing’s disease. N Engl J Med 2012;366(10):914-24
  • Bruns C, Lewis I, Briner U, et al. SOM230: a novel somatostatin peptidomimetic with broad somatotropin release inhibiting factor (SRIF) receptor binding and a unique antisecretory profile. Eur J Endocrinol 2002;146(5):707-16
  • Van der Hoek J, Waaijers M, van Koetsveld PM, et al. Distinct functional properties of native somatostatin receptor subtype 5 compared with subtype 2 in the regulation of ACTH release by corticotroph tumor cells. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2005;289(2):E278-87
  • Cuevas-Ramos D, Fleseriu M. Somatostatin receptor ligands and resistance to treatment in pituitary adenomas. J Mol Endocrinol 2014;52(3):R223-40
  • Pivonello R, Petersenn S, Newell-Price J, et al. Pasireotide B2305 Study Group. Pasireotide treatment significantly improves clinical signs and symptoms in patients with Cushing’s disease: results from a Phase III study. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2014;81(3):408-17
  • Webb SM, Ware JE, Forsythe A, et al. Treatment effectiveness of pasireotide on health-related quality of life in patients with Cushing’s disease. Eur J Endocrinol 2014;171(1):89-98
  • Breitschaft A, Hu K, Hermosillo Reséndiz K, et al. Management of hyperglycemia associated with pasireotide (SOM230): healthy volunteer study. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2014;103(3):458-65
  • Colao A, De Block C, Gaztambide MS, et al. Managing hyperglycemia in patients with Cushing’s disease treated with pasireotide: medical expert recommendations. Pituitary 2014;17(2):180-6
  • Vilar L, Naves LA, Azevedo MF, et al. Effectiveness of cabergoline in monotherapy and combined with ketoconazole in the management of Cushing’s disease. Pituitary 2010;13(2):123-9
  • Barbot M, Albiger N, Ceccato F, et al. Combination therapy for Cushing’s disease: effectiveness of two schedules of treatment. Should we start with cabergoline or ketoconazole? Pituitary 2014;17(2):109-17
  • Feelders RA, de Bruin C, Pereira AM, et al. Pasireotide alone or with cabergoline and ketoconazole in Cushing’s disease. N Engl J Med 2010;362(19):1846-8
  • Ceccato F, Barbot M, Zilio M, et al. Diagnostic performance of salivary cortisol in the diagnosis of Cushing’s syndrome, adrenal incidentaloma and adrenal insufficiency. Eur J Endocrinol 2013;169:31-6
  • Plat L, Leproult R, L’Hermite-Baleriaux M, et al. Metabolic effects of short-term elevations of plasma cortisol are more pronounced in the evening than in the morning. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999;84:3082-92
  • Ceccato F, Antonelli G, Barbot M, et al. The diagnostic performance of urinary free cortisol is better than the cortisol/cortisone ratio in detecting de novo Cushing’s syndrome: the use of a LC-MS/MS method in routine clinical practice. Eur J Endocrinol 2014;171:1-7

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.