Why the left ventricle is not a sphere

References

• Arisi , G , Macchi , E Baruffi , S . 1983 . Potential fields on the ventricular surface of the exposed dog heart during normal excitation . Circ Res , 52 : 706 – 715 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balzer P, Furber A, Delepine S etal 1999. Regional assessment of wall curvature and wall stress in left ventricle with magnetic resonance imaging. Am J Physiol, 277(3 Pt 2):H901-10.
   Google Scholar
• Barletta , G , Baroni , M Del Bene , R . 1998 . Regional and temporal nonuniformity of shape and wall movement in the normal left ventricle . Cardiology , 90 : 195 – 201 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Blyakhman , FA . 1999 . Do we know much about the heart . J Nat (Rus) , 11 : 23 – 30 .
   Google Scholar
• Bogaert , J and Rademakers , F . 2001 . Regional nonuniformity of normal adult human left ventricle . Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol , 280 : H610 – H620 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brutsaert , DL . 1987 . Nonuniformity: a physiologic modulator of contraction and relaxation of the normal heart . J Am Coll Cardiol , 9 : 341 – 348 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cohn , JN , Ferrari , R and Sharpe , N . 2000 . Cardiac remodeling - concepts and clinical implications: a consensus paper from an international forum on cardiac remodeling . J Am Coll Cardiol , 35 : 569 – 582 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delepine , S , Furber , A Balzer , P . 1999 . MRI quantification of regional variations of left ventricular parietal stress in normal subjects [French] . Arch Mal Coeur Vaiss , 92 : 1189 – 1196 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fantini , F , Barletta , G Di Donato , M . 1994 . Alterations in left ventricular shape in patients with angina and single-vessel coronary disease . Coron Artery Dis , 5 : 901 – 908 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Greenbaum , RA and Gibson , DG . 1981 . Regional non-uniformity of left ventricular wall movement in man . Br Heart J , 45 : 29 – 34 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hexeberg , E , Matre , K and Lekven , J . 1991 . Transmural fibre direction in the anterior wall of the feline left ventricle: theoretical considerations with regard to uniformity of contraction . Acta Physiol Scand , 141 : 497 – 505 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hotta , S . 1967 . The sequence of mechanical activation of the ventricle . Jpn Circ J , 31 : 1568 – 1572 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Krahwinkel , W , Haltern , G and Gulker , H . 2000 . Echocardiographic quantification of regional left ventricular wall motion with color kinesis . Am J Cardiol , 85 : 245 – 250 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kramer , CM , Lima , JA Reichek , N . 1993 . Regional differences in function within noninfarcted myocardium during left ventricular remodeling . Circulation , 88 : 1279 – 1288 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lessick , J , Fisher , Y Beyar , R . 1996 . Regional three-dimensional geometry of the normal human left ventricle using cine computed tomography . Ann Biomed Eng , 24 : 583 – 594 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lew , WY and LeWinter , MM . 1986 . Regional comparison of midwall segment and area shortening in the canine left ventricle . Circ Res , 58 : 678 – 691 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rademakers , FE , Rogers , WJ Guier , WH . 1994 . Relation of regional cross-fiber shortening to wall thickening in the intact heart. Threedimensional strain analysis by NMR tagging . Circulation , 89 : 1174 – 1182 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rijcken , J , Bovendeerd , PH Schoofs , AJ . 1999 . Optimization of cardiac fiber orientation for homogeneous fiber strain during ejection . Ann Biomed Eng , 27 : 289 – 297 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Scher , AM , Young , AC Malmgren , AL . 1953 . Spread of electrical activity through the wall of the ventricle . Circ Res , 1 : 539 – 547 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Streeter , DD and Hanna , WT . 1973 . Engineering mechanics for successive states in canine left ventricular myocardium. I. Cavity and wall geometry . Circ Res , 33 : 639 – 655 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Streeter , DD , Spotnitz , HM Patel , DP . 1969 . Fiber orientation in the canine left ventricle during diastole and systole . Circ Res , 24 : 339 – 347 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sunnerhagen , KS , Bhargava , V and Shabetai , R . 1990 . Regional left ventricular wall motion abnormalities in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy . Am J Cardiol , 65 : 364 – 370 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swynghedauw , B . 1999 . Molecular mechanisms of myocardial remodeling . Physiol Rev , 79 : 215 – 262 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takayama , Y , Costa , KD and Covell , JW . 2002 . Contribution of laminar myofiber architecture to load-dependent changes in mechanics of LV myocardium . Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol , 282 : H1510 – H1520 .
   Google Scholar
• Tyberg , JV , Parmley , WW and Sonnenblick , EH . 1969 . In-vitro studies of myocardial asynchrony and regional hypoxia . Circ Res , 25 : 569 – 578 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Villarreal FJ, Lew WY. 1990. Finite strains in anterior and posterior wall of canine left ventricle. Am J Physiol, 259(5 Pt 2):H1409-18.
   Google Scholar
• Vokonas , PS , Pizzada , FA and Hood , WD . 1976 . Experimental myocardial infarction. Dynamical changes in segmental mechanical behavior of infarcted and non-infarcted myocardium . Am J Cardiol , 37 : 853 – 859 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wallis , DE , O'Connel , JB and Henkin , RE . 1984 . Segmental wall motion abnormalities in dilated cardiomyopathy . J Am Cell Cardiol , 4 : 674 – 682 .
   Google Scholar
• Zardini , P , Marino , P Golia , G . 1993 . Ventricular remodeling and infarct expansion . Am J Cardiol , 72 : 98G – 106 . G.
   Google Scholar