82
Views
8
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Influence of head restraint position on long-term AIS 1 neck injury risk

Pages 545-555 | Published online: 08 Jul 2010

References

  • L T B van Kampen, `Availability and (proper) adjustment of head restraints in the Netherlands', Proceedings of the 1993 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impacts, Eindhoven, The Netherlands, 1993.
  • U Maag, C Laberge-Nadeau and X-T Tao, `Neck sprain in car crashes: Incidence, associations, length of compensation and costs to the insurer', Proceedings of the 37th Annual Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine Conference, San Antonio, TX, USA, 1993.
  • K Ono and M Kanno, `Influences of the physical parameters on the risk to neck injuries in low impact speed rear-end collisions', Proceedings of the 1993 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impacts, Eindhoven, The Netherlands, 1993.
  • M von Koch, Ä Nygren and C Tingvall, `Impairment pattern in passenger car crashes, a follow-up of injuries resulting in long-term consequences', Proceedings of the 14th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles, Paper No. 94-S5-O-02, Munich, Germany, 1994.
  • A Morris and P Thomas, `A study of soft tissue neck injuries in the UK', Proceedings of the 15th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles, Paper No. 96-S9-O-08, Melbourne, Australia, 1996.
  • M Krafft, `A comparison of short- and long-term consequences of AIS 1 neck injuries, in rear impacts', Proceedings of the 1998 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impacts, Göteborg, Sweden, 1998.
  • A Kullgren, M Krafft, A Ydenius, A Lie and C Tingvall, `Developments in car safety with respect to disability - Injury distributions for car occupants in cars from the 80s and 90s', Proceedings of the 2002 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impacts, Munich, Germany, 2002.
  • Severy , D , Mathewson , J and Bechtol , C . 1955 . Controlled automobile rear-end collisions, an investigation of related engineering and medical phenomena . Can Serv Med J , : 727 – 759 . November
  • MacNab , I . 1964 . Acceleration injuries of the cervical spine . J Bone Joint Surg , 46 : 1797 – 1799 . -A (8)
  • States , J , Korn , M and Masengill , J . 1970 . The enigma of whiplash injury . New York State J Med , 70 ( 24 ) : 2971 – 2978 .
  • B Aldman, `An analytical approach to the impact biomechanics of head and neck', Proceedings of the 30th Annual Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine Conference, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, 1986.
  • M Y Svensson, P Lövsund, Y Håland and S Larsson, `Rear-end collisions - A study of the influence of backrest properties on head-neck motion using a new dummy neck', Proceedings of the 1993 International Congress and Exposition, Paper No. 930343, Detroit, MI, USA, 1993.
  • Örtengren , T , Hansson , H-A , Lövsund , P , Svensson , M Y , Sunesson , A and Säljö , A . 1996 . Membrane leakage in spinal ganglion nerve cells induced by experimental whiplash extension motion: A study in pigs . J Neurotrauma , 13 ( 3 ) : 171 – 180 .
  • K Kaneoka, K Ono, S Inami, N Yokoi and K Hayashi, `Human cervical spine kinematics during whiplash loading', Proceedings of the International Conference on New Frontiers in Biomechanical Engineering, Tokyo, Japan, 1997.
  • N Yoganandan, F Pintar, J Cusick and M Kleinberger, `Head-neck biomechanics in simulated rear impact', Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine Conference, Charlottesville, VA, USA, 1998.
  • Panjabi , M , Cholewicki , J , Nibu , K , Grauer , J , Babat , L and Dvorak , J . 1998 . Mechanism of whiplash injury . Clin Biomech , 13 ( 4-5 ) : 239 – 249 .
  • Cusick , J , Yoganandan , N and Pintar , F . 2001 . Whiplash syndrome: Kinematic factors influencing pain patterns . Spine , 26 ( 11 ) : 1252 – 1258 .
  • Yoganandan , N , Pintar , F and Cusick , J . 2002 . Biomechanical analysis of whiplash injuries using an experimental model . Accid Anal Prev , 34 ( 5 ) : 663 – 671 .
  • Brault , J , Siegmund , G and Wheeler , J . 2000 . Cervical muscle response during whiplash: Evidence of a lengthening muscle contraction . Clin Biomech , 15 : 426 – 435 .
  • Galasko , C S B , Murray , M , Pitcher , M , Chambers , H , Mansfield , S , Madden , M , Jordon , C , Kinsella , A and Hodson , M . 1993 . Neck sprain after road traffic accidents: A modern epidemic . Injury , 24 ( 3 ) : 155 – 157 .
  • D Severy, H Brink and J Baird, `Preliminary findings of head support designs', Proceedings of the 11th Stapp Car Crash Conference, Paper No. 670921, Anaheim, CA, USA, 1967.
  • D Severy, H Brink and J Baird, `Vehicle design for passenger protection from high-speed rear-end collisions', SAE Paper No. 680774, Warrendale, PA, USA, 1968.
  • D Severy, H Brink and J Baird, `Backrest and head restraint design for rear-end collision protection', Proceedings of the Automotive Engineering Congress, Paper No. 680079, Detroit, MI, USA, 1968.
  • O'Neill , B , Haddon , W , Kelly , A and Sorenson , W . 1972 . Automobile head restraints - Frequency of neck injury claims in relation to the presence of head restraints . Am J Public Health , : 399 – 406 . March
  • J States, J Balcerak, J Williams, A Morris, W Babcock, R Polvino, P Riger and R Dawley, `Injury frequency and head restraint effectiveness in rear-end impact accidents', Proceedings of the 16th Stapp Car Crash Conference, Paper No. 720967, Detroit, MI, USA, 1972.
  • D Severy, D M Blaisdell and J F Kerkhoff, `Automotive seat design and collision performance', Proceedings of the 20th Stapp Car Crash Conference, Paper No. 760810, Dearborn, MI, USA, 1976.
  • Krafft , M , Kullgren , A , Ydenius , A and Tingvall , C . 2002 . Influences of crash pulse characteristics on whiplash associated disorders in rear impacts - Crash recording in real life crashes . Traffic Inj Prev , 3 ( 2 ) : 141 – 149 .
  • Krafft , M , Kullgren , A , Lie , A and Tingvall , C . 2003 . The risk of whiplash injury in the rear seat compared to the front seat in rear impacts . Traffic Inj Prev , 4 ( 2 ) : 136 – 140 .
  • A Eichberger, B C Geigl, A Moser, B Fachbach, H Steffan, W Hell and K Langwieder, `Comparison of different car seats regarding head-neck kinematics of volunteers during rear end impact', Proceedings of the 1996 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impacts, Dublin, Ireland, 1996.
  • O Boström, M Krafft, B Aldman, A Eichberger, R Fredriksson, H Håland, P Lövsund, H Steffan, M Y Svensson and C Tingvall, `Prediction of neck injuries in rear impacts based on accident data and simulations', Proceedings of the 1997 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impacts, Hannover, Germany, 1997.
  • S Parkin, M Mackay, A M Hassan and R Graham, `Rear end collisions and seat performance - To yield or not to yield', Proceedings of the 39th Annual Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine Conference, Chicago, IL, USA, 1995.
  • R Minton, P Murray, M Pitcher and C S B Galasko, `Causative factors in whiplash injury: Implications for current seat and head restraint design', Proceedings of the 1997 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impacts, Hanover, Germany, 1997.
  • Farmer , C , Wells , J and Werner , J . 1999 . Relationship of head restraint positioning to driver neck injury in rear-end crashes . Accid Anal Prev , 31 ( 6 ) : 719 – 728 .
  • Chapline , J , Ferguson , S , Lillis , R , Lund , A and Williams , A . 2000 . Neck pain and head restraint position relative to the driver's head in rear-end collisions . Accid Anal Prev , 32 ( 2 ) : 287 – 297 .
  • L Jakobsson, H Norin, and I Isaksson-Hellman, `Parameters influencing the risk of AIS 1 neck injuries in frontal and side impacts', Proceedings of the 2000 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impacts, Montpellier, France, 2000.
  • Ryan , G A , Taylor , G W , Moore , V M and Dolinis , J . 1994 . Neck strain in car occupants: Injury status after 6 months and crash-related factors . Injury , 25 ( 8 ) : 533 – 537 .
  • Ä Nygren, H Gustavsson and C Tingvall, `Effects of different types of headrests in rear-end collisions', Proceedings of the 10th International Technical Conference on Experimental Safety Vehicles, Oxford, UK, 1985.
  • I Olsson, O Bunketorp, G Carlsson, I Planath, H Norin and L Ysander, `An indepth study of neck injuries in rear end collisions', Proceedings of the 1990 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impacts, September, Lyon, France, 1990.
  • C R Estep, A Lund and D T Vann, Measurement and Evaluation of Head Restraints in 1995 Vehicles, Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, Arlington, VA, USA, 1995.
  • R Minton, P Murray, M Pitcher and C S B Galasko, `Lower back and neck strain injuries: The relative roles of seat adjustment and vehicle/seat design', Proceedings of the 16th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles, Paper No. 98-S6-W-29, Windsor, Canada, 1998.
  • Minton , R , Murray , P , Stephenson , W and Galasko , C S B . 2000 . Whiplash injury - Are current head restraints doing their job? . Accid Anal Prev , 32 ( 2 ) : 177 – 185 .
  • S Parkin, M Mackay and A Cooper, `How drivers sit in cars', Proceedings of the 14th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles, Paper No. 94-S5-O-03, Munich, Germany, 1994.
  • E Cullen, K Stabler, M Mackay and S Parkin, `Head restraint positioning and occupant safety in rear impacts: The case for smart restraints', Proceedings of the 1996 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impacts, Dublin, Ireland, 1996.
  • M W Scott, W E McConnell, H M Guzman, R P Howard, J B Bomar, H L Smith, J V Benedict, J H Raddin and C P Hatsell, `Comparison of human and ATD head kinematics during low-speed rear-end impacts', Paper No. 930094, SAE/SP-93/945, Society of Automotive Engineers Inc., Warrendale, PA, USA, 1993.
  • J Davidsson, M Y Svensson, A Flogård, Y Håland, L Jakobsson, L Linder, P Lövsund and K Wiklund, `BioRID I - A new biofidelic rear impact dummy', Proceedings of the 1998 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impacts, Göteborg, Sweden, 1998.
  • J Davidsson, A Flogård, P Lövsund and M Y Svensson, `BioRID P3 - Design and performance compared to Hybrid III and volunteers in rear impacts at dv = 7 km/h', Proceedings of the 43rd Stapp Car Crash Conference, Paper No. 99SC16, San Diego, CA, USA, 1999.
  • Davidsson , J , Lövsund , P , Ono , K , Svensson , M Y and Inami , S . 2001 . A comparison of volunteer, BioRID P3 and Hybrid III performance in rear impacts . J Crash Prev Inj Control , 2 ( 3 ) : 203 – 220 .
  • Muser , M , Walz , F and Schmitt , K-U . 2002 . Injury criteria applied to seat comparison tests . Traffic Inj Prev , 3 ( 3 ) : 224 – 232 .
  • Siegmund , G , Heinrichs , B and Wheeler , J . 1999 . The influence of head restraint and occupant factors on peak head/neck kinematics in low-speed rear-end collisions . Accid Anal Prev , 31 ( 4 ) : 393 – 407 .
  • Welcher , J and Szabo , T . 2001 . Relationships between seat properties and human subject kinematics in rear impact tests . Accid Anal Prev , 33 ( 3 ) : 289 – 304 .
  • L Jakobsson and H Norin, `Suggestions for evaluation criteria of neck injury protection in rear end impacts', Proceedings of 1999 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impacts, Sitges, Spain, 1999.
  • Eriksson , L and Boström , O . 2002 . Assessing the relevance of NIC and its correlation with crash-pulse parameters: Using the mathematical BioRID I in rear-end impacts . Traffic Inj Prev , 3 ( 2 ) : 175 – 182 .
  • M Muser, W Hell and K-U Schmitt, `How injury criteria correlate with the injury risk - A study analysing different parameters with respect to whiplash injury', Proceedings of the 18th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles, Paper No. 68-W, Nagoya, Japan, 2003.
  • L Eriksson and A Kullgren, `Influence of seat geometry and seating posture on NICmax and Nkm AIS 1 neck injury predictability', Proceedings of the 2003 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impacts, Lisbon, Portugal, 2003.
  • Eriksson , L . 2002 . Three-dimensional mathematical models of the BioRID I and car seats, for low-speed rear-end impacts . Traffic Inj Prev , 3 ( 1 ) : 75 – 87 .
  • Boström , O , Fredriksson , R , Håland , Y , Jakobsson , L , Krafft , M , Lövsund , P , Muser , M and Svensson , M Y . 2000 . Comparison of car seats in low speed rear-end impacts using the BioRID dummy and the new neck injury criterion (NIC) . Accid Anal Prev , 32 ( 2 ) : 321 – 328 .
  • Viano , D and Gargan , M . 1996 . Headrest position during normal driving: Implication to neck injury risk in rear crashes . Accid Anal Prev , 28 ( 6 ) : 665 – 674 .
  • A Eichberger, H Steffan, M Geigl, M Y Svensson, O Boström, P E Leinzinger and M Darok, `Evaluation of the applicability of the neck injury criterion (NIC) in rear end impacts on the basis of human subject tests', Proceedings of the 1998 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impacts, Göteborg, Sweden, 1998.
  • J Wheeler, T Smith, G Siegmund, J Brault and D King, `Validation of the neck injury criterion (NIC) using kinematic and clinical results from human subjects in rear-end collisions', Proceedings of the 1998 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impacts, Göteborg, Sweden, 1998.
  • D Zuby, T Vann, A Lund and C Morris, `Crash test evaluation of whiplash injury risk', Proceedings of the 43rd Stapp Car Crash Conference, Paper No. 99SC17, San Diego, CA, USA, 1999.
  • A Kullgren, L Eriksson, O Boström and M Krafft, `Validation of neck injury criteria using reconstructed real-life rear-end crashes with recorded crash pulses', Proceedings of the 18th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles, Paper No. 344-O, Nagoya, Japan, 2003.
  • Schmitt , K-U , Muser , M , Walz , F and Niederer , P . 2002 . Nkm - A proposal for a neck protection criterion for low-speed rear-end impacts . Traffic Inj Prev , 3 ( 2 ) : 117 – 126 .
  • Farmer , C , Wells , J and Lund , A . 2003 . Effects of head restraint and seat redesign on neck injury risk in rear-end crashes . Traffic Inj Prev , 4 ( 2 ) : 83 – 90 .
  • DeRosia , J , Yoganandan , N and Pintar , F . 2004 . Rear impact responses of different sized adult Hybrid III dummies . Traffic Inj Prev , 5 ( 1 ) : 50 – 54 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.