Diffuse vs. contracted vegetation patterns: An objective demarcation between arid and desert vegetations

References

• Hungate, B., Danin, A., Pellerin, N.B., Stemmler, J., Kjellander, P., Adams, J.B.0., Staley, J.T. 1987. Characterization of manganese oxiding bacteria (MnII > MnIV) from Negev desert rock varnish: implication in desert varnish formation. Canadian Journal of Microbiology 33: 939943.
   Google Scholar
• Idso, S.B. 1989. Carbon dioxide and global change: earth in transition. IBR Press, Institute of Biospheric Research, Tempe, Arizona, 292 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Kilian, C. 1925. Au Hoggar. Mission 1922. Socit dEdition Gographique, Maritime et Coloniale, Paris, 190 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Lange, R.T. 1969. The Piosphere: sheep tracks and dung patterns. Journal of Range Management 22: 396400.
   Google Scholar
• Le Hourou, H.N. 1959. Recherches cologiques et ?oristiques sur la vgtation de la Tunisie mridionale. 2 vols. et Annexes. Mmoire hors-srie n 6. Institut de Recherches Sahariennes, de lUniversit dAlger, Alger, 511 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Le Hourou, H.N. 1995. Bioclimatologie et biogographie des steppes arides du Nord de lAfrique. Options Mditerranennes, B 10: 1396.
   Google Scholar
• Le Hourou, H.N., Berra, A., Estevez, O.R., Guevara, J.C., Stasi, C.R. 2005. The little Sahara of Argentina. Journal of Land Research and Management, 19 (4), 20 pp., in press.
   Google Scholar
• Le Hourou, H.N., Hoste, C.F. 1976. Rangeland production and annual rainfall relations in the Mediterranean Basin and the African Sahelo-Sudanian Zone. Journal of Range Management 30 (3): 181189.
   Google Scholar
• Monod, T. 1954. Modes contract et diffus de la vegetation saharienne. In: Cloudsley-Thompson, J.L., ed. Biology of deserts. University of London Publication, pp. 35-44.
   Google Scholar
• Otterman, J. 1974. Baring high albedo soils by overgrazing: an hypothesized deserti?cation mechanism. Science 189: 10131015.
   Google Scholar
• Petrov, M. 1966. The deserts of Central Asia. Vol. I: The Ordos, Alashan, and Peishan. US Dept. of Commerce Clearing House for Federal Scienti?c & Technical Information, Washington DC, 357 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Le Hourou H.N. 2005a. Atlas of climatic diagrams for the Isoclimatic Mediterranean Zones. Copymania, Montpellier, 220 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Le Hourou, H.N. 2005b. The isoclimatic Mediterranean biomes: bioclimatology, diversity and phytogeography. 2 vols. Copymania, Montpellier, 764 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Le Hourou, H.N., Boulos, L. 1991. Bioclimatic and phytogeographic characteristics of the arid rangelands of Northern Africa and the Near East. In: Gaston, A., Kernic, M., Le Hourou, H.N., eds. Vol. 2: Proceedings of the IV International Rangeland Congress, CIRAD-CIST, Montpellier, pp. 535542.
   Google Scholar
• Lipkin, Y. 1971. Vegetation of the southern Negev. Ph.D. thesis, Hebrew Univ., Jerusalem (in Hebrew, English summary).
   Google Scholar
• Monod, T. 1973. Les Dserts. Horizons de France, Paris, 247 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Quzel, P. 1965. La vegetation du Sahara du Tchad la Mauritanie. Fisher Verlag, Stuttgart, 333 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Danin, A., Orshan, G. 1999. Vegetation of Israel. I: Desert and coastal vegetation. Backhuys, Leiden, 341 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Gajardo, R. 1984. La vegetacion natural de Chile. Editorial Universitaria, Santiago, Chile, 165 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Gintzburger, G., Toderich, K.N., Mardonov, B.K., Mahmudov, M.M. 2003. Rangelands of the arid and semi-arid zones in Uzbekistan. CIRAD, Publ., Montpellier and ICARDA, Aleppo, 431 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Gintzburger, G., Sadi, S., Soti, V. 2005. Rangelands of the Ravninna region in the Karakum Desert (Turkmenistan). Color maps and ?gures, CIRAD, Publisher, Montpellier, 121 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Le Hourou, H.N. 1965. Les cultures fourragres en Tunisie. Document Technique n 13, Institut National de la Recherches Agronomique de Tunisie (INRAT). Tunis, 83 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Le Hourou, H.N. 1994. Drought-Tolerant and Water-Ef?cient fodder shrubs (DTFS), their role as a drought-insurance in the agricultural development of Southern Africa. WRC Report KV 65/94, Water Research Commission, Ministry of Agriculture and Water, Pretoria, S. Africa. 139 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Le Hourou, H.N. 1984. Rain-Use Ef?ciency; a unifying concept in Arid Land Ecology. Journal of Arid Environments 7 (2): 213247.
   Google Scholar
• Le Hourou, H.N. 1979. La dsertization des rgions arides. La Recherche 99 (10): 336344.
   Google Scholar
• Le Hourou, H.N. 1972. An assessment of the primary and secondary production of the arid grazing land ecosystems of North Africa. In: Rodin, L.E., ed. Proceedings of the International Symposium on the Ecological Foundations of Ecosystems Productivity in Arid Zones. Botanical Institute of the Academy of Sciences of USSR, Nauka, Publishing House, Leningrad, pp. 168172.
   Google Scholar
• Le Hourou, H.N. 1968. La dsertisation du Sahara septentrional et des steppes limitrophes (Algrie, Libye, Tunisie). Annales Algriennes de Gographie 6: 227.
   Google Scholar
• Le Hourou, H.N. 1969. La vgtation de la Tunisie steppique avec rfrences aux vgtations analogues de lAlgrie, de la Libye et du Maroc. Annales de lInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique de Tunisie 42 (5): 1624. 1 carte couleurs 1/500.000, 2 feuilles.
   Google Scholar
• Le Hourou, H.N. 1991. Rangeland management in Northern Africa and the Near East: evolution, trends and development outlook. In Gaston, A., Kernick, M., Le Hourou, H.N., eds. Proceedings of the IVth International Rangeland Congress, Vol. 1, CIRAD-CIST, Montpellier, pp. 544552.
   Google Scholar
• Le Hourou, H.N. 1987a. Aperu cologique des dserts Chinois. Comptes Rendu de la Socit de Biogographie 63 (2): 3569.
   Google Scholar
• Le Hourou, H.N. 1987b. Aspects mtorologiques de la croissance et du dveloppement vgtal dans les dserts et les zones menaces de dsertization. 55 pp., 5 tables, 2 ?gures, WMO, TD n 194, Geneva and UNEP, Narobi.
   Google Scholar
• Danin, A. 2004. Distribution atlas of plants in the Flora Palaestina area. The Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities, Jerusalem, 515 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Charney, J. 1975. Dynamics of deserts and drought in the Sahel. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 101: 193202.
   Google Scholar
• Danin, A. 1983. Desert vegetation of Israel and Sinai. Cana Publishing House, Jerusalem, 148 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Danin, A. 1986. Pattern of biogenic weathering as indicators of paleoclimates in Israel. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, Biology series 89b: 243253.
   Google Scholar
• Le Hourou, H.N. 2003b. Plant diversity in marmarica (Libya and Egypt): a catalogue of the vascular plants reported with their biology, distribution, frequency, usage, economic potential and main ecological features. Candollea 59 (2): 259308.
   Google Scholar
• Le Hourou, H.N. 2003a. Bioclimatology and phytogeography of the Red-Sea Basin and Aden Gulf, with particular reference to the highlands Evergreen Sclerophylls and lowlands Halophytes. Journal of Arid Land Research and Management 17 (2): 177225.
   Google Scholar
• Petrov, M. 1967. The deserts of Central Asia. Vol II: The Hohsi Corridor, Tsadam, and Tarim Basin. US Dept. of Commerce Clearing House for Federal Scienti?c and Technical Informartion, Washington, DC, 420 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Rachkovskaia, E.I., Volkova, E.A., Khramstov, V.N. 2003. Botanical geography of Kazakhstan and Middle Asia Journal of Plant Sciences 53 2005 (desert region). 424 pp., 63 ?gs., 82 color photos, 38 color inserts, 3 tables, Bibl. 454. Komorov Institute of Botany, St. Petersburg.
   Google Scholar
• Le Hourou, H.N. 1998. A probabilistic approach to assessing arid rangeland productivity, carrying capacity and stocking rates. In: Squires, V.R., Sidahmed, A., eds. Drylands: sustainable use of rangelands into the twenty ?rst century. ch. 12, IFAD, Rome, pp. 159172.
   Google Scholar
• Le Hourou, H.N. 1999. Estudios y investigaciones ecologicas de las zonas aridas y semi-aridas de Argentina. Instituto Argentino de Investigaciones de las Zonas Aridas (IADIZA), Mendoza, 228 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Le Hourou, H.N. 2002a. Man-made deserts: desertization processes and threats. Arid Lands Research and Management 16 (1): 336.
   Google Scholar
• Le Hourou, H.N. 2002b. Desertization. In: Lal, R., ed. Encyclopedia of soil science. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp. 346353.
   Google Scholar
• Rodin, L.E. 1964. Geobotanical survey of the Syrian steppe. Geobotanica 16: 253-300 (in Russian).
   Google Scholar
• Roig, F.A. 1998. La Vegetacion de la Patagonia. In: Correa, N.M., ed. Flora Patagonica, Tomo VIII, Vol. 1. 1 colour map 1:5,000,000. Coleccion Cienti?ca, INTA, Buenos Aires, pp. 47174.
   Google Scholar
• West, N.E. 1983.Overview of the North American temperate deserts and semi-deserts. In: West, N.E., ed. Temperate deserts and semi-deserts. Ecosystems of the World, Vol. 5. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 321331.
   Google Scholar