The Correlation between Liver Dry Matter and Liver Lipid in Cultured Juvenile Red Drum Fed Various Diets

References

• Ando , S. , Mori , Y. , Nakamura , K. and Sugawara , A. 1993 . Characteristics of lipid accumulation types in five species of fish . Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi , 59 : 1559 – 1564 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Avila , E. M. 1986 . The ultrastructure of the hepatocytes of the giant seaperch, Lates calcarifer (Bloch) (Pisces: Centropomidae), during starvation and refeeding with different diets . Asian Marine Biology , 3 : 129 – 137 .
   Google Scholar
• Bertelsen , S. L. , Hoffman , A. D. , Gallinat , C. A. , Elonen , C. M. and Nichols , J. W. 1998 . Evaluation of log KOW and tissue lipid content as predictors of chemical partitioning to fish tissues . Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry , 17 : 1447 – 1455 .
   Google Scholar
• Bligh , E. G. and Dyer , W. J. 1959 . A rapid method of total lipid extraction and purification . Canadian Journal of Biochemistry and Physiology , 37 : 911 – 917 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brown , P. B. , Griffin , M. E. and White , M. R. 1993 . Experimental and practical diet evaluations with juvenile hybrid striped bass . Journal of the World Aquaculture Society , 24 : 80 – 89 .
   Google Scholar
• Caballero , M. J. , López-Calero , G. , Socorro , J. , Roo , F. J. , Izquierdo , M. S. and Férnandez , A. J. 1999 . Combined effect of lipid level and fish meal quality on liver histology of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) . Aquaculture , 179 : 277 – 290 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chatzifotis , S. and Takeuchi , T. 1997 . Effect of supplemental carnitine on body weight loss, proximate and lipid compositions and carnitine content of red sea bream (Pagrus major) during starvation . Aquaculture , 158 : 129 – 140 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Craig , S. R. 1994 . Dietary manipulation of lipid deposition and cold tolerance in juvenile red drum, Sciaenops ocellatus. Doctoral dissertation. Texas A&M University, College Station
   Google Scholar
• Craig , S. R. and Gatlin , D. M. III . 1997 . Growth and body composition of juvenile red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) fed diets containing lecithin and supplemental choline . Aquaculture , 151 : 259 – 267 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Craig , S. R. , Neill , W. H. and Gatlin , D. M. III . 1995 . Effects of dietary lipid and environmental salinity on growth, body composition, and cold tolerance of juvenile red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) . Fish Physiology and Biochemistry , 14 : 49 – 61 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Craig , S. R. , Washburn , B. S. and Gatlin , D. M. III . 1999 . Effects of dietary lipids on body composition and liver function in juvenile red drum, Sciaenops ocellatus. . Fish Physiology and Biochemistry , 21 : 249 – 255 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daniels , W. H. and Robinson , E. H. 1986 . Protein and energy requirements of juvenile red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) . Aquaculture , 53 : 243 – 252 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daskalov , H. , Grozeva , N. and Stoev , S. 1999 . Hepatic lipoidosis in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum)—influence of pathomorphological changes upon flesh quality . Bulletin of the European Association of Fish Pathologists , 19 : 20 – 23 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis , D. A. , Lazo , J. P. and Arnold , C. R. 1999 . Response of juvenile red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) to practical diets supplemented with medium chain triglycerides . Fish Physiology and Biochemistry , 21 : 235 – 247 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dias , J. , Alvarez , M. J. , Diez , A. , Arzel , J. , Corraze , G. , Bautista , J. M. and Kaushik , S. J. 1998 . Regulation of hepatic lipogenesis by dietary protein/energy in juvenile European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) . Aquaculture , 161 : 169 – 186 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• dos Santos , J. , Burkow , I. C. and Jobling , M. 1993 . Patterns of growth and lipid deposition in cod (Gadus morhua L.) fed natural prey and fish-based feeds . Aquaculture , 110 : 173 – 189 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FDEP (Florida Department of Environmental Protection) . 1994 . Marine fish stock enhancement and hatchery legislative report St. Petersburg : FDEP .
   Google Scholar
• Flood , L. P. , Carvan , M. J. III , Jaeger , L. , Busbee , D. L. , Gatlin , D. M. III and Neill , W. H. 1996 . Reduction in hepatic microsomal P-450 and related catalytic activity in farm-raised red drum . Journal of Aquatic Animal Health , 8 : 13 – 21 .
   Google Scholar
• Grant , S. M. and Brown , J. A. 1999 . Variation in condition of coastal Newfoundland 0-group Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua): Field and laboratory studies using simple condition indices . Marine Biology , 133 : 611 – 620 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grant , S. M. , Brown , J. A. and Boyce , D. L. 1998 . Enlarged fatty livers of small juvenile cod: A comparison of laboratory-cultured and wild juveniles . Journal of Fish Biology , 52 : 1105 – 1114 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holdway , D. A. and Beamish , F. W. H. 1984 . Specific growth rate and proximate body composition of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.) . Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology , 81 : 147 – 170 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hutchins , C. G. , Rawles , S. D. and Gatlin , D. M. III . 1998 . Effects of dietary carbohydrate kind and level on growth, body composition and glycemic response of juvenile sunshine bass (Morone chrysops ♀ × M. saxatilis ♂) . Aquaculture , 161 : 187 – 199 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keembiyehetty , C. N. and Wilson , R. P. 1998 . Effect of water temperature on growth and nutrient utilization of sunshine bass (Morone chrysops ♂ × Morone saxatilis ♀) fed diets containing different energy/protein ratios . Aquaculture , 166 : 151 – 162 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lambert , Y. and Dutil , J-D. 1997 . Can simple condition indices be used to monitor and quantify seasonal changes in the energy reserves of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua)? . Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences , 54 : 104 – 112 . (Supplement 1)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lie , Ø , Lied , E. and Lambertsen , G. 1986 . Liver retention of fat and of fatty acids in cod (Gadus morhua) fed different oils . Aquaculture , 59 : 187 – 196 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lochmann , R. T. and Gatlin , D. M. III . 1993 . Evaluation of different types and levels of triglycerides, singly and in combination with different levels of n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acid ethyl esters in diets of juvenile red drum, Sciaenops ocellatus. . Aquaculture , 114 : 113 – 130 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malik , D. S. , Sastry , K. V. and Hamilton , D. P. 1998 . Effects of zinc toxicity on biochemical composition of muscle and liver of murrel (Channa punctatus) . Environment International , 24 : 433 – 438 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGoogan , B. B. and Gatlin , D. M. III . 2000 . Dietary manipulations affecting growth, and nitrogenous waste production of red drum Sciaenops ocellatus II . Effects of energy level, and nutrient density at various feeding rates. Aquaculture , 182 : 271 – 285 .
   Google Scholar
• Moon , H. Y. L. and Gatlin , D. M. III . 1994 . Effects of dietary animal proteins on growth and body composition of the red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) . Aquaculture , 120 : 327 – 340 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mourente , G. and Tocher , D. R. 1998 . The in vivo incorporation and metabolism of [1-14C] linolenate (18:3n–3) in liver, brain and eyes of juveniles of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss L and gilthead sea bream Sparus aurata L . Fish Physiology and Biochemistry , 18 : 149 – 165 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nevenzel , J. C. , Rodegker , W. , Mead , J. F. and Gordon , M. S. 1966 . Lipids of the living coelacanth, Latimeria chalumnae. . Science , 152 : 1753 – 1755 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Overstreet , R. M. and Heard , R. W. 1978 . Food of the red drum, Sciaenops ocellata from Mississippi Sound . Gulf Research Reports , 6 : 131 – 135 .
   Google Scholar
• Power , D. M. , Melo , J. and Santos , C. R. A. 2000 . The effect of food deprivation and refeeding on the liver, thyroid hormones and transthyretin in sea bream . Journal of Fish Biology , 56 : 374 – 387 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rawles , S. D. and Gatlin , D. M. III . 1998 . Carbohydrate utilization in striped bass (Morone saxatilis) and sunshine bass (M. chrysops ♀ × M. saxatilis ♂) . Aquaculture , 161 : 201 – 212 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robaina , L. , Izquierdo , M. S. , Moyano , F. J. , Socorro , J. , Vergara , J. M. and Montero , D. 1998 . Increase of the dietary n-3/n-6 fatty acid ratio and addition of phosphorus improves liver histological alterations induced by feeding diets containing soybean meal to gilthead seabream, Sparus aurata. . Aquaculture , 161 : 281 – 293 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodriguez , C. , Cejas , J. R. , Martin , M. V. , Badia , P. , Samper , M. and Lorenzo , A. 1998 . Influence of n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acid deficiency on the lipid composition of broodstock gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.) and on egg quality . Fish Physiology and Biochemistry , 18 : 177 – 187 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santinha , P. J. M. , Medale , F. , Corraze , G. and Gomes , E. F. S. 1999 . Effects of the dietary protein: Lipid ratio on growth and nutrient utilization in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.) . Aquaculture Nutrition , 5 : 147 – 156 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SAS . 1986 . SAS system for regression, , 1986 edition Cary, North Carolina : SAS Institute .
   Google Scholar
• Serrano , J. A. , Nematipour , G. R. and Gatlin , D. M. III . 1992 . Dietary protein requirement of the red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) and relative use of dietary carbohydrate and lipid . Aquaculture , 101 : 283 – 291 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shimeno , S. , Shikata , T. and Hosokawa , H. 1992 . Seasonal variations of carbohydrate-metabolizing enzyme activity and lipid content in liver of cultured yellowtail . Suisanzoshoku , 40 : 201 – 206 .
   Google Scholar
• Spisni , E. , Tugnoli , M. , Ponticelli , A. , Mordenti , T. and Tomasi , V. 1998 . Hepatic steatosis in artificially fed marine teleosts . Journal of Fish Diseases , 21 : 177 – 184 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tucker , J. W. Jr. , Lellis , W. A. , Vermeer , G. K. , Roberts , D. E. Jr. and Woodward , P. N. 1997a . Growth of red drum, Sciaenops ocellatus to maturity on experimental diets . Journal of Applied Aquaculture , 7 : 93 – 108 .
   Google Scholar
• Tucker , J. W. Jr. , Lellis , W. A. , Vermeer , G. K. , Roberts , D. E. Jr. and Woodward , P. N. 1997b . The effects of experimental starter diets with different levels of soybean or menhaden oil on red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) . Aquaculture , 149 : 323 – 339 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vijayakumar , B. 1987 . Relationship between water, lipid and protein in the muscle, liver and gonad in a freshwater fish Puntius filamentosus (Val.) . Fishery Technology , 24 : 75 – 76 .
   Google Scholar