Defining Thresholds for Precautionary Habitat Management Actions in a Fisheries Context

References

• Auster , P. J. , Malatesta , R. J. , Langton , R. W. , Watling , L. , Valentine , P. C. , Donaldson , C. L. S. , Langton , E. W. , Shepard , A. N. and Babb , I. G. 1996 . The impacts of mobile fishing gear on seafloor habitats in the Gulf of Maine (Northwest Atlantic): implications for conservation of fish populations . Reviews in Fisheries Science , 4 : 185 – 202 .
   Google Scholar
• Auster , P. J. and Langton , R. W. 1999 . “ The effects of fishing on fish habitat ” . In Fish habitat: essential fish habitat and rehabilitation Edited by: Benaka , L. 150 – 187 . Bethesda, Maryland : American Fisheries Society .
   Google Scholar
• Auster , P. J. and Malatesta , R. J. 1995 . “ Assessing the role of non-extractive reserves for enhancing harvested populations in temperate and boreal marine systems ” . In Marine protected areas and sustainable fisheries Edited by: Shackell , N. and Willison , J. H.M. 82 – 89 . Wolfville, Nova Scotia : Science and Management of Protected Areas Association, Acadia University .
   Google Scholar
• Auster , P. J. and Shackell , N. L. 1997 . “ Fishery reserves ” . In Northwest Atlantic groundfish: perspectives on a fishery collapse Edited by: Boreman , J. G. , Nakashima , B. S. , Powles , H. W. , Wilson , J. A. and Kendall , R. L. 159 – 166 . Bethesda, Maryland : American Fisheries Society .
   Google Scholar
• Auster , P. J. , Watling , L. and Rieser , A. 1997 . Comment: the interface between fisheries research and habitat management . North American Journal of Fisheries Management , 17 : 591 – 595 .
   Google Scholar
• Auster , P. J. and Shackell , N. L. 2000 . Marine Protected Areas for the temperate and boreal Northwest Atlantic: the potential for sustainable fisheries and conservation of biodiversity . Northeastern Naturalist , 7 : 419 – 434 .
   Google Scholar
• Boehlert , G. W. 1996 . Biodiversity and the sustainability of marine fisheries . Oceanography , 9 : 28 – 35 .
   Google Scholar
• Botsford , L. W. , Castilla , J. C. and Peterson , C. H. 1997 . Management of fisheries and marine ecosystems . Science , 277 : 509 – 514 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burns , T. S. , Schultz , R. and Brown , B. E. 1983 . The commercial catch sampling program in the northeastern United States . Canadian Special Publication of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences , 66 : 82 – 95 .
   Google Scholar
• Caley , M. J. , Carr , M. H. , Hixon , M. A. , Hughes , T. P. , Jones , G. P. and Menge , B. A. 1996 . Recruitment and the local dynamics of open marine populations . Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics , 27 : 477 – 500 .
   Google Scholar
• Casey , J. M. and Myers , R. A. 1998 . Near extinction of a large, widely distributed fish . Science , 281 : 690 – 692 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Churchill , J. H. 1989 . The effect of commercial trawling on sediment resuspension and transport over the Middle Atlantic Bight continental shelf . Continental Shelf Research , 9 : 841 – 864 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark , C. W. 1996 . Marine reserves and the precautionary management of fisheries . Ecological Applications , 6 : 369 – 370 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooke , J. and Earle , M. 1993 . Towards a precautionary approach to fisheries management . Review of European Community and International Environmental Law , 2 : 252 – 259 .
   Google Scholar
• Cooper , R. A. , Valentine , P. , Uzmann , J. R. and Slater , R. A. 1987 . Georges Bank Edited by: Backus , R. H. 52 – 63 . Cambridge, Massachusetts : MIT Press .
   Google Scholar
• Dayton , P. K. 1998 . Reversal of burden of proof in fisheries management . Science , 279 : 821 – 822 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dorsey , E. M. and Pederson , J. , eds. 1998 . Effects of fishing gear on the seafloor of New England , MIT Sea Grant Publication 98-4 Boston : Massachusetts Institute of Technology . editors
   Google Scholar
• Dugan , J. E. and Davis , G. E. 1993 . Applications of marine refugia to coastal fisheries management . Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences , 50 : 2029 – 2042 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FAO (Food, and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations) . 1996 . Precautionary approach to fisheries, part 2: scientific papers , FAO Fisheries Technical Paper 350/2 Rome : FAO .
   Google Scholar
• Freese , L. , Auster , P. J. , Heifetz , J. and Wing , B. L. 1999 . Effects of trawling on seafloor habitat and associated invertebrate taxa in the Gulf of Alaska . Marine Ecology Progress Series , 182 : 119 – 126 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedlander , A. M. , Boehlert , G. W. , Field , M. E. , Mason , J. E. , Gardner , J. V. and Dartnell , P. 1999 . Side-scan sonar mapping of benthic trawl marks on the shelf and slope off Eureka, California . Fisheries Bulletin , 97 : 786 – 801 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcia , S. M. 1996 . The precautionary approach to fisheries and its implications for fishery research, technology and management: an updated review 1 – 63 . Precautionary approach to fisheries, part 2: scientific papers. FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations) Fisheries Technical Paper 350/2. FAO, Rome
   Google Scholar
• Hilborn , R. and Peterman , R. M. 1996 . The development of scientific advice with incomplete information in the context of the precautionary approach 77 – 101 . Precautionary approach to fisheries, part 2: scientific papers. FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations) Fisheries Technical Paper 350/2. FAO, Rome
   Google Scholar
• Jennings , S. , Alvsvag , J. , Cotter , A. J. R. , Ehrich , S. , Greenstreet , S. P. R. , Jarre-Teichmann , A. , Mergardt , N. , Rijnsdorp , A. D. and Smedstad , O. 1999 . Fishing effects in northeast Atlantic shelf seas: patterns in fishing effort, diversity and community structure. III. International trawling effort in the North Sea: an analysis of spatial and temporal trends . Fisheries Research , 40 : 125 – 134 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lauck , T. , Clark , C. W. , Mangel , M. and Munro , G. 1998 . Implementing the precautionary principle in fisheries management through marine reserves . Ecological Applications , 8 : S72 – S78 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindholm , J. B. , Auster , P. J. , Ruth , M. and Kaufman , L. S. Modeling the effects of fishing, and implications for the design of marine protected areas: juvenile fish responses to variations in seafloor habitat , Conservation Biology 15:424–437 In press
   Google Scholar
• McConnaughey , R. A. , Mier , K. and Dew , C. B. An examination of chronic trawling effects on soft-bottom benthos of the eastern Bering Sea ICES Journal of Marine Science . In press
   Google Scholar
• Messieh , S. N. , Rowell , T. W. , Peer , D. L. and Cranford , P. J. 1991 . The effects of trawling, dredging and ocean dumping on the eastern Canadian shelf seabed . Continental Shelf Research , 11 : 1237 – 1263 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mirarchi , F. 1998 . “ Bottom trawling on soft substrates ” . In Effects of fishing gear on the seafloor of New England , MIT Sea Grant Publication 98–4 Edited by: Dorsey , E. M. and Pederson , J. 80 – 84 . Boston : Massachusetts Institute of Technology .
   Google Scholar
• Musick , J. A. , Berkeley , S. A. , Cailliet , G. M. , Camhi , M. , Huntsman , G. , Nammack , M. and Warren , M. L. Jr. 2000 . Protection of marine fish stocks at risk of extinction . Fisheries , 25(3) : 6 – 8 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Research Council . 1999 . Sustaining marine fisheries Washington, D.C. : National Academy Press .
   Google Scholar
• Okey , T. A. and Harrington , G. A. 1999 . Criteria for designing ecosystem-based, experimental management: bottom trawling and the Bering Sea ecosystem 425 – 446 . Ecosystem approaches for fisheries management. Alaska Sea Grant College Program Publication 99–01, Fairbanks
   Google Scholar
• Pilskaln , C. H. , Churchill , J. H. and Mayer , L. M. 1998 . Frequency of bottom trawling in the Gulf of Maine and speculations on the geochemical consequences . Conservation Biology , 12 : 1223 – 1224 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polachek , T. 1990 . Year around closed areas as a management tool . Natural Resource Modeling , 4 : 327 – 354 .
   Google Scholar
• Roberts , C. M. and Hawkins , J. P. 1999 . Extinction risk in the sea . Trends in Ecology and Evolution , 14 : 241 – 246 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts , C. M. and Polunin , N. V. C. 1991 . Are marine reserves effective in management of reef fisheries? . Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries , 1 : 65 – 91 .
   Google Scholar
• Rosenberg , A. 1994 . Scientific review of definitions of overfishing in U.S. fishery management plans , NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-F/SPO-17 and fourteen coauthors
   Google Scholar
• Schmitten , R. A. 1999 . “ Essential fish habitat: opportunities and challenges for the next millennium ” . In Fish habitat: essential fish habitat and rehabilitation Edited by: Benaka , L. 3 – 10 . Bethesda, Maryland : American Fisheries Society .
   Google Scholar
• Watling , L. and Norse , E. A. 1998 . Disturbance of the seabed by mobile fishing gear: a comparison to forest clear-cutting . Conservation Biology , 12 : 1180 – 1197 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar