Reconnecting a Fragmented River: Movements of Westslope Cutthroat Trout and Bull Trout after Transport Upstream of Milltown Dam, Montana

References

• Anderson , W. G. , McKinley , R. S. and Colavecchia , M. 1997 . The use of clove oil as an anesthetic for rainbow trout and its effect on swimming performance . North American Journal of Fisheries Management , 17 : 301 – 307 .
   Google Scholar
• Allendorf , F. W. and Leary , R. F. 1988 . Conservation and distribution of genetic variation in a polytypic species, the cutthroat trout . Conservation Biology , 2 : 170 – 184 .
   Google Scholar
• Beamish , R. J. and Northcote , T. G. 1989 . Extinction of a population of anadromous parasitic lamprey, Lampetra tridentata, upstream of an impassable dam . Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences , 46 : 420 – 425 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Behnke , R. J. 1992 . Native trout of western North America , American Fisheries Society, Monograph 6 Bethesda, Maryland
   Google Scholar
• Bjornn , T. C. and Mallet , J. 1964 . Movements of planted and wild trout in an Idaho river system . Transactions of the American Fisheries Society , 93 : 70 – 76 .
   Google Scholar
• Cada , G. F. and Sale , M. J. 1993 . Status of fish passage facilities at nonfederal hydropower projects . Fisheries , 18 ( 7 ) : 4 – 12 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duff , D. A. , ed. 1996 . Conservation assessment for inland cutthroat trout status and distribution Intermountain Region, Ogden, Utah : U.S. Forest Service .
   Google Scholar
• Fraley , J. J. and Shepard , B. B. 1989 . Life history, ecology, and population status of migratory bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) in the Flathead Lake and River system, Montana . Northwest Science , 63 : 133 – 143 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gregory , S. , Li , H. and Li , J. 2002 . The conceptual basis for ecological responses to dam removal . BioScience , 52 : 713 – 723 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harig , A. L. , Fausch , K. D. and Young , M. K. 2000 . Factors influencing success of greenback cutthroat trout translocations . North American Journal of Fisheries Management , 20 : 994 – 1004 .
   Google Scholar
• Hart , D. D. , Johnson , T. E. , Bushaw-Newton , K. L. , Horwitz , R. J. , Bednarek , A. T. , Charles , D. F. , Kreeger , D. A. and Velinsky , D. J. 2002 . Dam removal: challenges and opportunities for ecological research and restoration . BioScience , 52 : 669 – 681 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hart , D. D. and Poff , N. L. 2002 . A special section on dam removal and river restoration . BioScience , : 653 – 655 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jager , H. I. , Chandler , J. A. , Lepla , K. B. and Van Winkle , W. 2001 . A theoretical study of fragmentation by dams and its effects on white sturgeon populations . Environmental Biology of Fishes , 60 : 347 – 361 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jessop , B. M. 1990 . Passage and harvest of river herring at the Mactaquac Dam, Saint John River: an attempt at active fishery management . North American Journal of Fisheries Management , 10 : 33 – 38 .
   Google Scholar
• Kanehl , P. D. , Lyons , J. and Nelson , J. E. 1997 . Changes in the habitat and fish community of the Milwaukee River, Wisconsin, following removal of the Woolen Mills Dam . North American Journal of Fisheries Management , 17 : 387 – 400 .
   Google Scholar
• Leary , R. F. , Allendorf , F. W. and Forbes , S. H. 1993 . Conservation genetics of bull trout in the Columbia and Klamath River drainages . Conservation Biology , 7 : 856 – 865 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liknes , G. A. and Graham , P. J. 1988 . “ Westslope cutthroat trout in Montana: life history, status and management ” . In Status and management of interior stocks of cutthroat trout , Symposium 4 Edited by: Greswell , R. E. 53 – 60 . Bethesda, Maryland : American Fisheries Society .
   Google Scholar
• McIntyre , J. D. and Rieman , B. E. 1995 . “ Westslope cutthroat trout ” . In Conservation assessment for inland cutthroat trout , U.S. Forest Service General Technical Report RM-256 Edited by: Young , M. K. 1 – 15 .
   Google Scholar
• Montana Fish, Wildlife and Parks (MFWP). 1999 . Memorandum of understanding and conservation agreement for westslope cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki lewisi) in Montana Helena : Montana Fish, Wildlife and Parks .
   Google Scholar
• Nehlsen , Williams , W. J. E. and Lichatowich , J. A. 1991 . Pacific salmon at a crossroads: stocks at risk from California, Oregon, Idaho and Washington . Fisheries , 16 ( 2 ) : 4 – 21 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neraas , L. P. and Spruell , P. 2001 . Fragmentation of riverine systems: the genetic effects of dams on bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) in the Clark Fork River system . Molecular Ecology , 10 : 1153 – 1164 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nielsen , J. L. , Carpanzano , C. , Foutain , M. C. and Gan , C. A. 1997 . Mitochondrial DNA and nuclear microsatellite diversity in hatchery and wild Oncorhynchus mykiss from freshwater habitats in southern California . Transactions of the American Fisheries Society , 12 : 397 – 417 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Northcote , T. G. 1997 . Potamodromy in Salmonidae– living and moving in the fast lane . North American Journal of Fisheries Management , 17 : 1029 – 1045 .
   Google Scholar
• Odeh , M. , ed. 1999 . Innovations in fish passage technology Bethesda, Maryland : American Fisheries Society .
   Google Scholar
• Odeh , M. , ed. 2000 . Advances in fish passage technology: engineering design and biological evaluation Bethesda, Maryland : American Fisheries Society .
   Google Scholar
• Prentice , E. F. , Flagg , T. A. , McCutcheon , C. S. , Brastow , D. F. and Cross , D. C. 1990 . “ Equipment, methods, and an automated data-entry station for PIT tagging ” . In Fish-marking techniques , Symposium 7 Edited by: Parker , N. C. , Giorgi , A. E. , Heidinger , R. C. , Jester , D. B. Jr. , Prince , E. D. and Winans , G. A. 335 – 340 . Bethesda, Maryland : American Fisheries Society .
   Google Scholar
• Rieman , B. E. and Allendorf , F. W. 2001 . Effective population size and genetic conservation criteria for bull trout . North American Journal of Fisheries Management , 21 : 756 – 764 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rieman , B. E. and Dunham , J. B. 2000 . Metapopulations and salmonids: a synthesis of life history patterns and empirical observations . Ecology of Freshwater Fish , 9 : 51 – 64 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rieman , B. E. , Lee , D. C. and Thurow , R. F. 1997 . Distribution, status, and likely future trends of bull trout within the Columbia River and Klamath River basins . North American Journal of Fisheries Management , 17 : 1111 – 1125 .
   Google Scholar
• Rieman , B. E. and McIntyre , J. D. 1993 . Demographic and habitat requirements of bull trout, Salvelinus confluentus , U.S. Forest Service General Technical Report INT-302
   Google Scholar
• Ryman , N. and Laikre , L. 1991 . Effects of supportive breeding on the effective population size . Conservation Biology , 5 : 325 – 329 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmetterling , D. A. 2000 . Redd characteristics of fluvial westslope cutthroat trout in four tributaries to the Blackfoot River, Montana . North American Journal of Fisheries Management , 20 : 776 – 783 .
   Google Scholar
• Schmetterling , D. A. 2001a . Northern pike investigations in Milltown Reservoir, 2000 Missoula, Montana : Final Report to the Montana Power Company, Montana Fish, Wildlife and Parks, the Chutney Foundation, and the Bureau of Land Management .
   Google Scholar
• Schmetterling , D. A. 2001b . Seasonal movements of fluvial westslope cutthroat trout in the Blackfoot River drainage, Montana . North American Journal of Fisheries Management , 21 : 507 – 520 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmetterling , D. A. 2002 . Water chemistry and radio telemetry describe movement of rainbow trout attempting upstream passage at Milltown Dam, Montana Missoula, Montana : Final Report prepared for Northwestern Energy, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service .
   Google Scholar
• Schmetterling , D. A. and McEvoy , D. H. 2000 . Abundance and diversity of fishes migrating to a hydroelectric dam in Montana . North American Journal of Fisheries Management , 20 : 711 – 719 .
   Google Scholar
• Shepard , B. B. , Pratt , K. L. and Graham , P. J. 1984 . Life histories of westslope cutthroat and bull trout in the upper Flathead River basin, Montana Helena : Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks .
   Google Scholar
• Stearns , S. C. 1976 . Life-history tactics: a review of the ideas . Quarterly Review of Biology , 51 : 3 – 47 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swanberg , T. R. 1997a . Movements and habitat use by fluvial bull trout in the Blackfoot River, Montana . Transactions of the American Fisheries Society , 126 : 735 – 746 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swanberg , T. R. 1997b . Movements of bull trout in the Clark Fork River system after transport over Milltown Dam . Northwest Science , 71 : 313 – 317 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swanberg , T. R. , Schmetterling , D. A. and McEvoy , D. H. 1999 . Comparison of surgical staples and silk sutures for closing incisions in rainbow trout . North American Journal of Fisheries Management , 19 : 215 – 218 .
   Google Scholar
• Winter , J. D. 1996 . “ Advances in underwater biotelemetry ” . In Fisheries techniques, , 2nd edition Edited by: Murphy , B. R. and Willis , D. W. 555 – 590 . Bethesda, Maryland : American Fisheries Society .
   Google Scholar
• Welcomme , R. L. 1995 . Relationships between fisheries and the integrity of river systems . Regulated Rivers: Research and Management , 11 : 121 – 136 .
   Google Scholar
• Wunderlich , R. C. , Winter , B. D. and Meyer , J. H. 1994 . Restoration of the Elwha River ecosystem . Fisheries , 19 ( 8 ) : 11 – 19 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young , M. K. , ed. 1995 . Conservation assessment for inland cutthroat trout , U.S. Forest Service General Technical Report RM-256
   Google Scholar