A Revised Alverson and Carney Model for Estimating the Instantaneous Rate of Natural Mortality

References

• Alagaraja , K. 1984 . Simple methods for estimation of parameters for assessing exploited fish stocks . Indian Journal of Fisheries , 31 : 177 – 209 .
   Google Scholar
• Alverson , D. L. and Carney , M. J. 1975 . A graphic review of the growth and decay of population cohorts . Journal du Conseil International pour l'Exploration de la Mer , 36/2 : 133 – 143 .
   Google Scholar
• Anonymous. 2001 . Increasing competition between fisheries and whales: Japan's whale research in the western North Pacific (JARPN II) , Tokyo : Government of Japan, Fisheries Agency .
   Google Scholar
• Anonymous. 1995 . International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas Vol. 2 , Madrid (No title given) Report for biennial period, 1994–95, part I
   Google Scholar
• Ault , J. S. , Bohnsack , J. A. and Meester , G. A. 1998 . A retrospective (1979–1996) multispecies assessment of coral reef fish stocks in the Florida Keys . Fishery Bulletin , 96/3 : 395 – 414 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ault , J. S. , Smith , S. G. and Bohnsack , J. A. 2005 . Evaluation of average length as an indicator of exploited status for the Florida coral reef fish community . ICES Journal of Marine Science , 62 : 417 – 423 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baranov , F. I. 1918 . On the question of the biological basis of fisheries . Nauchnye Issledovaniya Ikthiologicheskii Instituta Izvestiya , 1 : 81 – 128 . (In Russian.).
   Google Scholar
• Bard , F. X. 1973 . Étude sur le germon Thunnus alalunga de l'Atlantique: éléments de dynamique de populations. (A study of the albacore Thunnus alalunga in the Atlantic: elements of population dynamics) 198 – 224 . International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas Scientific Paper 3
   Google Scholar
• Baxter , J. L. 1967 . Summary of biological information on the northern anchovy Engraulis mordax Girard . CAlCOFI (California Cooperative Oceanic Fisheries Investigations) Reports , 1 : 110 – 116 .
   Google Scholar
• Belveze , H. 1972 . Observations complémentaires sur le stock sardinier de l'Atlantique maroccain de 1968 à 1971 et estimation de quelques paramètres. (Supplementary observations on the sardine stock along the Moroccan Atlantic coast from 1968 to 1971 and estimation of some parameters) . Bulletin Institute of Pêches Maritime Maroco , 20 : 5 – 69 .
   Google Scholar
• Beverton , R. J. H. 1963 . Maturation, growth, and mortality of clupeid and engraulid stocks in relation to fishing . Rapports et Procès-Verbaux des Réunions, Conseil International pour l'Exploration de la Mer , 154 : 44 – 67 .
   Google Scholar
• Beverton , R. J. H. 1992 . Patterns of reproductive strategy parameters in some marine teleost fishes . Journal of Fish Biology , 41 : 137 – 160 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beverton , R. J. H. and Holt , S. J. 1957 . “ On the dynamics of exploited fish populations ” . In Fisheries Investigations Series II , Great Britain Ministry of Agriculture . Fisheries and Food 19.
   Google Scholar
• Beverton , R. J. H. and Holt , S. J. 1959 . “ A review of the lifespans and mortality rates of fish in nature and their relation to growth and other physiological characteristics ” . In CIBA Foundation Colloquia on Aging: the lifespan of animals , Edited by: Wolstenholme , G. E. W. and O'Connor , M. Vol. 5 , 142 – 189 . London : J. & A. Churchill Ltd. .
   Google Scholar
• Blackburn , M. 1949 . The age, rate of growth, and general life history of the Australian pilchard in New South Wales waters . Bulletin of the Science Industry Resource Organization , 242 : 1 – 86 .
   Google Scholar
• Bouhlel , M. 1975 . Contribution à l'étude biologique et dynamique du merlu Merluccius merluccius mediterraneus (L. 1758) du golfe de Tunis , Tunis, Tunisia : University de Tunis . (Contribution to the study of the biology and dynamics of the hake Merluccius merluccius mediterraneus [L. 1758] in the Gulf of Tunis)
   Google Scholar
• Brown , B. E. , Browder , J. A. , Powers , J. and Goodyear , C. D. 1991 . “ Biomass, yield models, and management of strategies of Gulf of Mexico ecosystems ” . In Food chains, yields, models, and management of large marine ecosystems , Edited by: Sherman , K. , Alexander , L. M. and Gold , B. D. 125 – 163 . Boulder, Colorado : Westview Press, Inc. .
   Google Scholar
• Burd , A. C. 1974 . “ The northeast Atlantic herring and the failure of an industry ” . In Sea fisheries research , Edited by: Harden Jones , F. R. 167 – 192 . London : Paul Elek (Scientific Books), Ltd. .
   Google Scholar
• Burd , A. C. 1978 . Long-term changes in North Sea herring stocks . Rapports et Procès-Verbaux des Réunions, Conseil International pour l'Exploration de la Mer , 172 : 137 – 153 .
   Google Scholar
• Carles , C. 1974 . Edad y crecimiento del bonito (Katsuwonus pelamis) y albacora (Thunnus atlanticus) en la parte occidental de Cuba. (Age and growth of bonito [Katsuwonus pelamis] and albacore in the western part of Cuba.) Resúmenes de Investigación I.N.P.−C.I.P . (Instituto Nacional de la Pesca−Centro de Investigaciones Pesqueras) , 1/1 : 122 – 126 .
   Google Scholar
• Carles Martín , C. A. 1975 . Evaluación de la pesquería de bonito en la zona occidental de Cuba. (Evaluation of the bonito fishery in the western zone of Cuba) . Revista de Investigaciones Instituto Nacional de la Pesca , 1/1 : 73 – 76 .
   Google Scholar
• Castro Hernández , J. J. and Santana Ortega , A. T. 2000 . Synopsis of biological data on the chub mackerel (Scomber japonicus Houttuyn, 1782) FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations) Fisheries Synopsis 157
   Google Scholar
• Clark , W. J. 1999 . Effects of an erroneous natural mortality rate on a simple age-structured stock assessment . Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences , 56 : 1721 – 1731 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collette , B. B. and Nauen , C. E. 1983 . FAO species catalogue. volume 2. Scombrids of the world: an annotated and illustrated catalogue of tunas, mackerels, bonitos, and related species known to date FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations) Fisheries Synopsis 2(125)
   Google Scholar
• Daniels , R. A. 1987 . Comparative life histories and microhabitat use in three sympatric sculpins (Cottidae: Cottus) in northeastern California . Environmental Biology of Fishes , 19 : 93 – 110 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delgado , A. and Fernandez , M. A. R. 1985 . Datos sobre la biología de la sardina (Sardina pilchardus Walb., 1792) capturado por los cerqueros espaoles en Africa Occidental de 1976 a 1982 , 935 – 955 . Barcelona : Instituto Investigaciones Pesqueras . (Data on the biology of the European pilchard [Sardina pilchardus Walb., 1792] captured by Spanish fish traps in West Africa from 1976 to 1982) in. Simposio. Internationcal Occiedntal Africa, volume II.15
   Google Scholar
• Delgado , A. , Fernandez , M. A. R. and Goni , R. 1981 . Contribución al estudio de la sardina (Sardina pilchardus Walb.) en aguas de Africa Occidental, III. Estudio del crecimiento por lectura directa de otolitos y por retrocalculo mediante escalimetria de escamas. (Contribution to the study of the sardine [Sardina pilchardus Walb.] in the waters of West Africa, III. A study of growth by direct reading of otoliths and through back-calculation based on scale measurements) . Boletin Instituto Espaol de Oceanografía , : 139 – 164 . (6)
   Google Scholar
• Dorel , D. 1986 . Poissons de l'Atlantique nord-est relations taille−poids. (Size−weight relationships among fish of the northeastern Atlantic) Institut Francais de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer
   Google Scholar
• Efimov , Y. N. 1984 . Stock condition and assessment of maximum sustainable yield of atka mackerel in the Gulf of Alaska . International North Pacific Fisheries Commission Bulletin , 42 : 82 – 84 .
   Google Scholar
• Ehrhardt , N. M. and Ault , J. S. 1992 . Analysis of two length-based mortality models applied to bounded catch length frequencies . Transactions of the American Fisheries Society , 121 : 115 – 122 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finucane , J. H. and Vaught , R. N. 1986 . Species profile of Atlantic thread herring Opisthonema oglinum (Lesueur 1818) NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-SEFC-182
   Google Scholar
• Fitch , J. 1956 . Jack mackerel 27 – 28 . CALCOFI (California Cooperative Oceanic Fisheries Investigations) Reports 1955−1956:
   Google Scholar
• Forrester , C. R. and Ketchen , K. S. 1963 . A review of the Strait of Georgia trawl fishery Fisheries Research Board of Canada Bulletin 139
   Google Scholar
• Fournier , D. A. 1983 . An analysis of the Hecate Strait Pacific cod fishery using an age-structured model incorporating density-dependent effects . Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences , 40 : 1233 – 1243 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frose , R. and Pauly , D. 1998 . FishBase 98: Concepts, design, and data sources , Manila, Philippines : International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management .
   Google Scholar
• Gallardo-Cabello , M. 1985 . Análisis del crecimiento de la anchoveta Engraulis mordax Girard, en aguas de Baja California Norte (Pisces: Engraulidae). (Analysis of the growth of the anchovy Engraulis mordax Girard in the waters of Baja California Norte [Pisces: Engraulidae]) . Anales del Instituto de Centro de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología , 12/1 : 235 – 252 .
   Google Scholar
• Gulland , J. A. 1983 . Fish stock assessment: a manual of basic methods , Chichester, , UK : Wiley Interscience .
   Google Scholar
• Gunderson , D. R. 1997 . Trade-off between reproductive effort and adult survival in oviparous and viviparous fishes . Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences , 54 : 990 – 998 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gunderson , D. R. and Dygert , P. H. 1988 . Reproductive effort as a predictor of natural mortality rate . Journal du Conseil International pour l'Exploration de la Mer , 44 : 200 – 209 .
   Google Scholar
• Harrison , T. D. 2001 . Length−weight relationships of fishes from South African estuaries . Journal of Applied Ichthyology , 17/1 : 46 – 48 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoenig , J. M. 1983 . Empirical use of longevity data to estimate natural mortality rates . Fishery Bulletin , 81/4 : 898 – 903 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hohendorf , K. 1966 . Eine Diskussion der von Bertalanffy Funktionen und ihre Anwendung zur Charakterisierung des Wachstums von Fischen. (A discussion of the von Bertalanffy function and its application to characterizing the growth of fish) . Kieler Meeresforschungen , 22 : 70 – 97 .
   Google Scholar
• Holden , M. J. and William , T. 1974 . The biology and population structure of bass, Dicentrarchus labrax, in English waters . Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom , 54 : 91 – 107 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holt , S. J. 1965 . A note on the relationship between mortality rate and the duration of life in an exploited fish population . International Commission on North Atlantic Fisheries Research Bulletin , 2 : 73 – 75 .
   Google Scholar
• Holt , S. J. 1960 . “ A preliminary comparative study of the growth, maturity, and mortality of sardines ” . In Proceedings of the World Scientific Meeting on the Biology of Sardines and Related Species 2(2) , Edited by: Rosa , H and Murphy , G. 553 – 561 . Rome : Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations .
   Google Scholar
• Hughes , S. E. 1974 . Stock composition, growth, mortality, and availability of Pacific saury, Cololabis saira, of the northeastern Pacific Ocean . Fishery Bulletin , 72/1 : 121 – 131 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ICES (International Council for the Exploration of the Sea). 1978 . Report of the Working Group on Assessment of Pelagic Stocks in the Baltic Copenhagen C.M. 1978/J:4
   Google Scholar
• Jensen , A. L. 1996 . Beverton and Holt life history invariants result from optimal trade-off of reproduction and survival . Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences , 53 : 820 – 822 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson , A. G. 1983 . Age and growth of yellowtail snapper from South Florida . Transactions of the American Fisheries Society , 112 : 173 – 177 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson , A. G. , Fable , A. Jr. , Williams , M. L. and Barger , L. E. 1983 . Age, growth, and mortality of king mackerel, Scomberomorus cavalla, from the southeastern United States . Fishery Bulletin , 81/1 : 97 – 106 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones , B. W. 1966 . The cod and the cod fishery at Faroe . Fisheries Investigations , 24/5 : 1 – 32 .
   Google Scholar
• Jones , B. W. and Jónsson , J. 1971 . Coalfish tagging experiments at Iceland . Journal of the Marine Research Institute, Reykjavik , 5/1 : 1 – 27 .
   Google Scholar
• Karp , W. A. 1982 . Biology and management of pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus Tilesius) in Port Townsend, Washington , Doctoral dissertation Seattle : University of Washington .
   Google Scholar
• Ketchen , K. S. 1975 . Age and growth of dogfish Squalus acanthias in British Columbia waters . Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada , 32 : 43 – 59 .
   Google Scholar
• Knaggs , E. H. and Parrish , R. H. 1973 . Maturation and growth of Pacific mackerel, Scomber japonicus Houttuyn . California Fish and Game , 59/2 : 114 – 120 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kondo , K. 1966 . Growth of Japanese mackerel, II. Age determination with use of scale . Bulletin of the Tokai Regional Fisheries Research Laboratory , 45 : 31 – 60 .
   Google Scholar
• Krishnamoorthi , B. 1971 . Biology of the threadfin bream, Nemipterus japonicus . Indian Journal of Fisheries , 18/12 : 1 – 21 .
   Google Scholar
• Krishnamoorthi , B. 1976 . A note on mortality rates and yield per recruit in Nemipterus japonicus (Bloch) . Indian Journal of Fisheries , 23/1/2 : 252 – 256 .
   Google Scholar
• Lowe , S. A. , Fritz , L. W. and Zenger , H. 2001 . “ Atka mackerel. Section 13 ” . In Stock assessment and fishery evaluation report for the groundfish resources of the Bering Sea–Aleutian Islands regions , 1 – 51 . Anchorage, Alaska : North Pacific Fisheries Management Council .
   Google Scholar
• Mace , P. M. 1994 . Relationships between common biological reference points used as thresholds and targets of fisheries management strategies . Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences , 51 : 110 – 122 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marr , J. C. 1960 . The causes of major variations in the catch of the Pacific sardine (Sardinops caerulea [Girard]) . Proceedings of the World Scientific Meeting on the Biology of Sardines and Related Species , 3 : 667 – 791 .
   Google Scholar
• Matheson , R. H. and Huntsman , G. R. 1984 . Growth, mortality, and yield-per-recruit models for speckled hind and snowy grouper from the United States South Atlantic Bight . Transactions of the American Fisheries Society , 113 : 607 – 616 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matthew , J. 1960 . Synopsis on the biology of the Southwest African pilchard (Sardinops occelata Pappé) . Proceedings of the World Scientific Meeting on the Biology of Sardines and Related Species , 2/2 : 115 – 135 .
   Google Scholar
• McPherson , G. R. 1992 . Age and growth of the narrow-barred Spanish mackerel (Scomberomorus commerson Lacepède, 1800) in northeastern Queensland waters . Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research , 43/5 : 1269 – 1282 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Megrey , B. A. , Hollowed , A. B. and Methot , R. D. 1990 . Integrated analysis of Gulf of Alaska walleye pollock catch-at-age and research survey data using two different stock assessment procedures . International North Pacific Fisheries Commission Bulletin , 50 : 101 – 120 .
   Google Scholar
• Messersmith , J. D. 1969 . The northern anchovy (Engraulis mordax) and its fishery, 1965–1968 California Department of Fish and Game Fish Bulletin 147
   Google Scholar
• Moore , C. M. and Labisky , R. F. 1984 . Population parameters of a relatively unexploited stock of snowy groupers in the lower Florida Keys . Transactions of the American Fisheries Society , 113 : 322 – 329 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore , H. L. 1951 . Estimation of age and growth of yellowfin tuna (Neothunnus macropterus) in Hawaiian waters by size frequencies . Fishery Bulletin , 52/65 : 131 – 149 .
   Google Scholar
• Moreau , J. 1988 . Estimation of natural mortality from selection and catch length-frequency data: a modification of Munro's method and application example . Fishbyte , 6/2 : 10 – 12 .
   Google Scholar
• Munk , K. M. 2001 . Maximum ages of groundfishes in waters off Alaska and British Columbia and considerations of age determination . Alaska Fishery Research Bulletin , 8/1 : 12 – 21 .
   Google Scholar
• Nakamura , E. L. and Uchiyama , J. H. Length−weight relations of Pacific tunas . Proceedings, Governor's Conference on Central Pacific Fishery Resources . Honolulu. Edited by: Manar , T. A. pp. 197 – 201 .
   Google Scholar
• Nall , G. 1927 . Fisheries, Scotland, salmon fish [Further information not available.].
   Google Scholar
• National Research Council. 1998 . Improving methods of fish stock assessment , Washington, D.C. : National Academy Press .
   Google Scholar
• Nose , Y. , Kawatsu , H. and Hiyama , Y. 1957 . Age and growth of Pacific tunas by scale reading . Suisan Gaku Shusei , : 701 – 716 .
   Google Scholar
• Parrish , R. H. and MacCall , A. D. 1978 . Climatic variation and exploitation in the Pacific mackerel fishery California Department of Fish and Game Fish Bulletin 167
   Google Scholar
• Pauly , D. 1980 . On the interrelationships between natural mortality, growth parameters, and mean environmental temperature in 175 fish stocks . Journal du Conseil International pour l'Exploration de la Mer , 39/3 : 175 – 192 .
   Google Scholar
• Pauly , D. and Martosubroto , P. 1980 . The population dynamics of Nemipterus marginatus (Cuvier & Val.) off western Kalimantan, South China Sea . Journal of Fish Biology , 17 : 263 – 273 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pertierra , J. P. 1987 . Crecimiento del boqueron (Engraulis encrasicolus) de la costa catalana (Mediterraneo noroccidental). (Growth of the European anchovy [Engraulis encrasicolus] along the Catalan coast [northwestern Mediterranean]) . Investigación Pesquera , 51 : 263 – 275 .
   Google Scholar
• Pope , J. A. , Mills , D. H. and Shearer , W. M. 1961 . The fecundity of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar Linn) Reports of Freshwater Salmon Fisheries Research of Scotland 26
   Google Scholar
• Priol , E. P. 1944 . Observations sur les germons et les thons rouges capturés par les pêcheurs bretons. (Observations on albacore and bluefin tuna captured by Breton fishermen) . Revue des Travaux de l'Institut des Pêches Maritimes , 13/14 : 384 – 439 .
   Google Scholar
• Prosch , R. M. 1986 . Early growth in length of the anchovy Engraulis capensis Gilchrist off South Africa . South African Journal of Marine Science , 4 : 181 – 191 .
   Google Scholar
• Quinn , T. J. II and Deriso , R. B. 1999 . Quantitative fish dynamics , New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Quinn , T. J. II and Szarzi , N. J. Determination of sustained yield in Alaska's recreational fisheries . Proceedings of the International Symposium on Management Strategies for Exploited Fish Populations . Edited by: Kruse , G. , Eggers , D. M. , Marasc , R. J. , Pautzke , C. and Quin , T. J. pp. 61 – 84 . Fairbanks : University of Alaska−Fairbanks . Alaska Sea Grant College Program Report 93–02
   Google Scholar
• Ralston , S. 1987 . “ Mortality rates of snappers and groupers ” . In Tropical snappers and groupers: biology and fisheries management , Edited by: Polovina , J. and Ralston , S. 375 – 404 . Boulder, Colorado : Westview Press, Inc. .
   Google Scholar
• Rice , J. A. 1995 . Mathematical statistics and data analysis,. , 2nd edition , Belmont, California : Duxbury Press .
   Google Scholar
• Rikhter , V. A. and Efanov , V. N. 1976 . On one of the approaches to estimation of natural mortality of fish populations , Dartmouth, Nova Scotia : International Commission of North Atlantic Fisheries . Research Document 76/VI/8
   Google Scholar
• Roff , D. A. 1984 . The evolution of life history parameters in teleosts . Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences , 41 : 989 – 1000 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rowling , K. R. 1997 . “ The collapse of the eastern Australian gemfish stock: issues for management and the role of fisheries science ” . In Developing and sustaining world fisheries resources: the state of science and management , Edited by: Hancock , D. A. , Smit , D. C. , Grant , A. and Beume , J. P. 210 – 214 . Melbourne, , Australia : CSIRO Publishing .
   Google Scholar
• Rowling , K. R. 1999 . The fisheries biology and population dynamics of gemfish, Rexea solandri. , Doctoral dissertation Sydney, , Australia : University of New South Wales .
   Google Scholar
• Saeger , J. 1974 . Der Befischungszustand der Flunderpopulation in der Kieler Bucht , Master's thesis Kiel, , Germany : Kiel University . (The fishery status of the flounder population in Kiel Bay)
   Google Scholar
• Saville , A. 1977 . Survey methods of appraising fisheries resources FAO Fisheries Technical Paper 171.
   Google Scholar
• Schnute , J. and Richards , L. J. 1995 . The influence of error on population estimates from catch-age models . Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences , 52 : 2063 – 2077 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seber , G. A. F. 1982 . The estimation of animal abundance , New York : MacMillan Publishing Company .
   Google Scholar
• Sherman , K. , Alexander , L. M. and Gold , B. D. 1991 . Food chains, yields, models, and management of large marine ecosystems , Boulder, Colorado : Westview Press, Inc. .
   Google Scholar
• Sparre , P. , Ursin , E. and Venema , S. C. 1989 . Introduction to tropical fish stock assessment, part 1. Manual FAO Fisheries Technical Paper 306
   Google Scholar
• Spencer , P. D. , Ito , D. H. and Ianelli , J. I. 2001 . “ Pacific ocean perch. Section 10 ” . In Stock assessment and fishery evaluation report for the groundfish resources of the Bering Sea–Aleutian Islands regions , 1 – 41 . Anchorage, Alaska : North Pacific Fisheries Management Council .
   Google Scholar
• Stanley , C. A. 1978 . Area of distribution, movements, age composition, and mortality rates of the Australian salmon population in Tasmania, Victoria, and New South Wales . Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research , 29 : 417 – 433 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stequert , B. and Marsac , F. 1989 . Tropical tuna: surface fisheries in the Indian Ocean FAO Fisheries Technical Paper 282.
   Google Scholar
• Stergiou , K. I. , Christou , E. D. , Georgopoulous , D. , Zenetos , A. and Souvermezoglou , C. 1997 . “ The Hellenic seas: physics, chemistry, biology, and fisheries ” . In Oceanography and marine biology: an annual review , Edited by: Ansell , A. D. , Gibson , R. N. and Barnes , M. 415 – 538 . London : UCL Press .
   Google Scholar
• Stevens , J. D. and Hausfeld , H. F. 1982 . Age determination and mortality estimates on an unexploited population of jack mackerel Trachurus declivis (Jenyns, 1841) from southeast Australia CSIRO Marine Laboratory Report 148
   Google Scholar
• Suárez-Caabro , J. A. and Duarte-Bello , P. P. 1961 . Biología pesquera del bonito (Katsuwonus pelamis) y la albacora (Thunnus atlanticus) en Cuba. (Fisheries biology of skipjack tuna [Katsuwonus pelamis] and blackfin tuna [Thunnus atlanticus] in Cuba) , Havana : Instituto Cubano de Investigación .
   Google Scholar
• Suyama , S. , Sakurai , Y. , Meguro , T. and Shimazaki , K. 1992 . Estimation of the age and growth of pacific saury Cololabis saira in the central North Pacific Ocean determined by otolith daily growth increments . Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi , 58/9 : 1607 – 1614 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanaka , S. 1960 . Studies on the dynamics and the management of fish populations Bulletin of the Tokai Regional Fisheries Research Laboratory 28. (In Japanese.)
   Google Scholar
• Treasurer , J. W. , Owen , R. and Bowers , E. 1992 . The population dynamics of pike, Esox lucius, and perch, Perca fluviatilis, in a simple predator−prey system . Environmental Biology of Fishes , 34 : 65 – 78 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Cleve , R. and El-Sayed , S. Z. 1969 . Age, growth, and productivity of an English sole (Parophrys vetulus) population in Puget Sound, Washington . Bulletin of the Pacific Marine Fisheries Commission , 7 : 51 – 72 .
   Google Scholar
• van der Elst , R. 1981 . A guide to the common sea fishes of southern Africa. C , Cape Town : Struik .
   Google Scholar
• Vega-Cendejas , M. E. , Mexicabo-Cíntora , G. and Arce , A. M. 1997 . Biology of the thread herring Opisthonema oglinum (Pices: Clupeidae) from a beach seine fishery of the Campeche Bank, Mexico . Fisheries Research , 30 : 117 – 126 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vetter , E. F. 1988 . Estimation of natural mortality in fish stocks: a review . Fishery Bulletin , 86/1 : 25 – 43 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Von Bertalanffy , L. 1938 . A quantitative theory of organic growth . Human Biology , 10/2 : 181 – 213 .
   Google Scholar
• Wada , T. 1988 . Population dynamics on Japanese sardine, Sardinops melanostictus caught by the domestic purse seine fishery in the waters off the coast of southeastern Hokkaido Bulletin of the Hokkaido Regional Fisheries Research Laboratory 52
   Google Scholar
• Wakabayashi , K. and Watanabe , K. 1990 . Assessment of walleye pollock abundance of the southwest Pacific coast of Hokkaido based on catch statistics and survey data . International North Pacific Fisheries Commission Bulletin , 50 : 279 – 289 .
   Google Scholar
• Webb , B. F. and Grant , C. J. 1979 . Age and growth of jack mackerel, Trachurus declivis (Jenyns), from southeastern Australian waters . Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research , 30/1 : 1 – 9 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wespestad , V. G. 1991 . Pacific herring population dynamics, early life history, and recruitment variation relative to eastern Bering Sea oceanographic factors , Doctoral dissertation Seattle : University of Washington .
   Google Scholar
• Westerheim , S. J. 1977 . Length−weight and length−girth relationships, maturity, spawning season, and diet of Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus) collected in British Columbia waters during April 1975–February 1976 Fisheries Research Board of Canada Manuscript Report Series 1420
   Google Scholar
• Westman , J. R. and Gilbert , P. W. 1941 . Notes on the age determination and growth of the Atlantic bluefin tuna, Thunnus thynnus (Linnaeus) . Copeia , 1941 : 70 – 72 .
   Google Scholar
• Wilderbuer , T. K. and Zhang , C. I. 1999 . Evaluation of the population dynamics and yield characteristics of Alaska plaice, Pleuronectes quadrituberculatus, in the eastern Bering Sea, incorporating results of an age-structured analysis . Fisheries Research , 41 : 183 – 200 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilderbuer , T. K. , Walters , G. E. and Bakkala , R. G. 1992 . Yellowfin sole, Pleuronectes asper, of the eastern Bering Sea: Biological characteristics, history of exploitation, and management . Marine Fisheries Review , 54/4 : 1 – 18 .
   Google Scholar
• Wilderbuer , T. K. and Sample , T. M. 2001 . “ Arrowtooth flounder. Section 5 ” . In Stock assessment and fishery evaluation report for the groundfish resources of the Bering Sea−Aleutian Islands regions , 1 – 24 . Anchorage, Alaska : North Pacific Fisheries Management Council .
   Google Scholar
• Wine , V. and Knaggs , E. 1975 . Maturation and growth of jack mackerel, Trachurus symmetricus . California Department of Fish and Game, Marine Research Technical Report , 21 : 1 – 26 .
   Google Scholar
• Wood , C. C. , Ketchen , K. S. and Beamish , R. J. 1979 . Population dynamics of spiny dogfish (Squalus acanthias) in British Columbia waters . Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada , 36 : 647 – 656 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wysokinski , A. 1986 . The living marine resources of the Southeast Atlantic FAO Fisheries Technical Paper 178, revision 1.
   Google Scholar
• Yabuta , Y. , Yukinawa , M. and Warashina , Y. 1960 . Growth and age of yellowfin tuna, 2. Age determination (scale method) . Report of the Nankai Regional Fisheries Research Laboratory , 12 : 63 – 74 .
   Google Scholar
• Zhang , C. I. 1987 . Biology and population dynamics of Alaska plaice, Pleuronectes quadrituberculatus, in the eastern Bering Sea , Doctoral dissertation Seattle : University of Washington .
   Google Scholar
• Zhang , C. I. 1991 . Fisheries resource ecology , Seoul, , Korea : Woosung Publishing Co. .
   Google Scholar
• Zhang , C. I. , Park , C. S. and Sohn , M. H. 1998a . A study on the stock management of the sharp-toothed eel, Muraenesox cinereus (FORKSÅL) in Korean waters, IV. Population ecological characteristics and biomass . Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries Resources , 1 : 25 – 35 .
   Google Scholar
• Zhang , C. I. , Wilderbuer , T. K. and Walters , G. E. 1998b . Biological characteristics and fishery assessment of Alaska plaice, Pleuronectes quadrituberculatus, in the eastern Bering Sea . Marine Fisheries Review , 60/4 : 16 – 27 .
   Google Scholar