Migration and Spawning of American Shad in the James River, Virginia

References

• ASMFC (Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission). 1999 . Amendment 1 to the Interstate Fishery Management Plan for shad and river herring , Washington, D.C. : ASMFC . Fishery Management Report 35
   Google Scholar
• ASMFC. 2007 . American shad stock assessment report for peer review , Vol. 1 , Washington, D.C. : ASMFC . Stock Assessment Report Number 07–01
   Google Scholar
• Bailey , M. M. , Isely , J. J. and Bridges , W. C. 2004 . Movement and population size of American shad near a low-head lock and dam . Transactions of the American Fisheries Society , 133 : 300 – 308 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barry , T. and Kynard , B. 1986 . Attraction of adult American shad to fish lifts at Holyoke Dam, Connecticut River . North American Journal of Fisheries Management , 6 : 233 – 241 .
   Google Scholar
• Batschelet , E. 1981 . Circular statistics in biology , New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Beasley , C. A. and Hightower , J. E. 2000 . Effects of a low-head dam on the distribution and characteristics of spawning habitat used by striped bass and American shad . Transactions of the American Fisheries Society , 129 : 1316 – 1330 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bilkovic , D. M. , Hershner , C. H. and Olney , J. E. 2002a . Macroscale assessment of American shad spawning and nursery habitat in the Mattaponi and Pamunkey rivers, Virginia . North American Journal of Fisheries Management , 22 : 1176 – 1192 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bilkovic , D. M. , Olney , J. E. and Hershner , C. H. 2002b . Spawning of American shad (Alosa sapidissima) and striped bass (Morone saxatilis) in the Mattaponi and Pamunkey rivers, Virginia . U.S. National Marine Fisheries Service Fishery Bulletin , 100 : 632 – 640 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradshaw , J. G. and Kuo , A. Y. 1987 . Salinity distribution in the James Estuary , Gloucester : Virginia Institute of Marine Science . Special Report in Applied Marine Science and Engineering Number 292
   Google Scholar
• Brown , B. , Gunter , T. , Waters , J. and Epifanio , J. 2000 . Evaluating genetic diversity associated with propagation-assisted restoration of American shad . Conservation Biology , 14 : 292 – 303 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cating , J. P. 1953 . Determining the age of Atlantic shad from their scales . U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Fishery Bulletin , 54 : 187 – 199 .
   Google Scholar
• Chittenden , M. E. 1976 . Present and historical spawning grounds and nurseries of American shad, Alosa sapidissima, in the Delaware River . U.S. National Marine Fisheries Service Fishery Bulletin , 74 : 343 – 352 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dodson , J. J. and Leggett , W. C. 1973 . Behavior of adult American shad (Alosa sapidissima) homing to the Connecticut River from Long Island Sound . Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada , 30 : 1847 – 1860 .
   Google Scholar
• Dodson , J. J. and Leggett , W. C. 1974 . Role of olfaction and vision in the behavior of American shad (Alosa sapidissima) homing to the Connecticut River from Long Island Sound . Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada , 31 : 1607 – 1619 .
   Google Scholar
• Dodson , J. J. , Leggett , W. C. and Jones , R. A. 1972 . The behavior of adult American shad (Alosa sapidissima) during migration from salt to freshwater as observed by ultrasonic tracking techniques . Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada , 29 : 1445 – 1449 .
   Google Scholar
• Freeman , M. C. , Pringle , C. M. , Greathouse , E. A. and Freeman , B. J. 2003 . “ Ecosystem-level consequences of migratory faunal depletion caused by dams ” . In Biodiversity, status, and conservation of the world's shad , Edited by: Limburg , K. E. and Waldman , J. R. 255 – 267 . Bethesda, Maryland : American Fisheries Society . Symposium 35
   Google Scholar
• Garman , G. C. and Nielsen , L. A. 1992 . “ Medium-sized rivers of the Atlantic Coastal Plain ” . In Biodiversity of the southeastern United States: aquatic communities , Edited by: Hackney , C. T. , Adams , S. M. and Martin , W. A. 315 – 349 . New York : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Grant , G. C. and Olney , J. E. 1991 . Distribution of striped bass Morone saxatilis (Walbaum) eggs and larvae in major Virginia rivers . U.S. National Marine Fisheries Service Fishery Bulletin , 89 : 187 – 193 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grothues , T. M. , Able , K. W. , McDonnell , J. and Sisak , M. 2005 . An estuarine observatory for real-time telemetry of migrant macro-fauna: design, performance, and constraints . Oceanography and Limnology: Methods , 3 : 275 – 289 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hendricks , M. L. 2003 . “ Culture and transport of alosines in North America ” . In Biodiversity, status, and conservation of the world's shad , Edited by: Limburg , K. E. and Waldman , J. R. 303 – 312 . Bethesda, Maryland : American Fisheries Society . Symposium 35
   Google Scholar
• Hightower , J. E. and Sparks , K. L. 2003 . “ Migration and spawning habitat of American shad in the Roanoke River, North Carolina ” . In Biodiversity, status, and conservation of the world's shad , Edited by: Limburg , K. E. and Waldman , J. R. 193 – 199 . Bethesda, Maryland : American Fisheries Society . Symposium 35
   Google Scholar
• Jones , P. W. , Martin , F. D. and Hardy , J. D. 1978 . Development of fishes of the Mid- Atlantic Bight, volumes 1–3 , Solomons, Maryland : Biological Services Program .
   Google Scholar
• Katz , H. M. 1986 . Migrational swimming speeds of the American shad, Alosa sapidissima, in the Connecticut River, Massachusetts, USA . Journal of Fish Biology , 29 (Supplement A) : 189 – 197 .
   Google Scholar
• Klauda , R. J. , Fischer , S. A. , Hall , L. W. Jr. and Sullivan , J. A. 1991 . “ American shad and hickory shad, Alosa sapidissima and Alosa mediocris ” . In Habitat requirements for Chesapeake Bay living resources , Edited by: Funderburk , S. L. , Jordan , S. J. , Mihursky , J. A. and Riley , D. 9 – 27 . Annapolis, Maryland : Chesapeake Bay Program .
   Google Scholar
• Leggett , W. C. 1976 . “ The American shad (Alosa sapidissima), with special reference to its migration and population dynamics in the Connecticut River ” . In The Connecticut River Ecological Study: the impact of a nuclear power plant , Edited by: Merriman , D. and Thorpe , L. M. 169 – 227 . Bethesda, Maryland : American Fisheries Society . Monograph 1
   Google Scholar
• Leim , A. H. 1924 . The life history of the shad, Alosa sapidissima (Wilson), with special reference to the factors limiting its abundance . Contributions to Canadian Biology New Series , 2 (11) : 163 – 284 .
   Google Scholar
• Limburg , K. E. , Hattala , K. A. and Kahnle , A. 2003 . “ American shad in its native range ” . In Biodiversity, status, and conservation of the world's shad , Edited by: Limburg , K. E. and Waldman , J. R. 125 – 140 . Bethesda, Maryland : American Fisheries Society . Symposium 35
   Google Scholar
• Lippson , A. J. and Moran , R. L. 1974 . Manual for identification of early development stages of fishes of the Potomac River Estuary , Baltimore : Maryland Department of Natural Resources .
   Google Scholar
• Massmann , W. H. 1952 . Characteristics of spawning areas of shad Alosa sapidissima (Wilson) in some Virginia streams . Transactions of the American Fisheries Society , 81 : 78 – 93 .
   Google Scholar
• Olney , J. E. , Bilkovic , D. M. , Hershner , C. , Varnell , L. , Wang , H. and Mann , R. Six fish and 600,000 thirsty folks: a fishing moratorium on American shad thwarts a controversial municipal reservoir project in Virginia, USA . Proceedings of the World Fisheries Conference . pp. 587 – 597 . Vancouver, British Columbia 2004
   Google Scholar
• Olney , J. E. and Delano , K. 2006 . Monitoring relative abundance of American shad in Virginia's rivers, 2006 Annual Report , Newport News : Report to the Virginia Marine Resources Commission . Contract Number F-116-R-6
   Google Scholar
• Olney , J. E. , Hopler , D. A. , Gunter , T. P. , Maki , K. L. and Hoenig , J. M. 2003 . “ Signs of recovery of American shad in the James River, Virginia ” . In Biodiversity, status, and conservation of the world's shad , Edited by: Limburg , K. E. and Waldman , J. R. 323 – 329 . Bethesda, Maryland : American Fisheries Society . Symposium 35
   Google Scholar
• Olney , J. E. , Latour , R. L. and Watkins , B. E. 2006b . Migratory behavior of American shad (Alosa sapidissima) in the York River, Virginia, and a modified analytical model to estimate in-river mortality using mark-recapture methods . Transactions of the American Fisheries Society , 135 : 889 – 896 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pleasants , J. B. 1971 . The tidal James: a review , Gloucester : Virginia Institute of Marine Science Special Report in Applied Marine Science and Engineering Number 18 .
   Google Scholar
• Smith , I. P. and Smith , G. W. 1997 . Tidal and diel timing of river entry by adult Atlantic salmon to the Aberdeenshire Dee, Scotland . Journal of Fish Biology , 50 : 463 – 474 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stevenson , C. H. 1899 . The shad fisheries of the Atlantic coast of the United States . U.S. Commission of Fish and Fisheries Report of the Commissioner Part , 24 : 184 – 185 .
   Google Scholar
• USGS (U.S. Geological Survey). 2006 . USGS real-time water data for the nation Available: http://waterdata.usgs.gov. (June 2006)
   Google Scholar
• Walburg , C. H. and Nichols , P. R. 1967 . “ Biology and management of the American shad and state of the fisheries, Atlantic coast of the United States, 1960 ” . In U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Special Scientific Report on Fisheries 550
   Google Scholar
• Walburg , C. H. and Sykes , J. E. 1957 . Shad fishery of Chesapeake Bay with special emphasis on the fishery of Virginia. Research Report 48 , Washington, D.C. : U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service .
   Google Scholar
• Wang , J. C. S. and Kernehan , R. J. 1979 . Fishes of the Delaware estuaries: a guide to the early life histories , Towson, Maryland : Ecological Analysts .
   Google Scholar
• Weaver , L. A. , Fisher , M. T. , Bosher , B. T. , Claud , M. L. and Koth , L. J. 2003 . “ Bosher's Dam vertical slot fishway: a useful tool to evaluate American shad recovery efforts in the upper James River ” . In Biodiversity, status, and conservation of the world's shad , Edited by: Limburg , K. E. and Waldman , J. R. 339 – 347 . Bethesda, Maryland : American Fisheries Society . Symposium 35
   Google Scholar
• Zar , J. H. 1999 . Biostatistical analysis, , 4th edition , Upper Saddle River, New Jersey : Prentice-Hall .
   Google Scholar