Update on prophylaxis and therapy of infection in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia

References

• Chapel HM, Bunch C. Mechanisms of infection in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Semin. Hematol 24,291–296 (1987).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morrison VA. The infectious complications of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Semin. Oncol 25,98–106 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ••A comprehensive review of the pathogenesis, incidence and spectrum of infections in patients with CLL and the impact of various therapies on these complications.
   Google Scholar
• Dighiero G. Hypogammaglobulineremia and disordered immunity in CLL. In: Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia: Scientific Advances and Clinical Developments. Cheson BD (Ed.), Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, USA, 147–166 (1993).
   Google Scholar
• Aittoniemi J, Miettinen A, Lame S et al. Opsonising immunoglobulins and mannan-binding lectin in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Leuk. Lymphoma 34,381–385 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morrison VA, Hibbs JR, Janoff EN. Systemic and mucosal immunoglobulin levels and risk of infection in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia and multiple myeloma. B/ooc/88\(Suppl. 1), 240a (Abstract #948) (1996).
   Google Scholar
• Schlesinger M, Broman I, Lugassy G. The complement system is defective in chronic lymphatic leukemia patients and in their healthy relatives. Leukemia10,1509–1513 (1996).
   Google Scholar
• Caligaris-Cappio F, Hamblin TJ. B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia: A bird of a different feather. j Clin. Oncol 17,399–408 (1999).
   Google Scholar
• •A thorough review of the CLL disease process, with emphasis on the molecular aspects and cell biology of the disease.
   Google Scholar
• Foa R, Catovsky D, Lauria F, Galton DA. Reduced T-colony forming capacity by T- lymphocytes from B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia. BE j 1-Lematol. 46,623-632 (1980).
   Google Scholar
• Platsoucas CD, Hernandes G, Gupta SL et al Defective spontaneous and antibody-dependent cytotoxicity mediated by E-rosette-positive and E-rosette-negative cells in untreated patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia: Augmentation by in vitro treatment with interferon. 125,1216–1223 (1980).
   Google Scholar
• Co-operative Group for the Study of Immunoglobulin in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. Intravenous immunoglobulin for the prevention of infection in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. N Engl. I Med. 319,902–907 (1988).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rai KR, Peterson B, Appelbaum FR et al. Fludarabine compared with chlorambucil as primary therapy for chronic lymphocytic leukemia. N. Engl. Med 343,1750–1757 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ••Recent results of the North Americanintergroup B-CLL treatment trial, comparing therapy in previously untreated patients with either chlorambucil, fludarabine or the combination of the two agents.
   Google Scholar
• Juliusson G. Immunological and genetic abnormalities in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia: Impact of the purine analogues. Drugs 47 (Suppl. 6), 19–29 (1994).
   Google Scholar
• Wijermans PW, Gerrits WBJ, Haak HL. Severe immunodeficiency in patients treated with fludarabine monophosphate. Eur 1-Lematol 50,292–296 (1993).
   Google Scholar
• O'Brien S, Kantarjian H, Beran M et al. Results of fludarabine and prednisone therapy in 264 patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia with multivariate analysis-derived prognostic model for response to treatment. B/ooc/2, 1695–1700 (1993).
   Google Scholar
• •Aggregate data from one of the initial larger fludarabine treatment trials in the CLL patient population, including a prognostic factor analysis for response.
   Google Scholar
• McLaughlin P, Hagemeister FB, Swan F, Jr. et al. Phase I study of the combination of fludarabine, mitoxantrone and dexamethasone in low-grade lymphoma. Clin. Oncol 12,575–579 (1994).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keating MJ, O'Brien S, Kantarjian H et al. Long-term follow-up of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia treated with fludarabine as a single agent. B/ooc/81, 2878–2884 (1993).
   Google Scholar
• Mont:1110 M, Tedeschi A, Orlandi E et al. Infectious events in indolent lymphoproliferative disorders treated with regimens including fludarabine. B/ooc/ 90\(Suppl. 1), 195a (Abstract #859) (1997).
   Google Scholar
• Sorensen JM, Vena DA, Fallavollita A, Chun HG, Cheson BD. Treatment of refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia with fludarabine phosphate via the group C protocol mechanism of the National Cancer Institute: Five-year follow-up report. Clin. Oncol 15,458–465 (1997).
   Google Scholar
• •Summary data of a large cohort of CLL patients who received fludarabine therapy for refractory CLL, including toxicity and activity data.
   Google Scholar
• Keating MJ, O'Brien SO, Lerner S et al.Long-term follow-up of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) receiving fludarabine regimens as initial therapy. B/ooc/92, 1165–71 (1998).
   Google Scholar
• •Follow-up report of the long-term outcome of a large series of CLL patients who received fludarabine therapy.
   Google Scholar
• Anaissie E, Kontoyiannis DP, Kantarjian H,Elting L, Robertson LE, Keating M. Listeriosis in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia who were treated with fludarabine and prednisone. Ann. Intern. Med. 117,466–469 (1992).
   Google Scholar
• Byrd JC, Hargis JB, Kester KE, Hospenthal DR, Knutson SW Diehl LE Opportunistic pulmonary infections with fludarabine in previously treated patients with low-grade lymphoid malignancies: A role for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia prophylaxis. Am. Hematol 49,135–142 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jaksic B, Brugiatelli M, Suciu S et al. Randomized Phase II study in untreated B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) comparing fludarabine (FAMP) vs. high dose continuous chlorambucil (HD-CLB). B/ooc/92\(Suppl. 1), 103a (Abstract # 421) (1998).
   Google Scholar
• Morrison VA, Rai KR, Peterson B et al. The impact of therapy with chlorambucil (C), fludarabine (F), or chlorambucil + fludarabine (F-Fq on infections in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL): An intergroup study (CALGB 9011). Blood 92\(Suppl. 1), 490a (Abstract #2020) (1998).
   Google Scholar
• •Comparative report of the infectious complications of CLL patients treated on the North American intergroup trial with either chlorambucil, fludarabine or the combination of the two agents.
   Google Scholar
• Flinn IW, Byrd JC, Morrison C et al. Fludarabine and cyclophosphamide: A highly active and well tolerated regimen for patients with previously untreated chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Blood 92\(Suppl. 1), 104a (Abstract # 424) (1998).
   Google Scholar
• Flinn IW, Lee S, Bennett JM et al. Phase II trial of fludarabine and cyclophosphamide (Flu/Cy) in patients with previously untreated chronic lymphocytic leukemia: An Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group study (E1997). B/ooc/94\(Suppl. 1), 309b (Abstract #4610) (1999).
   Google Scholar
• Gonzalez H, Cazin B, Dighiero G et al. Fludarabine (FAMP) and cyclophosphamide (CTX) combination in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). B/ooc/92\(Suppl. 1), 277b (Abstract #4193) (1998).
   Google Scholar
• Hallek M, Wilhelm M, Emmerich B et al. Fludarabine plus cyclophosphamide (PC) and dose intensified chlorambucil (DIC) for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL): Results of two Phase II studies (CLL-2-Protocol) of the German CLL Study Group (GCLLSG). fliooc/94\(Suppl. 1), 310b (Abstract #4613) (1999).
   Google Scholar
• Mauro FR, Foa R, Cordone I et al Combination of fludarabine, ara-C, novantrone® and dexamethasone (FAND) in young patients with previously treated CLL. B/ooc/92\(Suppl. 1), 280b (Abstract # 4209) (1998).
   Google Scholar
• Dillman RO, Mick R, McIntyre OR. Pentostatin in chronic lymphocytic leukemia: A Phase II trial of Cancer and Leukemia Group B. j Clin. Oncol 7, 433–438 (1989).
   Google Scholar
• Robak T, Blonski JZ, Urbanska-Rys H, Blasinska-Morawiec M, Skotnicki AB. 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine (cladribine) in the treatment of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia 55 years old and younger. Leukemia 13, 518–523 (1999).
   Google Scholar
• •The experience with cladribine therapy in this subset of CLL patients is delineated.
   Google Scholar
• Robak T, Blasinska-Morawiec M, Blonski JZ, Dmoszynska A. 2- chlorodeoxyadenosine (cladribine) in the treatment of elderly patients with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Leuk. Lymphoma 34, 151–157 (1999).
   Google Scholar
• •The experience with cladribine therapy in this subset of CLL patients is delineated.
   Google Scholar
• Piro LD, Carrera CJ, Beutler E, Carson DA. 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine: An effective new agent for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood 72, 1069–1073 (1988).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robak T, Blasinka-Morawiec M, Blonski JZ et al. Randomized multicenter study of the effectiveness of 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine with prednisone versus chlorambucil with prednisone in previously untreated chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Blood 92\(Suppl. 1), 490a (Abstract #2021) (1998).
   Google Scholar
• Janson D, Nissel-Horowitz S, Sattler M, Rai KR. Complete and partial response (CR, PR) in treatment of advanced refractory B-cell chronic lymphomytic leukemia (B-CLL) using Campath-1H. B/ooc/82\(Suppl. 1), 139a (Abstract #541) (1993).
   Google Scholar
• Rai KR, Hoffman M, Janson D et al. Immunosuppression and opportunistic infections (01) in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) following Campath I-H therapy. B/ooc/86\(Suppl. 1), 348a (Abstract # 1381) (1995).
   Google Scholar
• Osterborg A, Dyer MJS, Bunjes D et al. Phase II multicenter study of human CD52 antibody in previously treated chronic lymphocytic leukemia. j Gun. Oncol 15, 1567–1574 (1997).
   Google Scholar
• •Initial clinical trial data regarding the toxicities and outcome of therapy with Carnpath-1H (CD52 antibody) in patients with CLL.
   Google Scholar
• Osterborg A, Fassas AS, Anagnostopoulos A, Dyer MJS, Catovsky D, Mellstedt H. Humanized CD52 monoclonal antibody Campath-1H as first-line treatment in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. BE Haematol 93, 151–153 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mellstedt H, Osterborg A, Lundin J et al. Campath-1H therapy of patients with previously untreated chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Blooc192\(Suppl. 1), 490a (Abstract #2019) (1998).
   Google Scholar
• Emmerich B, Huhn D, Peschel C et al. Treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) with the anti-CD20 antibody rituximab. B/ooc/94\(Suppl. 1), 309b (Abstract #4608) (1999).
   Google Scholar
• Juliusson G. Complications in the treatment of CLL with purine analogues. Hematol Cell Ther. 39, S41—S44 (1997).
   Google Scholar
• Morra E, Nosari A, Montillo M. Infectious complications in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Hematol Cell Ther. 41, 145–151 (1999).
   Google Scholar
• Anaissie EJ, Kontoyiannis DP, O'Brien SO et al. Infections in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia treated with fludarabine. Ann. Intern. Med. 129, 559–566 (1998).
   Google Scholar
• •Summary of the infectious complications in a large series of CLL patients treated with fludarabine, alone or with prednisone, including a risk factor analysis for infection.
   Google Scholar
• Mehta J, Powles R, Singhal S, Riley U, Treleaven J, Catovsky D. Antimicrobial prophylaxis to prevent opportunistic infections in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia after allogeneic blood or marrow transplantation. Leuk. Lymphoma 26, 83–88 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Brien S, Kantaijian H, Beran M et al. Fludarabine and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Leukemia 11, 1631–1635 (1997).
   Google Scholar
• Weeks JC, Tierney MR, Weinstein MC. Cost effectiveness of prophylactic intravenous immune globulin in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. N Engl. I Med. 325, 81–86 (1991).
   Google Scholar
• Molica S, Musto P, Chiurazzu F et al. Prophylaxis against infections with low-dose intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIG) in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Results of a crossover study. Haematologica 81, 121–126 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar