Maintenance therapy in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma: current recommendations

References

• San Miguel JF, Schlag R, Khuageva NK, et al. Bortezomib plus melphalan and prednisone for initial treatment of multiple myeloma. N Engl J Med 2008;359(9):906-17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cavo M, Tacchetti P, Patriarca F, et al. Bortezomib with thalidomide plus dexamethasone compared with thalidomide plus dexamethasone as induction therapy before, and consolidation therapy after, double autologous stem-cell transplantation in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma: a randomised phase 3 study. Lancet 2010;376(9758). 2075-85
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harousseau JL, Attal M, Avet-Loiseau H, et al. Bortezomib plus dexamethasone is superior to vincristine plus doxorubicin plus dexamethasone as induction treatment prior to autologous stem-cell transplantation in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma: results of the IFM. 2005-01 phase III trial. J Clin Oncology 2010;28(30):4621-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgan GJ, Davies FE, Gregory WM, et al. Cyclophosphamide, thalidomide, and dexamethasone (CTD) as initial therapy for patients with multiple myeloma unsuitable for autologous transplantation. Blood 2011;118(5):1231-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgan GJ, Davies FE, Gregory WM, et al. Cyclophosphamide, thalidomide, and dexamethasone as induction therapy for newly diagnosed multiple myeloma patients destined for autologous stem-cell transplantation: MRC Myeloma IX randomized trial results. Haematologica 2012;97(3):442-50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sonneveld P, Schmidt-Wolf IG, van der Holt B, et al. Bortezomib Induction and Maintenance Treatment in Patients With Newly Diagnosed Multiple Myeloma: results of the Randomized Phase III HOVON-65/GMMG-HD4 Trial. J Clin Oncol 2012;30(24):2946-55
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cavo M, Di Raimondo F, Zamagni E, et al. Short-term thalidomide incorporated into double autologous stem-cell transplantation improves outcomes in comparison with double autotransplantation for multiple myeloma. J Clin Oncol 2009;27(30):5001-7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lonial S, Anderson KC. Association of response endpoints with survival outcomes in multiple myeloma. Leukemia 2013. [Epub ahead of print]
   Google Scholar
• Attal M, Lauwers-Cances V, Marit G, et al. Lenalidomide maintenance after stem-cell transplantation for multiple myeloma. N Engl J Med 2012;366(19):1782-91
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCarthy PL, Owzar K, Hofmeister CC, et al. Lenalidomide after stem-cell transplantation for multiple myeloma. N Engl J Med 2012;366(19):1770-81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palumbo A, Hajek R, Delforge M, et al. Continuous lenalidomide treatment for newly diagnosed multiple myeloma. N Engl J Med 2012;366(19):1759-69
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mateos MV, Oriol A, Martinez-Lopez J, et al. Maintenance therapy with bortezomib plus thalidomide or bortezomib plus prednisone in elderly multiple myeloma patients included in the GEM2005MAS65 trial. Blood 2012;120(13):2581-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ludwig H, Durie BG, McCarthy P, et al. IMWG consensus on maintenance therapy in multiple myeloma. Blood 2012;119(13):3003-15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belch A, Shelley W, Bergsagel D, et al. A randomized trial of maintenance versus no maintenance melphalan and prednisone in responding multiple myeloma patients. Br J Cancer 1988;57(1):94-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fritz E, Ludwig H. Interferon-alpha treatment in multiple myeloma: meta-analysis of 30 randomised trials among 3948 patients. Ann Oncol 2000;11(11):1427-36
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barlogie B, Jagannath S, Vesole DH, et al. Superiority of tandem autologous transplantation over standard therapy for previously untreated multiple myeloma. Blood 1997;89(3):789-93
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Myeloma Trialists' Collaborative Group. Interferon as therapy for multiple myeloma: an individual patient data overview of 24 randomized trials and 4012 patients. Br J Haematol 2001;113(4):1020-34
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shustik C, Belch A, Robinson S, et al. A randomised comparison of melphalan with prednisone or dexamethasone as induction therapy and dexamethasone or observation as maintenance therapy in multiple myeloma: NCIC CTG MY.7. Br J Haematol 2007;136(2):203-11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berenson JR, Crowley JJ, Grogan TM, et al. Maintenance therapy with alternate-day prednisone improves survival in multiple myeloma patients. Blood 2002;99(9):3163-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alexanian R, Weber D, Dimopoulos M, et al. Randomized trial of alpha-interferon or dexamethasone as maintenance treatment for multiple myeloma. Am J Hematol 2000;65(3):204-9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Morgan GJ, Gregory WM, Davies FE, et al. The role of maintenance thalidomide therapy in multiple myeloma: MRC Myeloma IX results and meta-analysis. Blood 2012;119(1):7-15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Attal M, Harousseau JL, Leyvraz S, et al. Maintenance therapy with thalidomide improves survival in patients with multiple myeloma. Blood 2006;108(10):3289-94
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spencer A, Prince HM, Roberts AW, et al. Consolidation Therapy With Low-Dose Thalidomide and Prednisolone Prolongs the Survival of Multiple Myeloma Patients Undergoing a Single Autologous Stem-Cell Transplantation Procedure. J Clin Oncol 2009;27(11):1788-93
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barlogie B, Tricot G, Anaissie E, et al. Thalidomide and hematopoietic-cell transplantation for multiple myeloma. N Engl J Med 2006;354(10):1021-30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lokhorst HM, van der Holt B, Zweegman S, et al. A randomized phase 3 study on the effect of thalidomide combined with adriamycin, dexamethasone, and high-dose melphalan, followed by thalidomide maintenance in patients with multiple myeloma. Blood 2010;115(6):1113-20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stewart AK, Trudel S, Bahlis NJ, et al. A randomized phase 3 trial of thalidomide and prednisone as maintenance therapy after ASCT in patients with MM with a quality-of-life assessment: the National Cancer Institute of Canada Clinicals Trials Group Myeloma 10 Trial. Blood 2013;121(9):1517-23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barlogie B, Attal M, Crowley J, et al. Long-term follow-up of autotransplantation trials for multiple myeloma: update of protocols conducted by the intergroupe francophone du myelome, southwest oncology group, and university of Arkansas for medical sciences. J Clin Oncol 2010;28(7):1209-14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barlogie B, Pineda-Roman M, van Rhee F, et al. Thalidomide arm of Total Therapy 2 improves complete remission duration and survival in myeloma patients with metaphase cytogenetic abnormalities. Blood 2008;112(8):3115-21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krishnan A, Pasquini MC, Logan B, et al. Autologous haemopoietic stem-cell transplantation followed by allogeneic or autologous haemopoietic stem-cell transplantation in patients with multiple myeloma (BMT CTN 0102): a phase 3 biological assignment trial. Lancet Oncol 2011;12(13):1195-203
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hahn-AstC vL-TM, van Heteren P, Mückter S, et al. Improved Progression-free and Overall survival with Thalidomide maintenance therapy after autologous stem cell transplantation in multiple myeloma: a meta-analysis of five randomized trials (16th Congress of the European Hematology Association, London, United Kingdom, 19–12 June 2011). Haematologica 2011;96(Suppl 2):Abstract 2884
   Google Scholar
• Ludwig H, Adam Z, Tothova E, et al. Thalidomide maintenance treatment increases progression-free but not overall survival in elderly patients with myeloma. Haematologica 2010;95(9):1548-54
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palumbo A, Bringhen S, Liberati AM, et al. Oral melphalan, prednisone, and thalidomide in elderly patients with multiple myeloma: updated results of a randomized controlled trial. Blood 2008;112(8):3107-14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wijermans P, Schaafsma M, Termorshuizen F, et al. Phase III study of the value of thalidomide added to melphalan plus prednisone in elderly patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma: the HOVON 49 Study. J Clin Oncol 2010;28(19):3160-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waage A, Gimsing P, Fayers P, et al. Melphalan and prednisone plus thalidomide or placebo in elderly patients with multiple myeloma. Blood 2010;116(9):1405-12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beksac M, Haznedar R, Firatli-Tuglular T, et al. Addition of thalidomide to oral melphalan/prednisone in patients with multiple myeloma not eligible for transplantation: results of a randomized trial from the Turkish Myeloma Study Group. Eur J Haematol 2011;86(1):16-22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dimopoulos M, Spencer A, Attal M, et al. Lenalidomide plus dexamethasone for relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma. N Engl J Med 2007;357(21):2123-32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weber DM, Chen C, Niesvizky R, et al. Lenalidomide plus dexamethasone for relapsed multiple myeloma in North America. N Engl J Med 2007;357(21):2133-42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Attal M, Lauwers-Cances V, Marit G, et al. Lenalidomide maintenance after stem-cell transplantation for multiple myeloma: follow-up analysis of the IFM 2005-02 Trial. ASH Annual Meeting Abstracts 2013;Absract 406
   Google Scholar
• Gay F, Cavallo F, Caravita T, et al. Maintenance therapy with lenalidomide significantly improved survival of young newly diagnosed multiple myeloma patients. ASH Annual Meeting Abstracts 2013;122(21):2089
   Google Scholar
• Facon T, Dimopoulos MA, Dispenzieri A, et al. Initial Phase 3 results of the first (frontline investigation of lenalidomide + dexamethasone versus standard thalidomide) trial (MM-020/IFM 07 01) in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (NDMM) patients (Pts) ineligible for stem cell transplantation (SCT). ASH Annual Meeting Abstracts 2013;122(21):2
   Google Scholar
• Sonneveld P, Scheid C, Van der Holt B, et al. Bortezomib induction and maintenance treatment improves survival in patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma: extended follow-up of the HOVON-65/GMMG-HD4 Trial. ASH Annual Meeting Abstracts 2013;122(21): 404
   Google Scholar
• Nair B, van Rhee F, Shaughnessy JD Jr, et al. Superior results of Total Therapy 3 (2003-33) in gene expression profiling-defined low-risk multiple myeloma confirmed in subsequent trial 2006-66 with VRD maintenance. Blood 2010;115(21):4168-73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosinnol L, Oriol A, Teruel AI, et al. Maintenance therapy after stem-cell transplantation for multiple myeloma with bortezomib/thalidomide vs. thalidomide VS. alfa2b-interferon: final results of a Phase III PETHEMA/GEM randomized trial. ASH Annual Meeting Abstracts 2012;120(21):334
   Google Scholar
• Palumbo A, Bringhen S, Rossi D, et al. Bortezomib-melphalan-prednisone-thalidomide followed by maintenance with bortezomib-thalidomide compared with bortezomib-melphalan-prednisone for initial treatment of multiple myeloma: a randomized controlled trial. J Clin Oncol 2010;28(34):5101-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palumbo A, Bringhen S, Rossi D, et al. Overall survival benefit for bortezomib-melphalan-prednisone-thalidomide followed by maintenance with bortezomib-thalidomide (VMPT-VT) versus bortezomib-melphalan-prednisone (VMP) in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma patients. ASH Annual Meeting Abstracts 2012;120(21):200
   Google Scholar
• Niesvizky R, Flinn IW, Rifkin RM, et al. Phase 3b UPFRONT Study: safety and efficacy of weekly bortezomib maintenance therapy after bortezomib-based induction regimens in elderly, newly diagnosed multiple myeloma patients. ASH Annual Meeting Abstracts 2010;116(21):619
   Google Scholar
• Niesvizky R, Flinn IW, Rifkin R, et al. Efficacy and safety of three bortezomib-based induction and maintenenace regimens in previously untreated, transplant-ineligible multiple myeloma (MM) patients (pts): final results from the randomized, phase 3b, US community-based UPFRONT study (NCT00507416). ASH Annual Meeting Abstracts 2013;122(21):1966
   Google Scholar
• Niesvizky R, Flinn IW, Rifkin R, et al. Patient-reported quality of life (QoL) in elderly, newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (MM) patients receiving bortezomib-based combinations: results from all randomized patients in the community-based, Phase 3b UPFRONT Study. ASH Annual Meeting Abstracts 2011;118(21):1864
   Google Scholar
• Moreau P, Pylypenko H, Grosicki S, et al. Subcutaneous versus intravenous administration of bortezomib in patients with relapsed multiple myeloma: a randomised, phase 3, non-inferiority study. Lancet Oncol 2011;12(5):431-40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rajkumar SV, Jacobus S, Callander NS, et al. Lenalidomide plus high-dose dexamethasone versus lenalidomide plus low-dose dexamethasone as initial therapy for newly diagnosed multiple myeloma: an open-label randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol 2010;11(1):29-37
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mailankody S, Pfeiffer RM, Kristinsson SY, et al. Risk of acute myeloid leukemia and myelodysplastic syndromes after multiple myeloma and its precursor disease (MGUS). Blood 2011;118(15):4086-92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rowley JD, Golomb HM, Vardiman JW. Nonrandom chromosome abnormalities in acute leukemia and dysmyelopoietic syndromes in patients with previously treated malignant disease. Blood 1981;58(4):759-67
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• No author listed Acute leukaemia and other secondary neoplasms in patients treated with conventional chemotherapy for multiple myeloma: a Finnish Leukaemia Group study. Eur J Haematol 2000;65(2):123-7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bergsagel DE, Bailey AJ, Langley GR, et al. The chemotherapy on plasma-cell myeloma and the incidence of acute leukemia. N Engl J Med 1979;301(14):743-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dimopoulos MA, Richardson PG, Brandenburg N, et al. A review of second primary malignancy in patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma treated with lenalidomide. Blood 2012;119(12):2764-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dimopoulos MA, Delforge M, Hajek R, et al. Lenalidomide, melphalan, and prednisone, followed by lenalidomide maintenance, improves health-related quality of life in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma patients aged 65 years or older: results of a randomized phase III trial. Haematologica 2013;98(5):784-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Badros AZ. Lenalidomide in myeloma–a high-maintenance friend. N Engl J Med 2012;366(19):1836-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brioli A, Ross FM, Kaiser MF, et al. The impact of thalidomide maintenance therapy varies dependent upon biological risk grouping. ASH Annual Meeting Abstracts 2012;120(21):199
   Google Scholar
• Greipp PR, San Miguel J, Durie BG, et al. International staging system for multiple myeloma. J Clin Oncol 2005;23(15):3412-20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiecchio L, Protheroe RK, Ibrahim AH, et al. Deletion of chromosome 13 detected by conventional cytogenetics is a critical prognostic factor in myeloma. Leukemia 2006;20(9):1610-17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Avet-Louseau H, Daviet A, Sauner S, Bataille R. Intergroupe francophone du M. chromosome 13 abnormalities in multiple myeloma are mostly monosomy 13. Br J Haematol 2000;111(4):1116-17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross FM, Avet-Loiseau H, Ameye G, et al. Report from the European Myeloma Network on interphase FISH in multiple myeloma and related disorders. Haematologica 2012;97(8):1272-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyd KD, Ross FM, Chiecchio L, et al. A novel prognostic model in myeloma based on co-segregating adverse FISH lesions and the ISS: analysis of patients treated in the MRC Myeloma IX trial. Leukemia 2012;26(2):349-55
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Avet-Loiseau H, Durie BG, Cavo M, et al. Combining fluorescent in situ hybridization data with ISS staging improves risk assessment in myeloma: an International Myeloma Working Group collaborative project. Leukemia 2013;27(3):711-17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaughnessy JD Jr, Zhan F, Burington BE, et al. A validated gene expression model of high-risk multiple myeloma is defined by deregulated expression of genes mapping to chromosome 1. Blood 2007;109(6):2276-84
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Decaux O, Lode L, Magrangeas F, et al. Prediction of survival in multiple myeloma based on gene expression profiles reveals cell cycle and chromosomal instability signatures in high-risk patients and hyperdiploid signatures in low-risk patients: a study of the Intergroupe Francophone du Myelome. J Clin Oncol 2008;26(29). 4798-805
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dickens NJ, Walker BA, Leone PE, et al. Homozygous deletion mapping in myeloma samples identifies genes and an expression signature relevant to pathogenesis and outcome. Clin Canc Res 2010;16(6):1856-64
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cavo M, Pantani L, Petrucci MT, et al. Bortezomib-thalidomide-dexamethasone is superior to thalidomide-dexamethasone as consolidation therapy after autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma. Blood 2012;120(1):9-19
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Avet-Loiseau H, Leleu X, Roussel M, et al. Bortezomib plus dexamethasone induction improves outcome of patients with t(4;14) myeloma but not outcome of patients with del(17p). J Clin Oncol 2010;28(30):4630-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neben K, Lokhorst HM, Jauch A, et al. Administration of bortezomib before and after autologous stem cell transplantation improves outcome in multiple myeloma patients with deletion 17p. Blood 2012;119(4):940-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keats JJ, Chesi M, Egan JB, et al. Clonal competition with alternating dominance in multiple myeloma. Blood 2012;120(5):1067-76
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker BA, Wardell CP, Melchor L, et al. Intraclonal heterogeneity and distinct molecular mechanisms characterize the development of t(4;14) and t(11;14) myeloma. Blood 2012;120(5):1077-86
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brioli A, Davies FE, Gregory WM, et al. Low rate of second primary malignancies (SPMs) in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (MM) patients treated with lenalidomide: first results from the MRC MM XI trial (18th Congress of the European Hematology Association, Stockholm, Sweden, 13–16 June 2013) (P242). Haematologica 2013;98(Suppl 1):104
   Google Scholar
• Attal M, Lauwers-Cances V, Marit G, et al. Lenalidomide maintenance after stem-cell transplantation for multiple myeloma: follow-up analysis of the IFM 2005-02 trial. Blood 2013;122(21):406
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker BA, Wardell CP, Melchor L, et al. Intraclonal heterogeneity is a critical early event in the development of myeloma and precedes the development of clinical symptoms. Leukemia 2013. [Epub ahead of print]
   Google Scholar