Advanced search
Publication Cover
Expert Review of Anticancer Therapy Volume 6, 2006 - Issue 9
Submit an article Journal homepage
44
Views
1
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Locoregional therapy of breast cancer: maximizing control, minimizing morbidity

Michael S Sabel University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, 3304 Cancer Center, Division of Surgical Oncology, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA. [email protected]
Pages 1281-1299 | Published online: 10 Jan 2014

References

  • Halsted WS. The results of operations for the cure of cancer of the breast performed at the Johns Hopkins Hospital from June, 1889–January, 1894. Johns Hopkins Hospital Bulletin4, 1111 (1894).
  • Adair F, Berg J, Joubert L, Robbins GF. Long-term follow-up of breast cancer patients: the 30 year report. Cancer33, 1145–1150 (1974).
  • Fisher B, Redmond C, Poisson R et al. Eight-year results of a randomized clinical trial comparing total mastectomy and lumpectomy with or without irradiation in the treatment of breast cancer. N. Engl. J. Med.320(13), 822–828 (1989).
  • Fisher B, Anderson S, Bryant J et al. Twenty year follow-up of a randomized trial comparing total mastectomy, lumpectomy, and lumpectomy plus irradiation for the treatment of invasive breast cancer. N. Engl. J. Med.347(16), 1233–1241 (2002).
  • Veronesi U, Cascinelli N, Mariani L et al. Twenty year follow-up of a randomized study comparing breast-conserving surgery with radical mastectomy for early breast cancer. N. Engl. J. Med.347(16), 1227–1232 (2002).
  • Van Dongen JA, Voogd AC, Fentiman IS et al. Long-term results of a randomized trial comparing breast conserving therapy with mastectomy: European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer 10801 Trial. J. Natl Cancer Inst.92, 1143–1150 (2000).
  • Poggi MM, Danforth DN, Sciuto LC et al. Eighteen year results in the treatment of early breast carcinoma with mastectomy versus breast conservation therapy: the National Cancer Institute Randomized Trial. Cancer98, 697–702 (2003).
  • Arriagada R, Le MG, Rochard F et al. Conservative treatment versus mastectomy in early breast cancer: patterns of failure with 15 years of follow-up data. Institut Gustave-Roussy Breast Cancer Group. J. Clin. Oncol.14, 1558–1564 (1996).
  • Blichert-Toft M, Rose C, Andersen JA et al. Danish randomized trial comparing breast conservation therapy with mastectomy: six years of life-table analysis. Danish Breast Cancer Cooperative Group. J. Natl Cancer Inst. Monogr.11, 19–25 (1992).
  • Jacobson JA, Danforth DN, Cowan KH et al. Ten-year results of a comparison of conservation with mastectomy in the treatment of stage I and II breast cancer. N. Engl. J. Med.332(14), 907–911 (1995).
  • Guadagnoli E, Weeks JC, Shapiro CL et al. Use of breast-conserving surgery for treatment of stage I and stage II breast cancer. J. Clin. Oncol.16, 101–106 (1998).
  • Nattinger AB, Gottlieb MS, Veum J et al. Geographic variation in the use of breast-conserving treatment for breast cancer. N. Engl. J. Med.326, 1102–1107 (1992).
  • Farrow DC, Hunt WC, Samet JM. Geographic variation in the treatment of localized breast cancer. N. Engl. J. Med.326, 1097–1101 (1992).
  • Riley GF, Potosky AL, Klabunde CN et al. Stage at diagnosis and treatment patterns among older women with breast cancer: an HMO and fee-for-service comparison. JAMA281, 720–726 (1999).
  • Legorreta AP, Liu X, Parker RG. Examining the use of breast-conserving treatment for women with breast cancer in a managed care environment. Am. J. Clin. Oncol.23, 438–441 (2000).
  • Hiotis K, Ye W, Sposto R, Skinner KA. Predictors of breast conservation therapy: size is not all that matters. Cancer103, 892–899 (2005).
  • Locker GY, Sainsbury JR, Cuzick J, Group AT. Breast surgery in the ‘Arimidex, Tamoxifen Alone or in Combination’ (ATAC) trial: American women are more likely than women from the United Kingdom to undergo mastectomy. Cancer101(4), 735–40 (2004).
  • Simmons RM, Adamovich TL. Skin-sparing mastectomy. Surg. Clin. North Am.83, 885–899 (2003).
  • Cocquyt VF, Blondeel PN, Depypere HT et al. Better cosmetic results and comparable quality of life after skin-sparing mastectomy and immediate autologous breast reconstruction compared to breast conservative treatment. Br. J. Plast. Surg.56, 462–470 (2003).
  • Downes KJ, Glatt BS, Kanchwala SK et al. Skin-sparing mastectomy and immediate reconstruction is an acceptable treatment option for patients with high-risk breast carcinoma. Cancer103, 906–913 (2005).
  • Foster RD, Esserman LJ, Anthony JP et al. Skin-sparing mastectomy and immediate breast reconstruction: a prospective cohort study for the treatment of advanced stages of breast carcinoma. Ann. Surg. Oncol.9, 462–466 (2002).
  • Chagpar AB, Studts JL, Scoggins CR et al. Factors associated with surgical options for breast carcinoma. Cancer106(7), 1462–1466 (2006).
  • Katz SJ, Lantz PM, Janz NK et al. Surgeon perspectives about local therapy for breast carcinoma. Cancer104(9), 1854–1861 (2005).
  • Katz SJ, Lantz PM, Janz NK et al. Patient involvement in surgery treatment decisions for breast cancer. J. Clin. Oncol.23(24), 5526–5533 (2005).
  • Lantz PM, Janz NK, Fagerlin A et al. Satisfaction with surgery outcomes and the decision process in a population-based sample of women with breast cancer. Health Services Res.40(3), 745–767 (2005).
  • Janz NK, Wren PA, Copeland LA et al. Patient–physician concordance: preference, perceptions, and factors influencing the breast cancer surgical decision. J. Clin. Oncol.22(15), 3091–3098 (2004).
  • Whelan T, Levine M, Willan A et al. Effect of a decision aid on knowledge and treatment decision making for breast cancer surgery: a randomized trial. JAMA292(4), 435–441 (2004).
  • Morrow M, Strom EA, Bassett LW et al. Standard for breast conservation therapy in the management of invasive breast carcinoma. CA Cancer J. Clin.52, 277–300 (2002).
  • Fleck R, McNeese MD, Ellerbroek NA et al. Consequences of breast irradiation in patients with pre-existing collagen vascular diseases. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys.17, 829–833 (1989).
  • Morris MM, Powell SN. Irradiation in the setting of collagen vascular disease: acute and late complications. J. Clin. Oncol.15, 2728–2735 (1997).
  • Ross JG, Hussey DH, Mayr NA, Davis CS. Acute and late reactions to radiation therapy in patients with collagen vascular diseases. Cancer71, 3744–3752 (1993).
  • Wilson LD, Beinfield M, McKhann CF, Haffty BG. Conservative surgery and radiation in the treatment of synchronous ipsilateral breast cancers. Cancer72, 137–142 (1993).
  • Leopold KA, Recht A, Schnitt SJ et al. Results of conservative surgery and radiation therapy for multiple synchronous cancers of one breast. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys.16, 11–16 (1989).
  • Kurtz JM, Jacquemier J, Amalric R et al. Breast-conserving therapy for macroscopically multiple cancers. Ann. Surg.212, 38–44 (1990).
  • Cho LC, Senzer N, Peters GN. Conservative surgery and radiation therapy for macroscopically multiple ipsilateral invasive breast cancers. Am. J. Surg.183, 650–654 (2002).
  • Staradub VL, Hsieh Y-C, Clauson J et al. Factors that influence surgical choices in women with breast carcinoma. Cancer95(6), 1185–1190 (2002).
  • Gage I, Recht A, Gelman RS et al. Long-term outcome following breast-conserving surgery and radiation therapy. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys.33(2), (1998).
  • Nixon AJ, Newberg D, Hayes DF et al. Relationship of patient age to pathologic features of the tumor and prognosis for patients with stage I or II breast cancer. J. Clin. Oncol.12, 888–94 (1994).
  • Kurtz JM, Jacquemier J, Amalric R et al. Why are local recurrences after breast-conserving therapy more frequent in younger patients? J. Clin. Oncol.8, 591–598 (1990).
  • Pierce LJ, Strawderman M, Narod SA et al. Effect of radiotherapy after breast conserving treatment in women with breast cancer and germline BRCA1/2 mutations. J. Clin. Oncol.18, 3360–3369 (2000).
  • Pierce LJ, Levin AM, Rebbeck TR et al. Ten-year multi-institutional results of breast conserving surgery and radiotherapy in BRCA1/2-associated stage I/II breast cancer. J. Clin. Oncol.24(16), 2437–2443 (2006).
  • Schwartz GF, Hortobagyi GN. Proceedings of the consensus conference on neoadjuvant chemotherapy in carcinoma of the breast, April 26–28, 2003, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Cancer100(12), 2512–2532 (2004).
  • Fisher B, Brown A, Mamounas E et al. Effect of preoperative chemotherapy on local-regional disease in women with operable breast cancer: findings from National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project B-18. J. Clin. Oncol.15(7), 2483–2493 (1997).
  • Ghafoor A, Jemal A, Ward E et al. Trends in breast cancer by race and ethnicity. CA Cancer J. Clin.53, 342–355 (2003).
  • Kaufman CS, Bachman B, Littrup PJ et al. Cryoablation treatment of benign breast lesions with 12-month follow-up. Am. J. Surg.188, 340–348 (2004).
  • Tafra L, Smith JS, Woodward JE et al. Pilot study of cryo-assisted lumpectomy for small ultrasound visible breast cancers (abstract). Ann. Surg. Oncol.10(Suppl. 1), S33–S34 (2003).
  • Staren ED, Sabel MS, Gianakakis LM et al. Cryosurgery of breast cancer. Arch. Surg.132(1), 28–33 (1997).
  • Sabel MS, Kaufman CS, Whitworth P et al. Cryoablation of early-stage breast cancer: Work-in-progress report of a multi-institutional trial. Ann. Surg. Oncol.11, 542–549 (2003).
  • Pfleiderer SO, Freesmeyer MG, Marx C et al. Cryotherapy of breast cancer under ultrasound guidance: initial results and limitations. Eur. Radiol.12(12), 3009–3014 (2002).
  • Morin J, Traore A, Dionne G et al. Magnetic-resonance-guided percutaneous cryosurgery of breast carcinoma: technique and early clinical results. Can. J. Surg.47(5), 347–351 (2004).
  • Sabel MS, Nehs MA, Su G et al. Immunologic response to cryoablation of breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res. Treat.90, 97–104 (2005).
  • Fornage BC, Sneige N, Ross MI et al. Small (<2cm) breast cancer treated with US-guided radiofrequency ablation: feasibility study. Radiology231, 215–224 (2004).
  • Izzo F, Thomas R, Delrio P et al. Radiofrequency ablation in patients with primary breast carcinoma. A pilot study in 26 patients. Cancer92, 2036–2044 (2001).
  • Hayasi A, Silver SF, van der Westhuizen NG. Treatment of invasive breast carcinoma with ultrasound guided radiofrequency ablation. Am. J. Surg.185, 429–435 (2003).
  • Singletary SE. Feasibility of radiofrequency ablation for primary breast cancer. Breast Cancer10, 4–9 (2003).
  • Burak WE, Angese MA, Povoski SP et al. Radiofrequency ablation of invasive breast carcinoma followed by delated surgical excision. Cancer98, 1369–1376 (2003).
  • Dowlatshahi K, Fan M, Gould VE et al. Stereotactically guided laser therapy of occult breast tumors: Work in progress report. Arch. Surg.135, 1345–1352 (2000).
  • Dowlatshahi K, Francescatti DS, Bloom KJ. Laser therapy for small breast cancers. Am. J. Surg.184, 359–363 (2002).
  • Harms SE, Klimberg VS, Henry-Tilman R et al. MRI directed laser therapy for benign and malignant breast neoplasms: Clinical follow-up and histologic correlation (abstract). Radiological Society of North America Annual Meeting (2000).
  • Mumtaz H, Hall-Graggs MA, Wotherspoon A et al. Laser therapy for breast cancer: MR imaging and histopathologic correlation. Radiology200, 651–658 (1996).
  • Robinson DS, Parel J-M, Denham DB et al. Interstitial laser hyperthermia model development for minimally invasive therapy of breast carcinoma. J. Am. Coll. Surg.186(3), 284–292 (1998).
  • Fenn AJ, Wolf GL, Fogle RM. An adaptive microwave phased array for targeted heating of deep tumours in intact breast: animal study results. Int. J. Hyperthermia15(1), 45–61 (1999).
  • Gardner RA, Vargas HI, Block JB et al. Focused microwave phased array thermotherapy for primary breast cancer. Ann. Surg. Oncol.9(4), 326–332 (2002).
  • Vargas HI, Dooley WC, Gardner RA et al. Focused microwave phases array thermotherapy for ablation of early-stage breast cancer: results of thermal dose escalation. Ann. Surg. Oncol.11, 139–146 (2004).
  • Huber PE, Jenne JW, Rastert R et al. A new non-invasive approach in breast cancer therapy using magnetic resonance imaging guided focused ultrasound surgery. Cancer Res.61, 8441–8447 (2001).
  • Gianfelice D, Khiat A, Amara M et al. Imaging-guided focused US ablation of breast cancer: histopathologic assessment of effectiveness – initial experience. Radiology227, 849–855 (2003).
  • Clarke M, Collins R, Darby S et al. Effects of radiotherapy and of differences in the extent of surgery for early breast cancer on local recurrence and 15 year survival: an overview of the randomized trials. Lancet366(9503), 2087–2106 (2005).
  • Whelan TJ, Julian J, Wright J et al. Does locoregional radiation therapy improve survival in breast cancer? A meta-analysis. J. Clin. Oncol.18, 1220–1229 (2000).
  • Schnitt SJ, Hayman JA, Gelman RS et al. A prospective study of conservative surgery alone in the treatment of selected patients with stage I breast cancer. Cancer77, 1094–1100 (1996).
  • Fisher B, Bryant J, Dignam JJ et al. Tamoxifen, radiation therapy, or both for prevention of ipsilateral breast tumor recurrence after lumpectomy in women with invasive breast cancers of one centimeter or less. J. Clin. Oncol.20, 4141–4149 (2002).
  • Nemoto T, Patel JK, Rosner D et al. Factors affecting recurrence in lumpectomy without irradiation for breast cancer. Cancer67, 2079–2082 (1991).
  • Kantorowitz DA, Poulter CA, Sischy B et al. Treatment of breast cancer among elderly women with segmental mastectomy or segmental mastectomy plus postoperative radiotherapy. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys.15, 263–270 (1988).
  • Reed MW, Morrison JM. Wide local excision as the sole primary treatment in elderly patients with carcinoma of the breast. Br. J. Surg.76, 898–900 (1989).
  • Fyles AW, McCready DR, Manchul LA et al. Tamoxifen with or without breast irradiation in women 50 years of age or older with early breast cancer. N. Engl. J. Med.351, 963–970 (2004).
  • Hughes KS, Schnaper LA, Berry D et al. Lumpectomy plus tamoxifen with or without irradiation in women 70 years of age or older with early breast cancer. N. Engl. J. Med.351(10), 971–977 (2004).
  • Recht A, Gray R, Davidson NE et al. Locoregional failure 10 years after mastectomy and adjuvant chemotherapy with or without tamoxifen without irradiation: experience of the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group. J. Clin. Oncol.17, 1689–1700 (1999).
  • Taghian A, Jeong JH, Mamounas E et al. Patterns of locoregional failure in patients with operable breast cancer treated by mastectomy and adjuvant chemotherapy with or without tamoxifen and without radiotherapy: results from five National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project randomized clinical trials. J. Clin. Oncol.22, 4247–4254 (2004).
  • Katz A, Strom EA, Buchholz TA et al. Locoregional recurrence patterns after mastectomy and doxorubicin-based chemotherapy: implications for postoperative irradiation. J. Clin. Oncol.18, 2817–2827 (2000).
  • Fowble B, Gray R, Gilchrist K et al. Identification of a subgroup of patients with breast cancer and histologically positive axillary nodes receiving adjuvant chemotherapy who may benefit from postoperative radiotherapy. J. Clin. Oncol.6, 1107–1117 (1988).
  • Stjernsward J. Decreased survival related to irradiation postoperatively in early operable breast cancer. Lancet2, 1285–1286 (1974).
  • Overgaard M, Hansen PS, Overgaard J et al. Postoperative radiotherapy in high-risk premenopausal women with breast cancer who receive adjuvant therapy. Danish Breast Cancer Cooperative Group 82b Trial. N. Engl. J. Med.337, 949–955 (1997).
  • Recht A, Houlihan MJ. Axillary lymph nodes and breast cancer: a review. Cancer76, 1491–1512 (1995).
  • Ragaz J, Jackson SM, Le N et al. Adjuvant radiotherapy and chemotherapy in node-positive premenopausal women with breast cancer. N. Engl. J. Med.337, 956–962 (1997).
  • Ragaz J, Olivotto IA, Spinelli JJ et al. Locoregional radiation therapy in patients with high-risk breast cancer receiving adjuvant chemotherapy: 20 year results of the British Columbia randomized trial. J. Natl Cancer Inst.97(2), 116–126 (2005).
  • Overgaard M, Jensen MB, Overgaard J et al. Postoperative radiotherapy in high-risk postmenopausal breast-cancer patients given adjuvant tamoxifen: Danish Breast Cancer Cooperative Group DBCG 82c randomised trial. Lancet353, 1641–1648 (1999).
  • Recht A, Edge SB, Solin LJ et al. Postmastectomy radiotherapy: clinical practice guidelines of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. J. Clin. Oncol.19, 1539–1569 (2001).
  • Schecter NR, Strom EA, Perkins GH et al. Immediate breast reconstruction can impact postmastectomy irradiation. Am. J. Clin. Oncol.28(5), 485–494 (2005).
  • Kronowitz SJ, Hunt KK, Keurer HM et al. Delayed-immediate breast reconstruction. Plastic Reconstructive Surg.113, 1617–1628 (2004).
  • Holland R, Veling SH, Mravunac M et al. Histologic multifocality of Tis, T1–2 breast carcinomas. Implications for clinical trials of breast-conserving surgery. Cancer56, 979–990 (1985).
  • Harris JR. Notes on the Ontario trial in the context of breast-conserving therapy for early-stage breast cancer. J. Clin. Oncol.18, 43S44S (2000).
  • Whelan TJ, MacKenzie RG, Levine M et al. A randomized trial comparing two fractionation schedules for breast irradiation postlumpectomy in node-negative breast cancer (abstract). Proc. Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol.19, 2A (2000).
  • Fortin A, Larochelle M, Laverdiere J et al. Local failure is responsible for the decrease in survival for patients wtih breast cancer treated with conservative surgery and postoperative radiotherapy. J. Clin. Oncol.17, 101–109 (1999).
  • Boyages J, Recht A, Connolly JL et al. Early breast cancer: predictors of breast recurrence for patients treated with conservative surgery and radiation therapy. Radiother. Oncol.19, 29–41 (1990).
  • Liljegren G, Holmberg L, Bergh J et al. 10 year results after sector resection with or without postoperative radiotherapy for stage I breast cancer: a randomized trial. J. Clin. Oncol.17, 2326–2333 (1999).
  • Touboul E, Buffat L, Belkacemi Y et al. Local recurrences and distant metastases after breast-conserving surgery and radiation therapy for early breast cancer. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys.43, 25–38 (1999).
  • Smith TE, Lee D, Turner BC et al. True recurrence vs. new primary ipsilateral breast tumor relapse: an analysis of clinical and pathologic differences and their implications in natural history, prognoses, and therapeutic management. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys.48, 1281–1289 (2000).
  • Huang E, Buchholz TA, Meric F et al. Classifying local disease recurrences after breast conservation therapy based on location and histology: new primary tumors have more favorable outcomes than true local disease recurrences. Cancer95, 2059–2067 (2002).
  • Pawlik TM, Buchholz TA, Kuerer HM. The biologic rationale for and emerging role of accelerated partial breast irradiation for breast cancer. J. Am. Coll. Surg.199(3), 480–492 (2004).
  • Keisch M, Vicini FA, Kuske RR et al. Initial clinical experience with the MammoSite breast brachytherapy applicator in women with early-stage breast cancer treated with breast conserving therapy. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys.55, 289–293 (2003).
  • Vicini FA, Beitsch PD, Quiet CA et al. First analysis of patient demographics, technical reproducibility, cosmesis and early toxicity. Cancer104, 1138–1148 (2005).
  • Krueger EA, Fraass BA, Pierce LJ. Clinical aspects of intensity-modulated radiotherapy in the treatment of breast cancer. Semin. Radiat. Oncol.12, 250–259 (2002).
  • Strom EA. Breast IMRT: new tools leading to new vision. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys.54, 1297–1298 (2002).
  • Vicini FA, Sharpe M, Kestin L et al. Optimizing breast cancer treatment efficacy with intensity-modulated radiotherapy. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys.54, 1336–1344 (2002).
  • Vaidya JS, Tobias JS, Baum M et al. Intraoperative radiotherapy for breast cancer. Lancet Oncol.5, 165–173 (2004).
  • Tobias JS, Vaidya JS, Keshgart M et al. Reducing radiotherapy dose in early breast cancer: the concept of conformal intraoperative brachytherapy. Br. J. Radiol.77, 279–284 (2004).
  • Veronesi U, Gatti G, Luini A et al. Full-dose intraoperative radiotherapy with electrons during breast conservation surgery. Arch. Surg.138, 1253–1256 (2003).
  • Krag D, Weaver D, Ashikaga T et al. The sentinel node in breast cancer – a multicenter validation study. N. Engl. J. Med.339, 941–946 (1998).
  • Guiliano AE, Jones RC, Brennan M, Statman R. Sentinel lymphadenectomy in breast cancer. J. Clin. Oncol.15, 2345–2350 (1997).
  • Guiliano AE, Dale PS, Turner RR et al. Improved staging of breast cancer with sentinel lymphadenectomy. Ann. Surg.3, 394–401 (1995).
  • Veronesi U, Paganelli G, Galimberti V et al. Sentinel node biopsy to avoid axillary dissection in breast cancer with clinically negative lymph nodes. Lancet349, 1864–1867 (1997).
  • Cody HS, Fey JV, Akhurst T et al. Complementarity of blue dye and isotope in sentinel node localization for breast cancer: univariate and multivariate analysis of 966 procedures. Ann. Surg. Oncol.8, 13–19 (2001).
  • McMasters KM, Tuttle TM, Carlson DJ et al. Sentinel lymph node biopsy for breast cancer: a suitable alternative to routine axillary dissection in multi-institutional practice when optimal technique is used. J. Clin. Oncol.18, 2560–2566 (2000).
  • Naik AM, Fey JV, Gemignani ML et al. The risk of axillary relapse after sentinel lymph node biopsy for breast cancer is comparable with that of axillary lymph node dissection: a follow-up study of 4008 procedures. Ann. Surg.240, 462–471 (2004).
  • Swenson KK, Mahipal A, Nissen MJ et al. Axillary disease recurrence after sentinel lymph node dissection for breast carcinoma. Cancer104, 1834–1839 (2005).
  • Giuliano AE, Haigh PI, Brennan MB et al. Prospective observational study of sentinel lymphadenectomy without further axillary dissection in patients with sentinel node-negative breast cancer. J. Clin. Oncol.18, 2553–2559 (2000).
  • Cox CE, Bass SS, McCann CR et al. Lymphatic mapping and sentinel lymph node biopsy in patients with breast cancer. Annu. Rev. Med.51, 525–42 (2000).
  • Fraile M, Rull M, Julian FJ et al. Sentinel node biopsy as a practical alternative to axillary lymph node dissection in breast cancer patients: an approach to its validity. Ann. Oncol.11, 701–705 (2000).
  • Lyman GH, Kim TY, Giuliano AE. A systematic review and meta-analysis of lymphatic mapping and sentinel node biopsy (SNB) in early stage breast cancer. San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium. San Antonio, TX, USA (Abstract 2001) (2004).
  • Allweis TM, Badriyyah M, Bar Ad V et al. Current controversies in sentinel lymph node biopsy for breast cancer. Breast12(3), 163–171 (2003).
  • Sanidas EE, Deskalakis M, Sbyrakis N, Tsiftsis DD. Modifications of the learning curve guidelines for breast cancer sentinel node biopsy. Eur. J. Cancer31(4), 357–363 (2005).
  • Cochran AJ, Roberts AA, Saida T. The place of lymphatic mapping and sentinel node biopsy in oncology. Int. J. Clin. Oncol.8(3), 139–150 (2003).
  • Sanidas EE, de Bree E, Tsiftsis DD. How many cases are enough for accreditation in sentinel lymph node biopsy in breast cancer? Am. J. Surg.185(3), 202–210 (2003).
  • Veronesi U, Paganelli G, Viale G et al. A randomized comparison of sentinel-node biopsy with routine axillary dissection in breast cancer. N. Engl. J. Med.349, 546–553 (2003).
  • Julian TB, Krag DN, Brown A et al. Preliminary technical results of NSABP B-32, a randomized Phase III clinical trial to compare sentinel node resection to conventional axillary dissection in clinically node-negative breast cancer patients. San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium. San Antonio, TX, (Abstract 14) (2004).
  • Mansel RE, Goyal A, Fallowfield L et al. Sentinel node biopsy versus standard axillary treatment: results of the randomized multicenter UK ALMANAC trial. San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium. San Antonio, TX, (Abstract 18) (2004).
  • International (Ludwig) Breast Cancer Study Group. Prognostic importance of occult axillary lymph node micrometastases from breast cancers. Lancet335, 1565 (1990).
  • Hainsworth PJ, Tjandra JJ, Stillwell RG et al. Detection and significance of occult metastases in node-negative breast cancer. Br. J. Surg.80, 459–463 (1993).
  • McGuckin MA, Cummings MC, Walsh MD et al. Occult axillary node metastases in breast cancer: their detection and prognostic significance. Br. J. Cancer73, 88–95 (1996).
  • Clare SE, Sener SF, Wilkens W et al. Prognostic significance of occult lymph node metastases in node-negative breast cancer. Ann. Surg. Oncol.4, 447 (1997).
  • Cote RJ, Peterson HF, Chaiwun B et al. Role of immunohistochemical detection of lymph-node micrometastases in management of breast cancer. International Breast Cancer Study Group. Lancet354, 896 (1999).
  • Pickren JW. Significance of occult metastases. A study of breast cancer. Cancer14, 1266–1271 (1961).
  • Fisher ER, Swamidoss S, Lee CH et al. Detection and significance of occult axillary node metastases in patients with invasive breast cancer. Cancer42, 2025–2031 (1978).
  • Rosen PP, Saigo PE, Braun DW et al. Occult axillary lymph node metastases from breast cancers with intramammary lymphatic tumor emboli. Am. J. Surg. Pathol.6, 639–641 (1982).
  • Wilkinson EJ, Hause LL, Hoffman RG et al. Occult axillary lymph node metastases in invasive breast carcinoma: characteristics of the primary tumor and significance of the metastases. Pathol. Annu.17(Pt 2), 67–91 (1982).
  • de Mascarel I, MacGrogan G, Picot V, Mathoulin-Pelissier S. Prognostic significance of immunohistochemically detected breast cancer node metastases in 218 patients. Br. J. Cancer87, 70–74 (2002).
  • Chagpar AB, Middleton LP, Sahin AA et al. Clinical outcome of patients with lymph node-negative breast carcinoma who have sentinel lymph node micrometastases detected by immunohistochemistry. Cancer103(8), 1571–1580 (2005).
  • Langer I, Marti WR, Guller U et al. Axillary recurrence rate in breast cancer patients wtih negative sentinel lymph node (SLN) or SLN micrometastases: prospective analysis of 150 patients after SLN biopsy. Ann. Surg.241, 152–158 (2005).
  • Klauber-DeMore N, Tan LK, Liberman L et al. Sentinel lymph node biopsy: is it indicated in patients with high-risk ductal carcinoma in situ and ductal carcinoma in situ with microinvasion? Ann. Surg. Oncol.7(9), 636–642 (2000).
  • Edge SB, Sheldon DG. Sentinel lymph node biopsy is not indicated for ductal carcinoma in situ. J. Natl Comprehensive Cancer Network1(2), 207–212 (2003).
  • Hansen NM, Ye X, Grube BJ, Guiliano AE. Manipulation of the primary breast tumor and the incidence of sentinel node metastases from invasive breast cancer. Arch. Surg.139, 634–640 (2004).
  • Newman EL, Kahn A, Diehl KM et al. Does the method of biopsy affect the incidence of sentinel lymph node metastases? Breast J.12(1), 53–57 (2006).
  • Moore KH, Thaler HT, Tan LK et al. Immunohistochemically detected tumor cells in the sentinel lymph nodes of patients with breast carcinoma. Biologic metastasis or procedural artifact? Cancer100, 929–934 (2004).
  • Lyman GH, Guiliano AE, Somerfield MR et al. American Society of Clinical Oncology guideline recommendations for sentinel lymph node biopsy in early-stage breast cancer. J. Clin. Oncol.23, 7703–7720 (2005).
  • van Rijk MC, Deurloo EE, Nieweg OE et al. Ultrasonography and fine-needle aspiration cytology can spare breast cancer patients unnecessary sentinel lymph node biopsy. Ann. Surg. Oncol.13(1), 31–35 (2006).
  • Khan A, Sabel MS, Nees A et al. Comprehensive axillary evaluation in neoadjuvant chemotherapy patients with ultrasonography and sentinel lymph node biopsy. Ann. Surg. Oncol.12(9), 697–704 (2005).
  • Sabel MS, Schott AF, Kleer CG et al. Sentinel node biopsy prior to neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Am. J. Surg.186(2), 102–105 (2003).
  • Jones JL, Zabicki K, Christian RL et al. A comparison of sentinel node biopsy before and after neoadjuvant chemotherapy: timing is important. Am. J. Surg.190(4), 517–520 (2005).
  • Schrenk P, Hochreiner G, Fridrik M, Wayand W. Sentinel node biopsy performed before preoperative chemotherapy for axillary lymph node staging in breast cancer. Breast J.9(4), 282–287 (2003).
  • Breslin TM, Cohen LF, Sahin AA et al. Sentinel lymph node biopsy is accurate after neoadjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer. J. Clin. Oncol.18(20), 3480–3486 (2000).
  • Brady EW. Sentinel lymph node mapping following neoadjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer. Breast J.8(2), 97–100 (2002).
  • Mamounas EP, Brown A, Smith R et al. Accuracy of sentinel node biopsy after neoadjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancer: updated results from NSABP B-27. Proc. Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol.21, 140 (2002).
  • Stearns V, Ewing CA, Slack R et al. Sentinel lymphadenectomy after neoadjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer may reliably represent the axilla except for inflammatory breast cancer. Ann. Surg. Oncol.9(3), 235–242 (2002).
  • Xing Y, Foy M, Cox DD et al. Meta-analysis of sentinel lymph node biopsy after preoperative chemotherapy in patients with breast cancer. Br. J. Surg.93, 539–546 (2006).
  • Keuerer HM, Sahin AA, Hunt KK et al. Incidence and impact of documented eradication of breast cancer axillary lymph node metastases prior to surgery in patients treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Ann. Surg.230, 72–78 (1999).
  • Hennessy BT, Hortobagyi GN, Rouzier R et al. Outcome after pathologic complete eradication of cytologically proven breast cancer axillary node metastases following primary chemotherapy. J. Clin. Oncol.23(36), 9304–9311 (2005).
  • Guiliano AE, Kirgan DM, Guenther JM et al. Lymphatic mapping and sentinel lymphadenectomy for breast cancer. Ann. Surg.220, 391–401 (1994).
  • Borgstein PJ, Pijpers R, Comans EF et al. Sentinel lymph node biopsy in breast cancer: guidelines and pitfalls of lymphoscintigraphy and γ probe detection. J. Am. Coll. Surg.186, 275–283 (1998).
  • Albertini JJ, Lyman GH, Cox CE et al. Lymphatic mapping and sentinel node biopsy in the patient with breast cancer. JAMA276, 1818–1822 (1996).
  • Degnim AC, Griffith KA, Sabel MS et al. Clinicopathologic features of metastasis in nonsentinel lymph nodes of breast carcinoma patients. Cancer98(11), 2307–2315 (2003).
  • Van Zee KJ, Manasseh DM, Bevilacqua JL et al. A nomogram for predicting the likelihood of additional nodal metastases in breast cancer patients with a positive sentinel node biopsy. Ann. Surg. Oncol.10, 1140–1151 (2003).
  • Degnim AC, Reynolds C, Pantvaidya G et al. Nonsentinel node metastasis in breast cancer patients: assessment of an existing and a new predictive nomogram. Am. J. Surg.190(4), 543–550 (2005).
  • Fisher B, Jeong J-H, Anderson S et al. Twenty-five year follow-up of a randomized trial comparing radical mastectomy, total mastectomy and total mastectomy followed by irradiation. N. Engl. J. Med.347, 567–575 (2002).
  • Cabanes PA, Salmon RJ, Vilcoq JR et al. Value of axillary dissection in addition to lumpectomy and radiotherapy in early breast cancer. The Breast Carcinoma Collaborative Group of the Institut Curie. Lancet339(8804), 1245–1248 (1992).
  • Truong PT, Bernstein V, Wai E et al. Ag-related variations in the use of axillary dissection: a survival analysis of 8038 women with T1-ST2 breast cancer. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys.54(3), 794–803 (2002).
  • Joslyn SA, Konety BR. Effect of axillary lymphadenectomy on breast carcinoma survival. Breast Cancer Res. Treat.91(1), 11–18 (2005).
  • Orr RK. The impact of prophylactic axillary node dissection on breast cancer survival – a Bayesian meta-analysis. Ann. Surg. Oncol.6(1), 109–116 (1999).
  • Galper S, Recht A, Silver B et al. Is radiation alone adequate treatment to the axilla for patients with limited axillary surgery? Implications for treatment after a positive sentinel node biopsy. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys.48(1), 125–132 (2000).
  • Zurrida S, Orecchia R, Galimberti V et al. Axillary radiotherapy instead of axillary dissection: a randomized trial. Italian Oncological Senology Group. Ann. Surg. Oncol.9, 117–119 (2002).
  • Goldhirsch A, Glick JH, Gelber RD et al. International consensus panel on the treatment of primary breast cancer. Seventh international conference on adjuvant therapy of primary breast cancer. J. Clin. Oncol.19, 3817–3827 (2001).
  • Eifel P, Axelson JA, Costa J et al. National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Conference Statement: adjuvant therapy for breast cancer, November 1–3, 2000. J. Natl Cancer Inst.93, 979–989 (2001).
  • Early Breast Cancer Trialists Collaborative Group. Systemic treatment of early breast cancer by hormonal, cytotoxic or immune therapy. Lancet339, 1–15 (1992).
  • Fisher B, Redmond C, Dimitrov NV et al. A randomized clinical trial evaluating sequential methotrexate and flourouracil in the treatment of patients with node-negative breast cancer who have estrogen receptor negative tumors. N. Engl. J. Med.320, 473–478 (1989).
  • Mansour EG, Gray R, Shatila AH et al. Survival advantage of adjuvant chemotherapy in high-risk node-negative breast cancer: ten year analysis – an intergroup study. J. Clin. Oncol.16, 3486–3492 (1998).
  • Beenken SW, Grizzle WE, Crowe DR et al. Molecular biomarkers for breast cancer prognosis: coexpression of c-erbB-2 and p53. Ann. Surg.233, 630–638 (2001).
  • Hayes DF, Isaacs C, Stearns V. Prognostic factors in breast cancer: current and new predictors of metastasis. J. Mammary Gland Biol. Neoplasia6(4), 375–392 (2001).
  • Kleer CG, Cao Q, Varambally S et al. EZH2 is a marker of aggressive breast cancer and promotes neoplastic transformation of breast epithelial cells. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA100(20), 11606–11611 (2003).
  • Davis BW, Gelber RD, Goldhirsch A et al. Prognostic significance of peritomral vessel invasion in clinical trials of adjuvant therapy for breast cancer with axillary lymph node metastases. Hum. Pathol.16, 1212–1218 (1985).
  • Woo CS, Silberman H, Nakamura SK et al. Lymph node status combined with lymphovascular invasion creates a more powerful tool for predicting outcome in patients with invasive breast cancer. Am. J. Surg.184, 337–340 (2002).
  • Pharoah PD, Day NE, Caldas C. Somatic mutations in the p53 gene and prognosis in breast cancer: a meta-analysis. Br. J. Cancer80, 1968–1973 (1999).
  • Bull SB, Ozcelik H, Pinnaduwage D et al. The combination of p53 mutation and neu/erbB-2 amplification is associated with poor survival in node-negative breast cancer. J. Clin. Oncol.22, 86–96 (2004).
  • Porter PL, Malone KE, Heagerty PJ et al. Expression of cell-cycle regulators p27Kip1 and cyclin E, alone and in combination, correlate with survival in young breast cancer patients. Nat. Med.3, 222–225 (1997).
  • Keyomarsi K, Tucker SL, Buchholz TA et al. Cyclin E and survival in patients with breast cancer. N. Engl. J. Med.347(20), 1566–1575 (2002).
  • Barnes DM, Gillett CE. Cyclin D1 in breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res. Treat.52, 1–15 (1998).
  • Braun S, Pantel K, Muller P et al. Cytokeratin-positive cells in the bone marrow and survival of patients with stage I, II or III breast cancer. N. Engl. J. Med.342, 525–533 (2000).
  • van't Veer LJ, Dai H, van de Vijver MJ et al. Gene expression profiling predicts clinical outcome of breast cancer. Nature415, 530–536 (2002).
  • van de Vijver MJ, He YD, van't Veer LJ et al. A gene-expression signature as a predictor of survival in breast cancer. N. Engl. J. Med.347, 1999–2009 (2002).
  • Ahr A, Karn T, Solbach C et al. Identification of high risk breast-cancer patients by gene expression profiling. Lancet359, 131–132 (2002).
  • West M, Blanchette C, Dressman H et al. Predicting the clinical status of human breast cancer by using gene expression profiles. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA98(20), 11462–11467 (2001).
  • Sorlie T, Perou CM, Tibshirani R et al. Gene expression patterns of breast carcinomas distinguish tumor subclasses with clinical implications. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA98(19), 10869–10874 (2001).
  • Cronin M, Pho M, Dutta D et al. Measurement of gene expression in archival paraffin-embedded tissues: development and performance of a 92-gene reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction assay. Am. J. Pathol.164, 35–42 (2004).
  • Paik S, Shak S, Tang G et al. A multigene assay to predict recurrence of tamoxifen-treated, node-negative breast cancer. N. Engl. J. Med.351, 2817–2826 (2004).
  • Paik S, Shak S, Tang G et al. Expression of the 21 genes in the Recurrence Score assay and prediction of clinical benefit from tamoxifen in NSABP study B-14 and chemotherapy in NSABP study B-20. San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium, San Antonio, TX, USA (Abstract 24) (2004).
  • Mauriac L, Durand M, Avril A, Dilhuydy JM. Effects of primary chemotherapy in conservative treatment of breast cancer patients with operable tumors larger than 3cm. Results of a randomized trial in a single centre. Ann. Oncol.2, 347–354 (1991).
  • Mauriac L, MacGrogan G, Avril A et al. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy for operable breast carcinoma larger than 3cm: a unicentre randomized trial with a 124 month median follow-up. Institut Bergonie Bordeaux Group Sein (IBBGS). Ann. Oncol.10, 47–52 (1999).
  • Makris A, Powles TJ, Ashley SE et al. A reduction in the requirements for mastectomy in a randomized trial of neoadjuvant chemoendocrine therapy in primary breast cancer. Ann. Oncol.9, 1179–1184 (1998).
  • Scholl SM, Fourquet A, Asselain B et al. Neoadjuvant versus adjuvant chemotherapy in premenopausal patients with tumors considered too large for breast conserving surgery: preliminary results of a randomized trial: S6. Eur. J. Cancer30A, 645–652 (1994).
  • van der Hage JA, van de Velde CJ, Julien JP et al. Preoperative chemotherapy in primary operable breast cancer: results from the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer trial 10902. J. Clin. Oncol.19, 4224–4237 (2001).
  • Noguchi M, Earashi M, Fujii H et al. Radiofrequency ablation of small breast cancer followed by surgical resection. J. Surg. Oncol.93, 120–128 (2006).
  • Jeffrey SS, Birdwell RL, Ikeda DM et al. Radiofrequency ablation of breast cancer. First report of an emerging technology. Arch. Surg.134, 1064–1068 (1999).
  • Hayashi AH, Silver SF, van der Westhuizen NG et al. Treatment of invasive breast carcinoma with ultrasound guided radiofrequency ablation. Am. J. Surg.185, 429–435 (2003).
  • Wu F, Wang ZB, Cao YD et al. A randomized clinical trial of high-intensity focused ultrasound ablation for the treatment of patients with localized breast cancer. Br. J. Cancer89, 2227–2233 (2003).
  • Cionini L, Pacini P, Marzano S. Exclusive brachytherapy after conservative surgery in cancer of the breast (Abstract). Lyon Chir.89, 128 (1993).
  • Fentiman IS, Deshmane V, Tong D et al. Caesium (137) implant as sole radiation therapy for operable breast cancer: a Phase II trial. Radiother. Oncol.71, 281–285 (2004).
  • King TA, Bolton JS, Kuske RR et al. Long-term results of wide-field brachytherapy as the sole method of radiation therapy after segmental mastectomy for T(is,1,2) breast cancer. Am. J. Surg.180, 299–304 (2000).
  • Polgar C, Sulyok Z, Fodor J et al. Sole brachytherapy of the tumor bed after conservative surgery for T1 breast cancer: Five-year results of a Phase I-II study and initial findings of a randomized Phase III trial. J. Surg. Oncol.80, 121–128 (2002).
  • Vicini FA, Remouchamps V, Wallace MR et al. Ongoing clinical experience utilizing 3D conformal external beam radiotherapy to deliver partial-breast irradiation in patients with early-stage breast cancer treated with breast-conserving thearpy. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys.57, 1247–1253 (2003).
  • Veronesi U, Orecchia R, Luini A et al. Full-dose intraoperative radiotherapy with electrons during breast conserving surgery: experience with 590 cases. Ann. Surg.242(1), 101–106 (2005).
  • Vicini FA, Kestin L, Chen P et al. Limited-field radiation therapy in the management of early stage breast cancer. J. Natl Cancer Inst.95, 1205–1210 (2003).
  • Perera F, Engel J, Holliday R et al. Patterns of breast recurrence in a pilot study of brachytherapy confined to the lumpectomy site for early breast cancer with 6 years minimum follow-up. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys.57, 1239–1246 (2003).
  • Arthur D, Koo D, Zwicker R et al. Partial breast brachytherapy after lumpectomy: low-dose rate and high-dose rate experience. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys.56, 681–689 (2003).
  • Shah NM, Tenenholz T, Aurthur D et al. MammoSite and interstitial brachytherapy for accelerated partial breast irradiation: factors that affect toxicity and cosmesis. Cancer101, 727–734 (2004).
  • Richards GM, Berson AM, Rescigno J et al. Acute toxicity of high-dose-rate intracavitary brachytherapy with the MammoSite applicator in patients with early-stage breast cancer. Ann. Surg. Oncol.11, 739–746 (2004).
  • Formenti SC, Truong MT, Goldberg JD et al. Prone accelerated partial breast irradiation after breast-conserving surgery: Preliminary clinical results and dose-volume histogram analysis. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys.60, 493–504 (2004).
  • Kuske RR, Winter K, Arthur D et al. A phase II trial of brachytherapy alone following lumpectomy for stage I or II breast cancer: initial outcomes of RTOG 9517. J. Clin. Oncol.23, 18 (2004).
  • Krag DN, Julian TB, Harlow SP et al. NSABP-32: Randomized trial comparing axillary resection with sentinel lymph node dissection: a description of the trial. Ann. Surg. Oncol.11, 208S–210S (2004).
  • Costa A, Zurrida S, Gatti G et al. Less aggressive surgery and radiotherapy is the way forward. Curr. Opin. Oncol.16, 523–528 (2004).
  • Wetzig N, Gill G, Ung O et al. Eligibility and choice in the Royal Australasian College of Surgeons SNAC trial of sentinel node biopsy versus axillary clearance in operable breast cancer. 3rd International Sentinel Node Biopsy Annual Congress. Yokohama, Japan, (2002).

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Order Reprints Request Corporate Permissions

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

Request Academic Permissions

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.

Related research

People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read.

Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine.

Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.
Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab.