Contemporary management of papillary carcinoma of the thyroid gland

References

• Jemal A, Siegel R, Ward E et al. Cancer statistics. CA Cancer J. Clin.57, 43–66 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu XC, Chen VW, Steele B et al. Cancer incidence in adolescents and young adults in the United States, 1992–1997. J. Adolesc. Health32, 405–415 (2003).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hundahl SA, Fleming ID, Fremgen AM et al. A National Cancer Data Base report on 53,856 cases of thyroid carcinoma treated in the United States, 1985–1995. Cancer83, 2638–2648 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davies L, Welch HG. Increasing incidence of thyroid cancer in the United States, 1973–2002. JAMA295, 2164–2167 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gharib H, Papini E, Paschke R. Thyroid nodules: a review of current guidelines, practices, and prospects. Eur. J. Endocrinol.159, 493–505 (2008).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mazzaferri EL. Thyroid carcinoma: papillary and follicular. In: Endocrine Tumors. Mazzaferri EL, Samaan N (Eds). Cambridge Blackwell Scientific Publications, Cambridge, UK 278–333 (1993).
   Google Scholar
• Ron E, Lubin JH, Shore RE et al. Thyroid cancer after exposure to external radiation: a pooled analysis of seven studies. Radiat. Res.141, 259–277 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schneider AB, Bekerman C, Leland J et al. Thyroid nodules in the follow-up of irradiated individuals: comparison of thyroid ultrasound with scanning and palpation. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.82, 4020–4027 (1997).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Alsanea O, Wada N, Ain K et al. Is familial non-medullary thyroid carcinoma more aggressive than sporadic thyroid cancer? A multicenter series. Surgery128(6), 1043–1050 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eng C. Familial papillary thyroid cancer – many syndromes, too many genes? J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.85(5), 1755–1757 (2000).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pacini F, Schlumberger M, Dralle H et al. European consensus for the management of patients with differentiated thyroid cancer of the follicular epithelium. Eur. J. Endocrinol.154, 787–803 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gharib H, Goellner JR. Fine needle aspiration biopsy of the thyroid: an appraisal. Ann. Intern. Med.118, 282–289 (1993).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cibas ES, Sanchez MA. The National Cancer Institute thyroid fine-needle aspiration state-of-the-science conference: inspiration for a uniform terminology linked to management guidelines. Cancer Cytopathol.114, 71–73 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haymart MR, Greenblatt, DY, Elson DF et al. The role of intraoperative frozen section if suspicious for thyroid cancer. Thyroid18, 419–423 (2008).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Khayyata S, Barroeta JE, LiVolsi VA, Baloch ZW. Papillary hyperplastic nodule: pitfall in the cytopathologic diagnosis of papillary thyroid carcinoma. Endocr. Pract.14, 863–868 (2008).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Alexander EK. Approach to the patient with a cytologically indeterminant thyroid nodule. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.93, 4175–4182 (2008).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cvejić D, Savin S, Petrović I et al. Differential expression of galectin-3 in papillary projections of malignant and non-malignant hyperplastic thyroid lesions. Acta Chir. Iugosl.50, 67–70 (2003).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Herrmann ME, LiVolsi VA, Pasha TL et al. Immunohistochemical expression of galectin-3 in benign and malignant thyroid lesions. Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med.126, 710–713 (2002).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bartolazzi A, Orlandi F, Saggiorato E et al. Galectin-3 expression analysis in the surgical selection of follicular thyroid nodules with indeterminate fine-needle aspiration cytology: a prospective multicentre study. Lancet Oncol.9, 543–549 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sapio MR, Guerra A, Posca D et al. Combined analysis of galectin-3 and BRAFV600E improves the accuracy of fine-needle aspiration biopsy with cytological findings suspicious for papillary thyroid carcinoma. Endocr. Relat. Cancer14, 1089–1097 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheung L, Messina M, Gill A et al. Detection of the PAX8–PPAR γ fusion oncogene in both follicular thyroid carcinomas and adenomas. J. Clin. Endocrinol.88, 354–357 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marques AR, Espidinha C, Catarino AL et al. Expression of PAX8–PPARγ1 rearrangements in both follicular thyroid carcinomas and adenomas. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.87, 3947–3952 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pizzolanti G, Russo L, Richiusa P et al. Fine needle aspiration molecular analysis for the diagnosis of papillary thyroid carcinoma through BRAF V600E mutations and the RET/PTC rearrangement. Thyroid17, 1109–1115 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooper DS, Doherty GM, Haugen BR et al.; The American Thyroid Association Guidelines Taskforce. Management guidelines for patients with thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer. Thyroid16, 109–142 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AACE/AME task force on thyroid nodules. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and Associazione Medici Endocrinologi medical guidelines for clinical practice for diagnosis and management of thyroid nodules. Endocr. Pract.39(12), 63–102 (2006).
   Google Scholar
• Senchenkov A, Staren ED. Ultrasound in head and neck surgery: thyroid, parathyroid, and cervical lymph nodes. Surg. Clin. N. Am.84, 973–1000 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frates MC, Benson CB, Charboneau JW et al. Management of thyroid nodules detected at US: Society of Radiologists in Ultrasound Consensus Conference Statement. Radiology237, 794–800 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kouvaraki MA, Shapiro SE, Fornage BD et al. Role of preoperative ultrasonography in the surgical management of patients with thyroid cancer. Surgery143, 946–954 (2003).
   Google Scholar
• Stulak JM, Grant CS, Farley DR et al. Value of preoperative ultrasonography in surgical management of initial and reoperative papillary thyroid cancer. Arch. Surg.141(5), 489–494 (2006).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Giuffrida D, Gharib, H. Controversies in the management of cold, hot, and occult thyroid nodules. Am. J. Med.99, 643–650 (1995).
   Google Scholar
• Hay ID, Grant CS, Bergstrahl EJ et al. Unilateral total lobectomy: is it sufficient surgical treatment for patients with AMES low-risk papillary thyroid carcinoma? Surgery124, 958–966 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mazzaferri EL. Treating differentiated thyroid carcinoma: where do we draw the line? Mayo Clin. Proc.66, 105–111 (1991).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mazzaferri EL. Management of a solitary thyroid nodule. N. Engl. J. Med.328, 553–559 (1993).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pasieka JL Thompson NW, McLeod MK et al. The incidence of bilateral well-differentiated thyroid cancer found at completion thyroidectomy. World J. Surg.16, 711–716 (1992).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schlumberger M, Pacini F, Wiersinga WM et al. Follow-up and management of differentiated thyroid carcinoma: a European perspective in clinical practice. Eur. J. Endocrinol.151, 539–548 (2004).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Scheumann GFW, Seeliger H, Musholt TJ et al. Completion thyroidectomy in 131 patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Eur. J. Surg.162, 677–684 (1996).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mazzaferri EL, Jhiang SM. Long-term impact of initial surgical and medical therapy on papillary and follicular thyroid cancer. Am. J. Med.97, 418–428 (1994).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moosa M, Mazzaferri EL. Occult thyroid carcinoma. Cancer J.10, 180–188 (1997).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baudin D, Travagli JP, Ropers J et al. Microadenocarcinoma of the thyroid gland: the Gustave-Roussy Institute experience. Cancer83, 553–559 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mittendorf EA, Khiyami A, McHenry CR. When fine-needle aspiration biopsy cannot exclude papillary thyroid cancer. Arch. Surg.141, 961–966 (2006).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tisell LE, Nilsson B, Moine J et al. Improved survival of patients with papillary thyroid cancer after surgical microdissection. World J. Surg.20, 854–859 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davidson HC, Park BJ, Johnson JT. Papillary thyroid cancer: controversies in the management of neck metastasis. Laryngoscope118, 2161–2165 (2008).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sywak M, Roach P, Stalberg P et al. Routine ipsilateral level VI lymphadenopathy reduces postoperative thyroglobulin levels in papillary thyroid cancer. Surgery140, 1000–1005 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henry JF, Gramatica L, Denizota et al. Morbidity of prophylactic lymph node dissection in the central neck area in patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma. Langenbecks Arch. Surg.383, 167–169 (1997).
   Google Scholar
• Gemsenjager E, Perren A, Seifert B et al. Lymph node surgery in papillary thyroid carcinoma. J. Am. Coll. Surg.197, 182–190 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pereira JA, Jimeno J, Miquel J et al. Nodal yield, morbidity, and recurrence after central neck dissection for papillary thyroid carcinoma. Surgery138, 1095–1100 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goropoulos A, Karamoshos K, Christodoulou A et al. Value of the cervical components in the surgical treatment of papillary thyroid carcinoma. World J. Surg.28, 1275–1281 (2004).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Roh J, Park CI. Sentinel lymph node biopsy as guidance for central neck dissection in patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma. Cancer113, 1527–1531 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White ML, Gauger PG, Doherty GM. Central lymph node dissection in differentiated thyroid cancer. World J. Surg.31, 895–904 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mazzaferri EL. Thyroid remnant 131-I ablation for papillary and follicular thyroid cancer. Thyroid7, 265–271 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hegedus L. Thyroid ultrasound. Endocrinol. Metab. Clin. North Am.30, 339–360 (2001).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cap J, Riska A, Rehorkova P et al. Sensitivity and specificity of the fine needle aspiration biopsy of the thyroid: clinical point of view. Clin. Endocrinol.509–515 (1999).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pacini F, Ladenson PW, Schlumberger M et al. Radioiodine ablation of thyroid remnants after preparation with recombinant human thyrotropin in differentiated thyroid carcinoma: results of an international, randomized, controlled study. J. Clin. Endocrinol.1, 926–932 (2006).
   Google Scholar
• Pacini F, Castagna MG. Diagnostic and therapeutic use of recombinant human TSH (rhTSH) in differentiated thyroid cancer. Best Pract. Res. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.22, 1009–1021 (2008).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pilli T, Brianzoni E, Capoccetti F et al. A comparison of 1850 (50 mCi) and 3700 MBq (100 mCi) 131-iodine administration doses for recombinant thyrotropin-stimulated postoperative thyroid remnant ablation in differentiated thyroid cancer. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.92, 3542–3546 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pacini F, Molinaro E, Castagna MG et al. Ablation of thyroid residues with 30 mCi 131I: a comparison in thyroid cancer patients prepared with recombinant human TSH or thyroid hormone withdrawal. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.87, 4063–4068 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brierley J, Maxon HR. Radioiodine and external radiation therapy in the treatment of thyroid cancer. In: Thyroid Cancer. Faigan JA (Ed.). Kluwer Academic, Boston/Dordrecht/London 285–317 (1998).
   Google Scholar
• Cooper DS, Specker B, Ho M et al. Thyrotropin suppression and disease progression in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer: results from the National Thyroid Cancer Treatment Cooperative Registry. Thyroid8, 737–744 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burmeister LA, Goumaz MO, Mariash CN et al. Levothyroxine dose requirements for thyrotropin suppression in the treatment of differentiated thyroid cancer. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.75, 344–350 (1992).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kim TY, Kim WB, Kim ES et al. Serum thyroglobulin levels at the time of 131I remnant ablation just after thyroidectomy are useful for early prediction of clinical recurrence in low-risk patients with differentiated thyroid cancer. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.90, 1440–1445 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pacini F, Lari R, Mazzeo S et al. Diagnostic value of a single serum thyroglobulin determination on and off thyroid suppressive therapy in the follow-up of patients with differentiated thyroid cancer. Clin. Endocrinol.23, 405–411 (1985).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ladenson PW, Braverman LE, Mazzaferri EL et al. Comparison of administration of recombinant human thyrotropin with withdrawal of thyroid hormone for radioactive iodine scanning in patients with thyroid carcinoma. N. Engl. J. Med.337, 888–896 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pacini F, Molinaro E, Lippi F et al. Prediction of disease status by recombinant human TSH-stimulated serum Tg in the postsurgical follow-up of differentiated thyroid carcinoma. J. Clin. Endocrinol.86, 5686–5690 (2001).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spencer CA, Takeuchi M, Kazarosyan M et al. Current status and performance goals for serum thyroglobulin assays. Clin. Chem.42, 164–173 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spencer CA, Takeuchi M, Kazarosyan M et al. Serum thyroglobulin antibodies: prevalence, influence on serum thyroglobulin measurement, and prognostic significance in patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.83, 1121–1127 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim WG, Yoon JH, Kim WB et al. Change of serum antithyroglobulin levels is useful for prediction of clinical recurrence in thyroglobulin-negative patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.12, 4683–4689 (2008).
   Google Scholar
• Castagna MG, Brilli L, Pilli T et al. Limited value of repeat recombinant human thyrotropin (rhTSH) stimulated thyroglobulin testing in differentiated thyroid carcinoma patients with previous negative rhTSH-stimulated thyroglobulin and undetectable basal serum thyroglobulin levels. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.93, 76–81 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Torlontano M, Attard M, Crocetti U et al. Follow-up of low risk patients with papillary thyroid cancer: role of neck ultrasonography in detecting lymph node metastasis. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.89, 3402–3407 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pacini F, Capezzone M, Elisei R et al. Diagnostic 131-iodine whole-body scan may be avoided in thyroid cancer patients who have undetectable stimulated serum Tg levels after initial treatment. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.87, 1499–1501 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cailleux AF, Baudin E, Travagli JP et al. Is diagnostic iodine-131 scanning useful after total thyroid ablation for differentiated thyroid cancer? J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.85, 175–178 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mittendorf EA, Wang X, Perrier ND et al. Follow-up of patients with papillary thyroid cancer: in search of the optimal algorithm. J. Am. Coll. Surg.205, 239–247 (2007).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pacini F, Molinaro E, Castagna MG et al. Recombinant human thyrotropin stimulated serum thyroglobulin combined with neck ultrasonography has the highest sensitivity in monitoring differentiated thyroid carcinoma. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.88, 3668–3673 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antonelli A, Miccoli P, Fallahi P et al. Role of neck ultrasonography in the follow-up of children operated on for thyroid papillary cancer. Thyroid13, 479–484 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antonelli A, Miccoli P, Fallahi P et al. Thyrotropin-stimulated serum thyroglobulin combined with neck ultrasonography has the highest sensitivity in monitoring differentiated thyroid carcinoma in children. Surgery140(6), 1035–1042 (2006).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kim E, Park JS, Son K et al. Preoperative diagnosis of cervical lymph nodes in papillary thyroid carcinoma: comparison of ultrasound, computed tomography, and combined ultrasound with computed tomography. Thyroid18, 411–418 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LaVolsi VA. Unusual variants of papillary thyroid carcinoma. In: Advances in Endocrinology and Metabolism. Mazzaferri EL, Kreisberg RA, Bar RS (Eds). Mosby-Year Book, MO, USA 39–54 (1995).
   Google Scholar
• Braga-Baswaria M, Ringel MD. Beyond radioiodine: a review of potential new therapeutic approaches for thyroid cancer. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.88, 1947–1960 (2003).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sugino K, Ito K Jr, Ozaki O et al. papillary microcarcinoma of the thyroid. J. Endocrinol. Invest.21, 445–448 (1998).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Xing M, Westra WH, Tugfano RP et al.BRAF mutation predicts a poorer clinical prognosis for papillary thyroid cancer. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.90, 6373–6379 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsang RW, Brierley JD, Simpson WJ et al. The effects of surgery, radioiodine, and external radiation therapy on the outcome of patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Cancer82, 375–388 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Machens A, Hinze R, Thomusch O et al. Pattern of nodal metastasis for primary and reoperative thyroid cancer. World J. Surg.26, 22–28 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown AP, Greening WP, McCready VR et al. Radioiodine treatment of metastatic thyroid carcinoma: the Royal Marsden Hospital experience. Br. J. Radiol.57, 323–327 (1984).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baudin E, Schlumberger M. New therapeutic approaches for metastatic thyroid carcinoma. Lancet Oncol.8, 148–156 (2007).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Durante C, Haddy N, Baudin F et al. Long term outcome of 444 patients with distant metastases from papillary and follicular thyroid carcinoma: benefits and limits of radioiodine therapy. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.91, 2892–2899 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiu AC, Delpassand ES, Sherman SI. Prognosis and treatment of brain metastases in thyroid carcinoma. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.82, 3637–3642 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ringel M, Ladenson P, Levine MA. Molecular diagnosis of residual or recurrent thyroid cancer by amplification of thyroglobulin messenger ribonucleic acid in peripheral blood. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.83, 4435–4442 (1998).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fagin JA. How thyroid tumors start and why it matters: kinase mutants as targets for solid cancer pharmacotherapy. J. Endocrinol.183, 249–256 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar