Subcutaneous infusions of apomorphine: a reappraisal of its therapeutic efficacy in advanced Parkinson’s disease

References

• Obeso JA, Grandas F, Vaamonde J et al. Motor complications associated with chronic levodopa therapy in Parkinson's disease. Neurology 39(39 Suppl. 2), 11–19 (1989).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahlskog J. Frequency of levodopa-related dyskinesias and motor fluctuations as estimated from the cumulative literature.Mov. Disord. 16(3), 448–458 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mattheissen A. Research into the chemical constitution of the opium bases. Part 1: on the action of hydrochloric acid on morphia. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B. Biol. Sc. 17, 455–460 (1869).
   Google Scholar
• Neumeyer LS, Baldessarini RJ. Historical highlights of the chemistry, pharmacology, and early clinical uses of apomorphine. In: Apomorphine and Other Dopaminomimetics. Volume 1. Basic Pharmacology. Gessa GL, Corsini GU ( Eds). Raven Press, NY, USA, 1–17 (1981).
   Google Scholar
• Schwab R, Lettvin J. Apomorphine in Parkinson’s disease. Trans. Am. Neurol. Assoc. 76, 251–253 (1951).
   Google Scholar
• Cotzias GC, Papavisiliou PS, Fheling C, Kaufman B, Mena I. Similarities between neurologic effects of L-dopa and apomorphine. N.Engl. J. Med. 282, 31–33 (1970).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duby SE, Cotzias CG, Papavasiliou PS, Lawerence WH. Injected apomorphine and orally administered levodopa in Parkinsonism. Arch. Neurol. 27, 474–480 (1972).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Corsini G, Del Zompo M, Gessa G, Mangoni A. Therapeutic efficacy of apomorphine combined with an extracerebral inhibitor of dopamine receptors in Parkinson’s disease. Lancet (1), 954–956 (1979).
   Google Scholar
• Hutchinson LR, Dostrovsky J, Lozano A, Lang A. Effects of apomorphine on globus pallidus neurons in parkinsonian patients. Ann. Neurol. 42(5), 767–775 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Millan MJ, Maiofiss L, Cussac D, Audinot V, Boutin J, Newman-Tancredi A. Differential actions of antiparkinson agents at multiple classes of monoaminergic receptor. I. A multivariate analysis of the binding profi les of 14 drugs at 21 native and cloned human receptor subtypes. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 303, 791–804 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nutt J, Woodward W. Does an inhibitory action of levodopa contribute to motor fluctuations? Neurology 38, 1553–1557 (1988).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newman-Tacredi A. Differential actions of antiparkinson agents at multiple classes of monoaminergic receptor. II. Agonist and antagonist properties at subtypes of Dopamine D2-like receptors and α 1/ α 2-adrenoceptor. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 303, 805–814 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deleu D, Northway M. Subcutaneous apomorphine: an evidence-based review of its use in Parkinson's disease. Drugs Aging. 21(11), 687–709 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manson AJ, Hanagasi H, Turner K et al. Intravenous apomorphine therapy in Parkinson’s disease: clinical and pharmacokinetic observations. Brain 124 (Part 2), 331–340 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ondo W, Hunter C, Almaguer M, Gancher S, Jankovic J. Efficacy and tolerability of a novel sublingual apomorphine preparation in patients with fl uctuating Parkinson’s disease. Clin. Neuropharmacol. 22 (1), 1–4 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Laar T, Neef C, Danhof M, Roos R. Pharmacokinetics and clinical effi cacy of rectal apomorphine in patients with Parkinson’s disease: a study of five different suppositories. Mov. Disord. 10 (4), 433–439 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kapoor R, Turjanski N, Frankel J et al. Intranasal apomorphine: a new treatment in Parkinson’s disease. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 53 (11), 1015 (1990).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Priano L, Albani G, Brioschi A et al. Transdermal apomorphine permeation from microemulsions: a new treatment in Parkinson’s disease. Mov. Disord. 19(8), 937–942 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chase TN, Metman VL, Bravi D, Roberts JV, Sibley DR, Mouradian Ml. Dopamine-receptor subtype-selective agonists in the treatment of Parkinson´s disease. Clin. Neuropharmacol. 18( Suppl. 18), S207–S215 (1995).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kempster, Stern G, Lees AJ. Comparison of motor response to apomorphine and levodopa in Parkinson´s disease. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 53(11), 1004–1007 (1990).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merello M , Cammarota A, Leiguarda R. Comparison of subcutaneous apomorphine versus dispersible madopar latence and effect duration in Parkinson's disease patients: a double blind single-dose study. Clin. Neuropharmacol. 20(2), 165–167 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gancher S, Boucher B, Nutt J. Peripheral pharmacokinetics of apomorphine in humans. Ann. Neurol. 26(2), 232–238 (1989).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gancher ST, Woodward WR, Gliessman P, Boucher B, Nutt JG. The short-duration response to apomorphine: implications for the mechanism of dopaminergic effects in parkinsonism. Ann. Neurol. 27(6), 660–665 (1990).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gancher S. Pharmacokinetics of apomorphine in Parkinson's disease. J. Neural Transm. Suppl. 45, 137–141 (1995).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Van Der Geest R, Van Laar LT, Kruger PP et al. Pharmacokinetics, enantiomer interconversion, and metabolism of R-apomorphine in patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease. Clin. Neuropharmacol. 21, 159–168 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Der Geest R, Kruger P, Gubbens-Stibbe JM, Van Laar T, Bodde HE, Danhof M. Assay of R-apomorphine, S-apomorphine, apocodeine, isoapocodeine and their glucuronide and sulfate conjugates in plasma and urine of patients with Parkinson’s disease. J. Chromatogr. B. Biomed. Sci. Appl. 702, 131–141 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gassen M, Pinchasi B, Youdim M. Apomorphine is a highly potent free radical scavenger in rat brain mitochondrial fraction. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 308(2), 219–225 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gassen M, Youdim M. Apomorphine enantiomers protect cultured pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells from oxidative stress induced by H2O2 and 6-hydroxydopamine. Mov. Disord. 13(2), 242–248 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grünblatt E, Berkuzki T, Youdim M. Apomorphine protects against MPTP-induced neurotoxicity in mice. Mov. Disord. 14(4), 612–618 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grünblatt E, Maor G, Youdim M. Effects of R- and S-apomorphine on MPTP-induced nigro-striatal dopamine neuronal loss. J. Neurochem. 77(1), 146–156 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fornai F, Battaglia G, Gesi M, Orzi F, Nicoletti F, Ruggieri S. Dose-dependent protective effects of apomorphine against methamphetamine-induced nigrostriatal damage. Brain Res. 898(1), 27–35 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohta M, Ohta K, Nishimura M, Mizuta E, Hayashi K, Kuno S. Apomorphine up-regulates NGF and GDNF synthesis in cultured mouse astrocytes. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 272(1), 18–22 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yuan H, Ebinger G, Michotte Y. Neuroprotective and neurotrophic effect of apomorphine in the striatal 6-OHDA-lesion rat model of Parkinson's disease. Brain Res. 1026(1), 95–107 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Battaglia G, Cuomo L, Giorgi F et al. Continuous subcutaneous infusion of apomorphine rescues nigro-striatal dopaminergic terminals following MPTP injection in mice. Neuropharmacology 42(3), 367–373 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kyriazis M. Neuroprotective, anti-apoptotic effects of apomorphine. J. Anti. Aging. Med. 6(1), 21–28 (2003).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• The National Collaborating Centre for Chronic Conditions FTPGFTNBN. Parkison´s Disease. National Clinical Guideline for Diagnosis and Management in Primary and Secondary Care. Royal College of Physicians, London, UK (2006).
   Google Scholar
• Stibe C, Lees A, Stern G. Subcutaneous infusion of apomorphine and lisuride in the treatment of parkinsonian on-off fluctuations. Lancet 1(8537), 871 (1987).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Obeso JA, Grandas F, Vaamonde J, Luguin RM, Martinez-Lage JM. Apomorphine infusion for motor fluctuations in Parkinson's disease. Lancet 1(8546), 1376–1377 (1987).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaudhuri KR, Critchley P, Abbott RJ, Pye IF, Millac PA. Subcutaneous apomorphine for on-off oscillations in Parkinson's disease. Lancet 2(8622), 1260 (1988).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stibe CM, Lees AJ, Kempster PA, Stern GM. Subcutaneous apomorphine in parkinsonian on-off oscillations. Lancet 1(8582), 403–406 (1988).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes AJ, Bishop S, Kleedorfer B et al. Subcutaneous apomorphine in Parkinson's disease: response to chronic administration for up to five years. Mov. Disord. 8(2), 165–170 (1993).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pollak P, Champay AS, Hommel M, Perret JE, Benabid AL. Subcutaneous apomorphine in Parkinson's disease. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 52(4), 544 (1989).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pollak P, Champay AS, Gaio JM, Hommel M, Benabid AL, Perret J. [Subcutaneous administration of apomorphine in motor fluctuations in Parkinson's disease]. Rev. Neurol. (Paris) 146(2), 116–122 (1990).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colzi A, Turner K, Lees AJ. Continuous subcutaneous waking day apomorphine in the long term treatment of levodopa induced interdose dyskinesias in Parkinson's disease. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 64(5), 573–576 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frankel JP, Lees AJ, Kempster PA, Stern GM. Subcutaneous apomorphine in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 53(2), 96–101 (1990).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kreczy-Kleedorfer B, Wagner M, Bosch S, Poewe W. Long-term results of continuous subcutaneous apomorphine pump therapy in patients with advanced Parkinson disease. Nervenarzt 64(4), 221–225 (1993).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poewe W, Kleedorfer B, Wagner M, Bosch S, Schelosky L. Continuous subcutaneous apomorphine infusions for fluctuating Parkinson's disease. Long-term follow-up in 18 patients. Adv. Neurol. 60, 656–659 (1993).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stocchi F, Bramante L, Monge A et al. Apomorphine and lisuride infusion. A comparative chronic study. Adv. Neurol. 60, 653–655 (1993).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wenning GK, Bosch S, Luginger E, Wagner M, Poewe W. Effects of long-term, continuous subcutaneous apomorphine infusions on motor complications in advanced Parkinson's disease. Adv. Neurol. 80, 545–548 (1999).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gancher ST, Nutt JG, Woodward WR. Apomorphine infusional therapy in Parkinson's disease: clinical utility and lack of tolerance. Mov. Disord. 10(1), 37–43 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pietz K, Hagell P, Odin P. Subcutaneous apomorphine in late stage Parkinson's disease: a long term follow up. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 65(5), 709–716 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stocchi F, Vacca L, De Pandis MF, Barbato L, Valente M, Ruggieri S. Subcutaneous continuous apomorphine infusion in fluctuating patients with Parkinson's disease: long-term results. Neurol. Sci. 22(1), 93–94 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanovsky P, Kubova D, Bares M et al. Levodopa-induced dyskinesias and continuous subcutaneous infusions of apomorphine: results of a two-year, prospective follow-up. Mov. Disord. 17(1), 188–191 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manson AJ, Turner K, Lees AJ. Apomorphine monotherapy in the treatment of refractory motor complications of Parkinson's disease: long-term follow-up study of 64 patients. Mov. Disord. 17(6), 1235–1241 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgante L, Basile G, Epifanio A et al. Continuous apomorphine infusion (CAI) and neuropsychiatric disorders in patients with advanced Parkinson's disease: a follow-up of two years. Arch. Gerontol. Geriatr. Suppl. (9), 291–296 (2004).
   Google Scholar
• Tyne HL, Parsons J, Sinnott A, Fox SH, Fletcher NA, Steiger MJ. A 10 year retrospective audit of long-term apomorphine use in Parkinson's disease. J. Neurol. 251(11), 1370–1374 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katzenschlager R, Hughes A, Evans A et al. Continuous subcutaneous apomorphine therapy improves dyskinesias in Parkinson's disease: a prospective study using single-dose challenges. Mov. Disord. 20(2), 151–157 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcia Ruiz PJ, Sesar Ignacio A, Ares Pensado B et al. Efficacy of long-term continuous subcutaneous apomorphine infusion in advanced Parkinson's disease with motor fluctuations: a multicenter study. Mov. Disord. 23(8), 1130–1136 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drapier S, Gillioz AS, Leray E et al. Apomorphine infusion in advanced Parkinson's patients with subthalamic stimulation contraindications. Parkinsonism Relat. Disord. 18(1), 40–44 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martinez-Martin PP R, Antonini A, Henriken T et al. Chronic subcutaneous infusion therapy with apomorphine in advanced Parkinson's disease compared to conventional therapy: a real life study of non motor effect. J. Parkinsons Dis. 1, 197–203 (2011).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Alegret M, Valldeoriola F, Marti M et al. Comparative cognitive effects of bilateral subthalamic stimulation and subcutaneous continuous infusion of apomorphine in Parkinson's disease. Mov. Disord. 19(12), 1463–1469 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Gaspari D, Siri C, Landi A et al. Clinical and neuropsychological follow up at 12 months in patients with complicated Parkinson's disease treated with subcutaneous apomorphine infusion or deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 77(4), 450–453 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antonini A, Isaias IU, Rodolfi G et al. A 5-year prospective assessment of advanced Parkinson disease patients treated with subcutaneous apomorphine infusion or deep brain stimulation. J. Neurol. 258(4), 579–585 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grandas F, Gancher ST, Rodriguez M, Lera G, Nutt JG, Obeso JA. Differences in the motor response to apomorphine between untreated and fluctuating patients with Parkinson's disease. Clin. Neuropharmacol. 15(1), 13–18 (1992).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grandas F, Gancher S, Lera G et al. Time interval between repeated injections conditions the duration of motor improvement to apomorphine in Parkinson's disease. Neurology 42(7), 1287–1290 (1992).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diederich NJ, Goetz CG, Stebbins GT. Repeated visual hallucinations in Parkinson's disease as disturbed external/internal perceptions: focused review and a new integrative model. Mov. Disord. 20(2), 130–140 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellis C, Lemmens G, Parkes JD et al. Use of apomorphine in parkinsonian patients with neuropsychiatric complications to oral treatment. Parkinsonism. Relat. Disord. 3(2), 103–107 (1997).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Van Laar T, Postma AG, Drent M. Continuous subcutaneous infusion of apomorphine can be used safely in patients with Parkinson's disease and pre-existing visual hallucinations. Parkinsonism. Relat. Disord. 16(1), 71–72 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geerligs L, Meppelink AM, Brouwer WH, Van Laar T. The effects of apomorphine on visual perception in patients with Parkinson disease and visual hallucinations: a pilot study. Clin. Neuropharmacol. 32(5), 266–268 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grandas F, Iranzo A. Nocturnal problems occurring in Parkinson's disease. Neurology 63(63 Suppl. 3), S8–11 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reuter I, Ellis CM, Ray Chaudhuri K. Nocturnal subcutaneous apomorphine infusion in Parkinson's disease and restless legs syndrome. Acta. Neurol. Scand. 100(3), 163–167 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcia Ruiz PJ. Nocturnal subcutaneous apomorphine infusion for severe insomnia in Parkinson's disease. Mov. Disord. 21(5), 727–728 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nyholm D, Constantinescu R, Holmberg B, Dizdar N, Askmark H. Comparison of apomorphine and levodopa infusions in four patients with Parkinson's disease with symptom fluctuations. Acta. Neurol. Scand. 119(5), 345–348 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reddy P, Odin P, Antonini A et al. A multicenter European comparative survey of motor and non motor effects of subcutaneous apomorphine infusion and intrajejunal levodopa infusion in Parkinson's disease. Mov. Disord. 27( Suppl. 27), 106 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conditions NCCFC. Parkinson's disease. National Clinical Guideline for Diagnosis and Management in Primary and Secondary Care. Royal College of Physicians, London, UK (2006).
   Google Scholar
• Guía oficial de práctica clínica en la enfermedad de Parkinson. Neurología GODLSED. Ruiz-Espiga PJG, Castrillo JCM ( Ed.). Thomson Reuters, Madrid, Spain (2009).
   Google Scholar
• Hagell P, Odin P. Apomorphine in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. J. Neurosci. Nurs. 33(1), 21–34, 37–28 (2001).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Castano B, Mateo D, Gimenez-Roldan S. Shifting to subcutaneous infusion of apomorphine in advanced Parkinson's disease patients on an out-patient basis: experience and recommendations. Neurologia 22(3), 133–137 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di Rosa AE, Epifanio A, Antonini A et al. Continuous apomorphine infusion and neuropsychiatric disorders: a controlled study in patients with advanced Parkinson's disease. Neurol. Sci. 24(3), 174–175 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valldeoriola F, Puig-Junoy J, Puig-Peiro R. Cost analysis of the treatments for patients with advanced Parkinson's disease: SCOPE study. J. Med. Econ. 16(2), 191–201 (2012).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar