Do brainstem cavernous malformations have a higher rate of hemorrhage?

References

• Gross BA, Du R. Cerebral cavernous malformations: natural history and clinical management. Expert Rev Neurother 2015;15(7):771-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Komotar RJ, Starke RM, Connolly ES. Brain magnetic resonance imaging scans for asymptomatic patients: role in medical screening. Mayo Clin Proc 2008;83(5):563-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vernooij MW, Ikram MA, Tanghe HL, et al. Incidental findings on brain MRI in the general population. N Engl J Med 2007;357(18):1821-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kondziolka D, Lunsford LD, Kestle JR. The natural history of cerebral cavernous malformations. J Neurosurg 1995;83(5):820-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petr O, Lanzino G. Brainstem cavernous malformations. J Neurosurg Sci 2015;59(3):271-82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gross BA, Batjer HH, Awad IA, Bendok BR. Cavernous malformations of the basal ganglia and thalamus. Neurosurgery 2009;65(1):7-18. discussion 18-19
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fritschi JA, Reulen HJ, Spetzler RF, Zabramski JM. Cavernous malformations of the brain stem. A review of 139 cases. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 1994;130(1-4):35-46
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aiba T, Tanaka R, Koike T, et al. Natural history of intracranial cavernous malformations. J Neurosurg 1995;83(1):56-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dorsch NWC, McMahon JHA. Intracranial cavernous malformations - natural history and management. Crit Rev Neurosurg 1998;8(3):154-68
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gross BA, Lin N, Du R, Day AL. The natural history of intracranial cavernous malformations. Neurosurg Focus 2011;30(6):E24
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kupersmith MJ, Kalish H, Epstein F, et al. Natural history of brainstem cavernous malformations. Neurosurgery 2001;48(1):47-53. discussion 53-44
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore SA, Brown RDJr, Christianson TJ, Flemming KD. Long-term natural history of incidentally discovered cavernous malformations in a single-center cohort. J Neurosurg 2014;120(5):1188-92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Porter PJ, Willinsky RA, Harper W, Wallace MC. Cerebral cavernous malformations: natural history and prognosis after clinical deterioration with or without hemorrhage. J Neurosurg 1997;87(2):190-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson JR, Awad IA, Little JR. Natural history of the cavernous angioma. J Neurosurg 1991;75(5):709-14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zabramski JM, Wascher TM, Spetzler RF, et al. The natural history of familial cavernous malformations: results of an ongoing study. J Neurosurg 1994;80(3):422-32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ziyal IM, Ozgen T. Natural history of brainstem cavernous malformations. Neurosurgery 2001;49(4):1023-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gross BA, Batjer HH, Awad IA, Bendok BR. Brainstem cavernous malformations. Neurosurgery 2009;64(5):E805-18; discussion E818
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gross BA, Batjer HH, Awad IA, et al. Brainstem cavernous malformations: 1390 surgical cases from the literature. World Neurosurg 2012;80(1-2):89-93
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Porter RW, Detwiler PW, Spetzler RF, et al. Cavernous malformations of the brainstem: experience with 100 patients. J Neurosurg 1999;90(1):50-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li D, Yang Y, Hao SY, et al. Hemorrhage risk, surgical management, and functional outcome of brainstem cavernous malformations. J Neurosurg 2013;119(4):996-1008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flemming KD, Link MJ, Christianson TJ, Brown RDJrProspective hemorrhage risk of intracerebral cavernous malformations. Neurology 2012;78(9):632-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Shahi Salman R, Hall JM, Horne MA, et al. Untreated clinical course of cerebral cavernous malformations: a prospective, population-based cohort study. Lancet Neurol 2012;11(3):217-24
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pandey P, Westbroek EM, Gooderham PA, Steinberg GK. Cavernous malformation of brainstem, thalamus, and basal ganglia: a series of 176 patients. Neurosurgery 2012;72(4):573-89; discussion 588-579
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Shahi Salman R, Berg MJ, Morrison L, Awad IA. Hemorrhage from cavernous malformations of the brain: definition and reporting standards. Angioma Alliance Scientific Advisory Board. Stroke 2008;39(12):3222-30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Champfleur NM, Langlois C, Ankenbrandt WJ, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging evaluation of cerebral cavernous malformations with susceptibility-weighted imaging. Neurosurgery 2010;68(3):641-7. discussion 647-648
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shenkar R, Venkatasubramanian PN, Zhao JC, et al. Advanced magnetic resonance imaging of cerebral cavernous malformations: part I. High-field imaging of excised human lesions. Neurosurgery 2008;63(4):782-9; discussion 789
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dammann P, Barth M, Zhu Y, et al. Susceptibility weighted magnetic resonance imaging of cerebral cavernous malformations: prospects, drawbacks, and first experience at ultra-high field strength (7-Tesla) magnetic resonance imaging. Neurosurg Focus 2010;29(3):E5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schlamann M, Maderwald S, Becker W, et al. Cerebral cavernous hemangiomas at 7 Tesla: initial experience. Acad Radiol 2009;17(1):3-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barker FG2nd, Amin-Hanjani S, Butler WE, et al. Temporal clustering of hemorrhages from untreated cavernous malformations of the central nervous system. Neurosurgery 2001;49(1):15-24; discussion 24-15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pozzati E, Acciarri N, Tognetti F, et al. Growth, subsequent bleeding, and de novo appearance of cerebral cavernous angiomas. Neurosurgery 1996;38(4):662-9; discussion 669-670
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tung H, Giannotta SL, Chandrasoma PT, Zee CS. Recurrent intraparenchymal hemorrhages from angiographically occult vascular malformations. J Neurosurg 1990;73(2):174-80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cutsforth-Gregory JK, Lanzino G, Link MJ, et al. Characterization of radiation-induced cavernous malformations and comparison with a nonradiation cavernous malformation cohort. J Neurosurg 2015;122(5):1214-22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLaughlin MR, Kondziolka D, Flickinger JC, et al. The prospective natural history of cerebral venous malformations. Neurosurgery 1998;43(2):195-200. discussion 200-191
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar