24
Views
3
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

What makes epilepsydrug refractory?

&
Pages 127-131 | Published online: 10 Jan 2014

References

  • Hauser WA, Hesdorffer DC. Epilepsy' frequency, causes and consequences. Demos, New York, USA (1990).
  • Kwan P, Brodie MJ. Early identification of refractory epilepsy. N Engl. I Med. 342(5), 314–319 (2000). Critical paper in outlining the ability to identify drug resistance early in the course of epilepsy.
  • Beghi E, Di Mascio R, Tognoni, G. Drug treatment of epilepsy. outlines, criticism and perspectives. DITIF 31,249–265 (1986).
  • Dlugos DJ eta Response to first drug trial predicts outcome in childhood temporal lobe epilepsy. Neurology57(12), 2259–2264 (2001).
  • Semah, F, Picot MC, Adam C etal Is the underlying cause of epilepsy a major prognostic factor for recurrence? Neumlogy 51(5), 1256–1262 (1998).
  • Berg At et al Early development of intractable epilepsy in children. A prospective study. Neurology 56(11), 1445–1452 (2001).
  • Mattson RII et al Prognosis for total control of complex partial and secondary generalized tonic-clonic seizures. Neumlogy 47,68–76 (1996).
  • Annegers JF et al Risk of recurrence after an initial unprovoked seizure. Epilepsia 27(1), 43–50 (1986).
  • Berg AT eta]. Predictors of intractable epilepsy in childhood: a case-control study. Epilepsia 37,24–30 (1996).
  • Huttenlocher P. When does childhood epilepsy become intractable? Indications and contraindications for epilepsy surgery in children. Seminars Pediatric Neurology 1, 118–126 (1994).
  • Stephen LJ et al. Does the cause of localization-related epilepsy influence the response to anti-epileptic drug treatment? Epilepsia 42 (3), 357–362 (2001).
  • French JA eta Characteristics of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy: results of history and physical examination. Ann. Neural 34, 774–780 (1993).
  • Brodie MJ, Kwan P Staged approach to epilepsy management. Neurology 58, s2–8 (2002).
  • Camfield C eta]. Does the number of seizures before treatment influence ease of control or remission of childhood epilepsy? Not if the number is 10 or less. Neurology 46(1), 41–44 (1996).
  • Beghi E eta]. Prognosis of epilepsy in newly referred patients: a multicenter prospective study. Epilepsia 29(3), 236–243 (1988).
  • Watts AE. The natural history of untreated epilepsy in a rural community in Africa. Epilepsia 33,464–468 (1992).
  • Scheffer IE, Bhatia KP, Lopes-Cendes I etal. Autosomal dominant nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy: A distinctive clinical disorder. Brain 118,61–73 (1995).
  • Oldani A, Zucconi M, Asselta R eta]. Autosomal dominant nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy: A video-polysomnographic and genetic appraisal of 40 patients and delineation of the epileptic syndrome. Brain 121,205–223 (1998).
  • Ortells MO, Barrantes GE. Molecular modeling of the interactions of carbamazepine and a nicotinic receptor involved in the autosomal dominant nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy. Br J.Pharmacol. 136(6), 883–895 (2002).
  • Sisodiya SM eta Drug resistance in epilepsy: expression of drug resistance proteins in common causes of refractory epilepsy. Brain 125(1), 22–31 (2002).
  • •Nice discussion of the role of drug resistance proteins in epilepsy.
  • Dombrowski SM et al Overexpression of multiple drug resistance genes in endothelial cells from patients with refractory epilepsy. Epilepsia 42(12), 1501–1506 (2001).
  • Sisodiya SM eta Multi-drug resistdrug resistance protein 1 in focal cortical dysplasias. Lancet 357,42–43 (2001).
  • Tishler DM etal MDR1gene expression in brain of patients with medically intractable epilepsy. Epiltpsia36(1), 1–6 (1995).
  • Evans WE eta]. Pharmacogenenomics: translating functional genomics into rational therapeutics. Science 286(5439), 487–491 (1999).
  • •Excellent overview of the field of pharmacogenetics
  • Loscher W, Reissmuller E, Ebert U. Anticonvulsant efficacy of gabapentin and levetiracetam in phenytoin-resistant kindled rats. Epilepsy Res. 40(1), 63–77 (2000).

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.