Therapy of depression in dementia

References

• Papers of special note have been highlighted as:
   Google Scholar
• of interest
   Google Scholar
• of considerable interest
   Google Scholar
• Blazer D, Williams CD. Epidemiology of dysphoria and depression in the elderly population. Am. J. Psychiatry 137, 927 932 (1980).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caine ED, Lyness JM, King DA, Connors L. Clinical and etiological heterogeneity of mood disorders in elderly patients. In: Diagnosis and treatment of Depression in Late Life: Results of the NIH Consensus Development Conference. First Edition. Schneider LS, Reynolds CF, Lebowitz BD (Eds). American Psychiatric Press, Washinton DC, USA, 2154 (1994).
   Google Scholar
• Nelson JC. Diagnosing and treating depression in the elderly. J. Clin. Psychiatry 62\(Suppl. 24), 1822 (2001).
   Google Scholar
• Ritchie K, Lovestone S. The dementias. Lancet 360, 17591766 (2002).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lavretsky H, Kumar A. Clinically significant nonmajor depression: old concepts, new insights. Am. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry 10(3), 239255 (2002).
   Google Scholar
• Robinson RG, Bolduc PL, Price TR. Twoyear longitudinal study of poststroke mood disorders: diagnosis and outcome at one and two years. Stroke 18, 579584 (1987).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simpson S, Allen H, Tomenson B et al. Neurological correlates of depressive symptoms in Alzheimers disease and vascular dementia. J. Affect. Disord. 53, 129136 (1999).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar A, Cummings JL. Depression in neurodegenerative disorders and related conditions in Alzheimers disease and related conditions. In: Alzheimers disease and Related disorders, Annual 2001. Gothier S, Cummings JL (Eds). Martin Dunitz, London, UK, 123141 (2001).
   Google Scholar
• Kitwood T. Toward a theory of dementia care: ethics and interaction. J. Clin. Ethics 9(1), 2334 (1998).
   Google Scholar
• Gareri P, De Fazio P, De Sarro G. Neuropharmacology of depression in aging and age-related diseases. Ageing Res. Rev. 1(1), 113134 (2002).
   Google Scholar
• Lyketsos CG, Olin J. Depression in Alzheimers disease: overview and treatment. Biol. Psychiatry 52(3), 243252 (2002).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Comprehensive overview of the current state of research on the topic.
   Google Scholar
• Reifler BV. Arguments for abandoning the term pseudodementia. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 30, 665668 (1982).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olin JT, Katz IR, Meyers BS, Schneider LS, Lebowitz BD. Provisional diagnostic criteria for depression of Alzheimers disease: rationale and background. Am. J.Geriatr. Psychiatry 10(2), 129141 (2002).
   Google Scholar
• The position statement of National Institute of Mental Health and American Association of Geriatric Psychiatry on depression in Alzheimers disease.
   Google Scholar
• Olin JT, Schneider LS, Katz IR et al. Provisional diagnostic criteria for depression of Alzheimers disease. Am. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry 10, 125128 (2002).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The provisional consensus-based diagnostic criteria.
   Google Scholar
• Cummings JL. Cognitive and behavioral heterogeneity in Alzheimers disease: seeking the neurobiological basis. Neurobiol. Aging 21, 845861 (2000).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vida S, Des Rosiers P, Carrier L, Gauthier S. Prevalence of depression in Alzheimers disease and validity of research diagnostic criteria. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry Neurol. 7, 238244 (1994).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lyketsos CG, Steele C, Baker L et al. Major and minor depression in Alzheimers disease: prevalence and impact. J. Neuropsychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 9, 556561 (1997).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schweitzer I, Tuckwell V, OBrien J, Ames D. Is late onset depression a prodrome to dementia? Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry 17, 9971005 (2002).
   Google Scholar
• Murman DL, Chen Q, Powell MC, Kuo SB, Bradley CJ, Colenda CC. The incremental direct costs associated with behavioral symptoms in AD. Neurology 59(11), 17211729 (2002).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiner MF, Svetlik D, Risser RC. What depressive symptoms are reported in Alzheimers patients? Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry 12, 648652 (1997).
   Google Scholar
• Ballard C, Bannister C, Solis M, Oyebode F, Wilcock G. The prevalence, associations and symptoms of depression amongst dementia sufferers. J. Affect. Disord. 36(3 4),135144 (1996).
   Google Scholar
• Pearlson GD, Ross CA, Lohr WD et al. Association between family history of affective disorder and the depressive syndrome of Alzheimers disease. Am. J. Psychiatry 147, 452456 (1990).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lind K, Edman A, Karlsson I, Sjogren M, Wallin A. Relationship between depressive symptomatology and the subcortical brain syndrome in dementia. Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry 17(8), 774778 (2002).
   Google Scholar
• Reifler BV, Larson E, Teri L, Poulsen M. Dementia of the Alzheimers type and depression. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 34(12), 855859 (1986).
   Google Scholar
• Raskind MA. The clinical interface of depression and dementia. J. Clin. Psychiatry
   Google Scholar
• (Suppl. 10), 912 (1998).
   Google Scholar
• Sultzer DL, Gray KF, Gunay I, Wheatley MV, Mahler ME. Does behavioral improvement with haloperidol or trazdone treatment depend on psychosis or mood symptoms in patients with dementia? J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 49(10), 12941300 (2001).
   Google Scholar
• Alexopoulos GS. The assessment and treatment of depressed-demented patients. In: Geriatric Psychopharmacology. Nelson JC (Ed.). Marcel Decker, Inc., NY, USA and Basel,Switzerland (1998).
   Google Scholar
• Rummans TA, Lauterbach EC, Coffey CE et al. Pharmacologic efficacy in neuropsychiatry: a review of placebocontrolled treatment trials. A report of the ANPA Committee on Research. J. Neuropsychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 11(2), 176 189 (1999).
   Google Scholar
• Naranjo CA, Herrmann N, Mittmann N, Bremner KE. Recent advances in geriatric psychopharmacology. Drugs Aging 7(3), 184202 (1995).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reifler BV, Teri L, Raskind M et al. Double-blind trial of imipramine in Alzheimers disease patients with and without depression. Am. J. Psychiatry 146, 4549 (1989).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tariot PN, Cohen RM, Sunderland T et al. L-Deprenyl in Alzheimers disease: preliminary evidence for behavioral change with monoamine oxidase B inhibition. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 44, 427433 (1987).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nyth AL, Gottfries CG. The clinical efficacy of citalopram in treatment of emotional disturbances in dementia disorders: a Nordic multicenter study. Br. J. Psychiatry 157, 894901 (1990).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eriksson S, Sylversen S. A controlled multicenter clinical study of citalopram and placebo in elderly depressed patients with our without concomitant dementia. Acta. Psychiatr. Scand. 86, 138145 (1992).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katz IR, Simpson GM, Curlik SM et al. Pharmacologic treatment of major depression for elderly patients in residential care settings. J. Clin. Psychol. 519\(Suppl. 1), 4147 (1990).
   Google Scholar
• Raji MA, Brady SR. Mirtazapine for treatment of depression and comorbidities in Alzheimers disease. Ann. Pharmacother. 35(9), 10241027 (2001).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schatzberg AF, Kremer C, Rodrigues HE, Murphy GM Jr. Mirtazapine vs. Paroxetine Study Group. Double-blind, randomized comparison of mirtazapine and paroxetine in elderly depressed patients. Am. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry 10(5), 541550 (2002).
   Google Scholar
• Fuchs A, Hehnke U, Erhart CH et al. Video rating analysis of effect of maprotiline in patients with dementia and depression. Pharmacopsychiatry 25, 3741 (1993).
   Google Scholar
• Teri L, Reifler BV, Veith RC et al. Imipramine in treatment of depressed Alzheimers patients: impact on cognition. J. Gerontol. B. Psychol. Sci. Soc. Sci. 6, 372 377 (1991).
   Google Scholar
• Katona CL, Hunter BN, Bray J. A doubleblind comparison of the efficacy and safely of paroxetine and imipramine in the treatment of depression with dementia. Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry 13(2), 100108 (1998).
   Google Scholar
• Taragano FE, Lyketsos CG, Mangone CA et al. A double-blind, randomized, fixeddose trial of fluoxetine vs. amitriptyline in the treatment of major depression complicating Alzheimers disease. Psychosomatics 38, 246252 (1997).
   Google Scholar
• Borson S, Scanlan JM, Doane K, Gray S. Antidepressant prescribing in nursing home: is there a place for tricyclics? Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry 17(12), 11401145 (2002).
   Google Scholar
• Burt T. Donepezil and related cholinesterase inhibitors as mood and behavioral controlling agents. Curr. Psychiatry Rep. 2(6), 473478 (2000).
   Google Scholar
• Robert P. Understanding and managing behavioral symptoms in Alzheimers disease and related dementias: focus on rivastigmine. Curr. Med. Res. Opin. 18(3), 156171 (2002).
   Google Scholar
• Cummings JL, Kaufer D. Neuropsychiatric aspects of Alzheimers disease: the cholinergic hypothesis revisited. Neurology 47(4), 876883 (1996).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosler M. The efficacy of cholinesterase inhibitors in treating the behavioural symptoms of dementia. Int. J. Clin. Pract. Suppl. 127, 2036 (2002).
   Google Scholar
• Weiner MF, Martin-Cook K, Foster BM, Saine K, Fontaine CS, Svetlik DA. Effects of donepezil on emotional/ behavioral symptoms in Alzheimers disease patients. J. Clin. Psychiatry 61(7), 487492 (2000).
   Google Scholar
• Mega MS, Masterman DM, OConnor SM, Barclay TR, Cummings JL. The spectrum of behavioral responses to cholinesterase inhibitor therapy in Alzheimers disease. Arch. Neurol. 56(11), 13881393 (1999).
   Google Scholar
• Trinh N-H, Hoblyn J, Mohanty S, Yaffe K. Efficacy of cholinesterase inhibitors in the treatment of neuropsychiatric symptoms and functional impairment in Alzheimers disease. JAMA 289 (2), 210216 (2003).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alexopoulos GS. New concepts for prevention and treatment of late-life depression. Am. J. Psychiatry 158, 835858 (2001).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Narang PK, Cutler NR. Pharmacotherapy in Alzheimers disease: basis and rationale. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 10(35), 519531 (1986).
   Google Scholar
• Roccaforte WH, Burke WJ. Use of psychostimulants for the elderly. Hosp. Community Psychiatry 41(12), 13301333 (1990).
   Google Scholar
• Kaplitz SE. Withdrawn, apathetic geriatric patients responsive to methylphenidate. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 23, 271276 (1975).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galynker I, Ieronimo C, Miner C, Rosenblum J, Vilkas N, Rosenthal R. Methylphenidate treatment of negative symptoms in patients with dementia. J. Neuropsychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 9(2), 231 239 (1997).
   Google Scholar
• Masand PS, Tesar GE. Use of stimulants in the medically ill. Psychiatr. Clin. North Am. 19(3), 515545 (1996).
   Google Scholar
• Burn DJ. Depression in Parkinsons disease. Eur. J. Neurol. 9\(Suppl. 3), 4445 (2002).
   Google Scholar
• Valldeoriola F, Nobbe FA, Tolosa E. Treatment of behavioural disturbances in Parkinsons disease. J. Neural Transm. Suppl. 51, 175204 (1997).
   Google Scholar
• Cummings JL. The dementias of Parkinsons disease: prevalence, characteristics, neurobiology and comparison with dementia of the Alzheimer type. Eur. Neurol. 28\(Suppl. 1), 1523 (1988).
   Google Scholar
• Poewe W, Seppi K. Treatment options for depression and psychosis in Parkinsons disease. J. Neurol. 248\(Suppl. 3), 1221 (2001).
   Google Scholar
• Kaufer DI. Pharmacological therapy of dementia with Lewy bodies. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry Neurol. 15(4), 224232 (2002).
   Google Scholar
• UK ECT Review Group. Efficacy and safety of electroconvulsive therapy in depressive disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet 361(9360), 799 808 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weintraub D, Lippmann SB. ECT for major depression and mania with advanced dementia. J. ECT 17(1), 6567 (2001).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rao V, Lyketsos CG. The benefits and risks of ECT for patients with primary dementia who also suffer from depression. Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry 15(8), 729735 (2000).
   Google Scholar
• Andrade C, Kurinji S. Continuation and maintenance ECT: a review of recent research. J. ECT 18(3), 149158 (2002).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• George MS. New methods of minimally invasive brain modulation as therapies in psychiatry: TMS, MST, VNS and DBS. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi (Taipei) 65(8), 349360 (2002).
   Google Scholar
• Sackeim HA, Keilp JG, Rush AJ et al. The effects of vagus nerve stimulation on cognitive performance in patients with treatment-resistant depression. Neuropsychiatry Neuropsychol. Behav. Neurol. 14(1), 5362 (2001).
   Google Scholar
• Dodrill CB, Morris GL. Effects of vagal nerve stimulation on cognition and quality of life in epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav. 2(1), 46 53 (2001).
   Google Scholar
• Sjogren MJ, Hellstrom PT, Jonsson MA, Runnerstam M, Silander HC, Ben- Menachem E. Cognition-enhancing effect of vagus nerve stimulation in patients with Alzheimers disease: a pilot study. J. Clin. Psychiatry 63(11), 972980 (2002).
   Google Scholar
• Teri L, Gallagher-Thompson D. Cognitivebehavioral interventions for treatment of depression in Alzheimers patients. Gerontologist 31(3), 413413 (1991).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teri L, Logsdon RG, Uomoto J et al. Behavioral treatment of depression in dementia patients: a controlled clinical trial. J. Gerontol. B. Psychol. Sci. Soc. Sci. 4, 159166 (1997).
   Google Scholar
• Clare L, Wilson BA, Carter G, Breen K, Berrios GE, Hodges JR. Depression and anxiety in memory clinic attenders and their carers: implications for evaluating the effectiveness of cognitive rehabilitation interventions. Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry 17(10), 962967 (2002).
   Google Scholar
• Fugh-Berman A, Cott JM. Dietary supplements and natural products as psychotherapeutic agents. Psychosom. Med. 61(5), 712728 (1999).
   Google Scholar
• Hypericum Depression Trial Study Group. Effect of Hypericum perforatum (St Johns wort) in major depressive disorder: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 287(14), 18071814 (2002).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tesch BJ. Herbs commonly used by women: an evidence-based review. Dis. Mon. 48(10), 671696 (2002).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ernst E. Herbal medications for common ailments in the elderly. Drugs. Aging 15(6), 423428 (1999).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hammerness P, Basch E, Ulbricht C et al. Natural Standard Research Collaboration. St Johns wort: a systematic review of adverse effects and drug interactions for the consultation psychiatrist. Psychosomatics 44(4), 271282 (2003).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandyk R. L-tryptophan in neuropsychiatric disorders: a review. Int. J. Neurosci. 67(14), 127144 (1992).
   Google Scholar
• Freeman MP. Omega-3 fatty acids in psychiatry: a review. Ann. Clin. Psychiatry 12(3), 159165 (2000).
   Google Scholar
• Alessi CA, Schnelle JF. Approach to sleep disorders in the nursing home setting. Sleep Med. Rev. 4(1), 4556 (2000).
   Google Scholar
• Montgomery P, Dennis J. Physical exercise for sleep problems in adults aged 60+. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 4, CD003404 (2002).
   Google Scholar
• Schindler SD, Graf A, Fischer P, Tolk A, Kasper S. Paranoid delusions and hallucinations and bright light therapy in Alzheimers disease. Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry 17(11), 10711072 (2002).
   Google Scholar
• Lyketsos CG, Lindell Veiel L, Baker A, Steele C. A randomized, controlled trial of bright light therapy for agitated behaviors in dementia patients residing in long-term care. Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry 14(7), 520 525 (1999).
   Google Scholar
• Katz IR. Diagnosis and treatment of depression in patients with Alzheimers disease and other dementias. J. Clin. Psychiatry 59\(Suppl. 9), 3844 (1998).
   Google Scholar