33
Views
6
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Drug Evaluation

Botulinum toxin treatment of adult spasticity

Pages 773-785 | Published online: 10 Jan 2014

References

  • Mayer NH, Simpson DM. Preface. In: Spasticity: Etiology Evaluation, Management and the Role of Botulinum Toxin. Mayer NH, Simpson DM (Eds). WeMove Organization, NY, USA (2002).
  • Sheean G. Neurophysiology of spasticity. In: Clinical Management of Spasticity and the Upper Motor. Iiumne Synchame. Barnes MP, Johnson G (Eds). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 12–78 (2001).
  • Lance JW. Symposium synopsis. In: Spasticity: Disorclemd Motor Control. Feldman RG, Young RR, Koella WP (Eds). Year Book Medical Publishers, Chicago, IL, USA, 485–494 (1980).
  • O'Dwyer NJ, Ada L, Neilson PD. Spasticity and muscle contracture following stroke. Brain. 119(5), 1737–1749 (1996).
  • ••Casts doubt upon the long-acceptedrelationship between spasticity and the development of contractures. Spasticity was defined electrophysiologically as velocity-dependent stretch hyper-reflexia, not as clinical hypertonia. The dissociation between tone and stretch reflexes indicates the importance of soft tissue changes in the upper motor neuron syndrome.
  • Denny-Brown D. The Cerebral Control of Movement. Liverpool University Press, Liverpool, UK (1966).
  • Dietz V, Quintern J, Berger W. Electrophysiological studies of gait in spasticity and rigidity. Bain 104,431–449 (1981).
  • Sinkjaer T, Toft E, Larsen K, Andreassen S, Hansen HJ. Nonreflex and reflex mediated ankle joint stiffness in multiple sclerosis patients with spasticity. Muscle Nerve 16, 69–76 (1993).
  • Given JD, Dewald JP, Rymer WZ. Joint dependent passive stiffness in paretic and contralateral limbs of spastic patients with hemiparetic stroke. J. Neural Neurosurg. Psychiatry 59 (3), 271–279 (1995).
  • Johnson GR. Measurement of spasticity. In: Clinical Management of Spasticity and the Upper Motor Neumne Syndrome. Barnes MP, Johnson G (Eds). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 79–95 (2001).
  • Boyd RN, Ada L. Physiotherapy management of spasticity. In: Clinical Management of Spasticity and the Upper Motor Neurone Syndrome. Barnes MP, Johnson G (Eds). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 96–121 (2001).
  • Dietz V. Spastic movement disorder: what is the impact of research on clinical practice?' Neurd Neurosurg. Bychiatry 74,820–821 (2003).
  • Ada L, Vattanasilp W O'Dwyer NJ, Crosbie J. Does spasticity contribute to walking dysfunction after stroke?' .1%,uni. .1urasu1g. Bychiatry64(5), 628–635 (1998).
  • Dickstein R, Heffes Y, Abulaffio N. Electromyographic and positional changes in the elbows of spastic hemiparetic patients during walking. Bectmencephalogi: Clin. Neumphysiol 101(6), 491–496 (1996).
  • Young RR. Spasticity: a review. Neurology 44 (Suppl. 9), S12—S20 (1994).
  • ••Provides an excellent overview of thepathophysiology and pharmacology of spasticity, well worth reading to gain a working understanding quickly.
  • el-Abd MA, Ibrahim IK, Dietz V. Impaired activation pattern in antagonistic elbow muscles of patients with spastic hemiparesis: contribution to movement disorder. Dectromyogi: Clin. Neumphysiol 33(4), 247–255 (1993).
  • Edwards S. Physiotherapy management of established spasticity. In: Spasticity Rehabilitation. Sheean G (Ed.). Churchill Communications Europe Ltd., London, UK, 71–90 (1998).
  • Butler C, Darrah J. Effects of neurodevelopmental treatment (NDT) for cerebral palsy: an AACPDM evidence report. Dev Med. Child. Neural 43(11), 778–790 (2001).
  • Richardson DR. Evaluation of interventions in the management of spasticity: treatment goals and outcome measures. In: Spasticity Rehabilitation. Sheean G (Ed.). Churchill Communications Europe Ltd, London, UK, 57–71 (1998).
  • Pierson SH. Outcome measures in spasticity management. In: Spasticity: Etiology Evaluation, Management and the Role of Botulinum Toxin. Mayer NH, Simpson DM (Eds). WeMove Organization, NY, USA, 27–43 (2002).
  • Cutter NC, Scott DD, Johnson JC, Whiteneck G. Gabapentin effect on spasticity in multiple sclerosis: a placebo-controlled, randomized trial. Arch. Phys. Med Rehabil 81(2), 164–169 (2000).
  • Meythaler JM, Guin-Renfroe S, Hadley MN. Continuously infused itntrathecal baclofen for spastiddystonic hemiplegia: a preliminary report. Am j Phys. Med. Rehabil 78(3), 247–254 (1999).
  • Jarrett L, Nandi P, Thompson AJ. Managing severe lower limb spasticity in multiple sclerosis: does it. phenol have a role?" Neural Neurosurg. Ptychiatry73 (6), 705–709 (2002).
  • Nathan PW, Sears TA, Smith MC. Effects of phenol solutions on the nerve roots of the cat: an electrophysiological and histological study. I Neural Sri. 2 (1), 7–29 (1965).
  • Zafonte RD, Munin MC. Phenol and alcohol blocks for the treatment of spasticity. Phys. Med. Rehabil Gun. N Am. 12(4), 817–832 (2001).
  • Trigaux JP, Deceone B, Van Beers B. Focal necrosis of the ureter following CT-guided chemical sympathectomy. Camliovasc Intervent. Radio!. 15(3), 180–182 (1992).
  • Clli M, Aoki R Botulinum toxin A (BTX-a) reduces inflammatory pain in the rat formalin model. Cephalalgia 20,414 (2000).
  • de Paiva A, Meunier FA, Molgo J, Aoki KR, Dolly JO. Functional repair of motor endplates after botulinum neurotoxin type A poisoning: biphasic switch of synaptic activity between nerve sprouts and their parent terminals. Proc. Natl Acad. Sc]. USA 96(6), 3200–3205 (1999).
  • Berweck S, Feldkamp A, Francke A, Nehles J, Schwerin A, Heinen E Sonography-guided injection of botulinum toxin A in children with cerebral palsy. Neuropecliatrics 33(4), 221–223 (2002).
  • Perotto A. Anatomical Guide For the Electromyographer: The Limbs and Punk. Third Edition. Charles C Thomas Publishers, IL, USA (1994).
  • Snow BJ, Tsui JK, Bhatt MH, Varelas M, Hashimoto SA, Caine DB. Treatment of spasticity with botulinum toxin: a double-blind study. Ann Neuml 28,512–515 (1990).
  • Simpson DM, Alexander DN, O'Brien CF eta! Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of upper extremity spasticity: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Neurology46,1306-1310 (1996). Seminal study that established the efficacy of botulinum toxin in reducing distal upper limb hypertonia after stroke. The lessons learned from this study help understanding of why functional measures were not improved.
  • Burbaud P, Wiart L, Dubos JL eta! A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of botulinum toxin in the treatment of spastic foot in hemiparetic patients. .1. Nemo'. Neumsurg. PTchiatry61, 265–269 (1996).
  • Bakheit AM, Thilmann AF, Ward AB eta! A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging study to compare the efficacy and safety of three doses of botulinum toxin type A (Dysport) with placebo in upper limb spasticity after stroke. Stroke 31,2402–2406 (2000).
  • Richardson D, Sheean G, Werring D et al Evaluating the role of botulinum toxin in the management of focal hypertonia in adults. .1. Neural Neurosurg. Psychiatry69, 499–506 (2000).
  • **First double-blind study to use individualized injections of botulinum toxin and outcome measures in the hopes of demonstrating functional improvement. Despite this, only one measure of lower limb function was significantly improved.
  • Bhakta BB, Cozens JA, Chamberlain MA, Bamford JM. Impact of botulinum toxin type A on disability and carer burden due to arm spasticity after stroke: a randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial. J. Nara. Neurosurg Bychiatry69,217–221 (2000).
  • Hyman N, Barnes M, Bhakta B eta! Botulinum toxin (Dysport) treatment of hip adductor spasticity in multiple sclerosis: a prospective, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose ranging study. Neural Neurosurg. Fiychiatry8, 707–712 (2000).
  • Smith SJ, Ellis E, White S, Moore AR A double-blind placebo-controlled study of botulinum toxin in upper limb spasticity after stroke or head injury. Gun. Rehabil 14,5–13 (2000).
  • Bakheit AM, Pittock S, Moore AP eta! A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the efficacy and safety of botulinum toxin type A in upper limb spasticity in patients with stroke. Euc Neural 8(6), 559–565 (2001).
  • Brashear A, Gordon ME, Elovic E eta! Intramuscular injection of botulinum toxin for the treatment of wrist and finger spasticity after a stroke. N Eng. J. Med. 347(6), 395–400 (2002).
  • Pittock SJ, Moore AP, Hardiman 0 eta! A double-blind randomised placebo-controlled evaluation of three doses of botulinum toxin type A (Dysport®) in the treatment of spastic equinovarus deformity after stroke. Cerebrovasc. Dis. 15(4), 289–300 (2003).
  • Fehlings D, Rang M, Glazier J, Steele C. An evaluation of botulinum-A toxin injections to improve upper extremity function in children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy. I Pecliatc 137(3), 331–337 (2000).
  • Yang TF, Fu CP, Kao NT, Chan RC, Chen SJ. Effect of botulinum toxin type A on cerebral palsy with upper limb spasticity. Ainj Phys. Med. Rehabil 82(4), 284–289 (2003).
  • Koman LA, Mooney JF 3rd, Smith BP, Walker F, Leon JM. Botulinum toxin type A neuromuscular blockade in the treatment of lower extremity spasticity in cerebral palsy: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. BOTOX Study Group. J. Pediatr. Orthop. 20(1), 108–115 (2000).
  • Ade-Hall RA, Moore AP. Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of lower limb spasticity in cerebral palsy. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. (2) CD001408 (2000).
  • van Kuijk AA, Geurts AC, Bevaart BJ, van Limbeek J. Treatment of upper extremity spasticity in stroke patients by focal neuronal or neuromuscular blockade: a systematic review of the literature. j Rehabil. Med. 34 (2), 51–61 (2002). Comprehensive review of the clinical trials of botulinum toxin treatment of spasticity after stroke.
  • Sheean G. Botulinum toxin treatment of spasticity: why is it so hard to show a functional benefit? CU17: Opin. New& 14, 771–776 (2002). Explores the possible reasons why botulinum toxin injections have not shown convincing functional improvement in the placebo-controlled studies of spasticity.
  • Rousseaux M, Kozlowski 0, Froger J. Efficacy of botulinum toxin A in upper limb function of hemiplegic patients. Nemo'. 249(1), 76–84 (2002).
  • Bhatia IQ, Munchau A, Thompson PD et al Generalised muscular weakness after botulinum toxin injections for dystonia: a report of three cases. J. New& Neurosurg. Psychiatry67(1), 90–93 (1999).
  • Sheean GL, Murray NM, Marsden CD. Pain and remote weakness in limbs injected with botulinum toxin A for writer's cramp. Lancet 346(8968), 154–156 (1995).
  • Scott AB, Suzuki D. Systemic toxicity of botulinum toxin by im. injection in the monkey. Mov. Disord 3(4), 333–335 (1988).
  • Molenaers G, Desloovere K, De Cat J eta! Single event multilevel botulinum toxin type A treatment and surgery: similarities and differences. Eur J. Neural 8\(Suppl. 5), 88–97 (2001).
  • Eleopra R, Tugnoli V, De Grandis D. The variability in the clinical effect induced by botulinum toxin type A: the role of muscle activity in humans. Mov. Dion". 12(1), 89–94 (1997).
  • Hesse S, Reiter F, Konrad M, Jahnke MT Botulinum toxin type A and short-term electrical stimulation in the treatment of upper limb flexor spasticity after stroke: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Clin. Rehabil12 (5), 381–388 (1998).
  • Detrembleur C, Lejeune TM, Renders A, Van Den Bergh PY. Botulinum toxin and short-term electrical stimulation in the treatment of equinus in cerebral palsy. Mov. Disord. 17(1), 162–169 (2002).
  • Wiegand H, Erdmann G, Wellhoner 1111. 125I-labelled botulinum A neurotoxin: pharmacokinetics in cats after im. injection. Naunyn. Schmiedebergs Arrh. Pharmacol 292(2), 161–165 (1976).
  • Priori A, Berardelli A, Mercuri B, Manfredi M. Physiological effects produced by botulinum toxin treatment of upper limb dystonia. Changes in reciprocal inhibition between forearm muscles. Brain 118(3), 801–807 (1995).
  • Modugno N, Priori A, Berardelli A, Vacca L, Mercuri B, Manfredi M. Botulinum toxin restores presynaptic inhibition of group Ia afferents in patients with essential tremor. Muscle Nerve 21 (12), 1701–1705 (1998).
  • Ceballos-Baumann AO, Sheean G, Passingham RE, Marsden CD, Brooks DJ. Botulinum toxin does not reverse the cortical dysfunction associated with writer's cramp. A PET study. Brain 120,571–582 (1997).
  • Filippi GM, Errico P, Santarelli R, Bagolini B, Manni E. Botulinum A toxin effects on rat jaw muscle spindles. Acta Otolaryngol 113(3), 400–404 (1993).
  • Burke D. Spasticity as an adaptation to pyramidal tract injury. In: Advances In Neurology' Functional Recovery In Neurological Disease. (Volume 44. Waxman SG (Ed.). Raven Press, NY, USA, 401–423 (1988).
  • Girlanda P, Quartarone A, Sinicropi S eta! Botulinum toxin in upper limb spasticity: study of reciprocal inhibition between forearm muscles. Neumreport 8(14), 3039–3044 (1997).
  • On AY, Kirazli Y, Kismali B, Aksit R Mechanisms of action of phenol block and botulinus toxin Type A in relieving spasticity: electrophysiologic investigation and follow-up. Am. J. Ph). Med. Rehabil 78(4), 344–349 (1999).
  • Pandyan AD, Vuadens P, van Wijck FM, Stark S, Johnson GR, Barnes MP. Are we underestimating the clinical efficacy of botulinum toxin (type A)? Quantifying changes in spasticity, strength and upper limb function after injections of Botox to the elbow flexors in a unilateral stroke population. Clin. Rehabil 16(6), 654–660 (2002).
  • Schmit BD, Dewald JP, Rymer WZ. Stretch reflex adaptation in elbow flexors during repeated passive movements in unilateral brain-injured patients. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil 81(3), 269–278 (2000).
  • Chalkiadaki A, Rohr UP, Hefter H. Early pain reduction in the treatment of spasticity after a single injection of botulinum A toxin. Dtsch Med. Wochenschr 126(48), 1361–1364 (2001).
  • Silberstein S, Mathew N, Saper J, Jenkins S. Botulinum toxin type A as a migraine preventive treatment. For the BOTOX Migraine Clinical Research Group. Headache 40,445–450 (2000).
  • Sheean G. The treatment of musculoskeletal pain and spasm with botulinum toxin. Cur Pain Headache Rep. 6,460–469 (2002).

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.