121
Views
1
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Cognitive behavioral therapy in the treatment of schizophrenia

&
Pages 861-868 | Published online: 10 Jan 2014

References

  • Chadwick PK. Barrierline: a Bychological Study Paranoia and Delusional Thinking. Routledge, London, UK; NY, USA (1992).
  • British Psychological Society. Recent advances in understanding mental illness and psychotic experiences. A report by the British Psychological Society Division of Clinical Psychology (2000).
  • Mueser KT, Corrigan PW, Hilton DW et al Illness management and recovery: a review of the research. Bychiatric Serv. 53, 1272–1284 (2002).
  • Turkington D, Dudley R, Warman DM et al Cognitive-behavioural therapy for schizophrenia: a review. I Psych. Proc. 10(1), 5–16 (2004).
  • Chadwick P, Birchwood MJ, Trower Cognitive Therapy for Delusions, Voices and Paranoia. Wiley, Chichester, UK (1996).
  • Fowler D, Garety P, Kuipers E. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy for People With Bychosir a Clinical Handbook. Wiley, Chichester, UK (1995).
  • Kingdon D, Turkington D. Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy Schizophrenia. Lawrence A Earlbaum Associates, MI, USA (1994).
  • Rector NA, Beck AT Cognitive behavioural therapy for schizophrenia: an empirical review.Nerv Mental Dis. 189,278–287 (2001).
  • Moorhead S, Turkington D. The CBT of delusional disorder: the relationship between schema vulnerability and psychotic content. Br Med Bychol. 74,419–430 (2001).
  • Beck AT, Rush A, Shaw B et al. Cognitive Therapy Depasion. Guilford Press, NY, USA (1979).
  • Wells A. Cognitive Therapy Anxiety Disorders: a Practice Manual and Conceptual Guide. John Wiley and Sons Ltd, Chichester, UK (1996).
  • Beck JS. Cognitive Therapy: Basics and Beyond. Guilford Press, UK (1995).
  • Turkington D, Kingdon D. Using a normalising rationale in the treatment of schizophrenic patients. In: Cognitive-Behavioural Interventions with Bychotic Disarlers. Haddock G, Slade P (Eds). Routledge, London, UK, 103–115 (1996).
  • Nuechterlein KH, Dawson ME. Vulnerability and stress factors in the developmental course of schizophrenic disorders. Schiz. Buff. 10(2), 158–159 (1984).
  • van Os J, Bak M, Hanssen M et al Cannabis use and psychosis: a longitudinal population-based study. Am. J. Epidemiol 156(4), 319–327 (2002).
  • Butler G. Clinical formulation. Comprehensive Psych. 6(1), 1–23 (1998).
  • Morrison AP, Renton JC, Dunn H et al Cognitive Therapy For Psychosis: a Formulation-Based Approach. Brunner-Routledge, NY, USA (2004).
  • ••Excellent overview of cognitive behavioraltherapy (CBT) treatment approaches to working with people with psychotic illness. It draws heavily on specific models of voice hearing and delusions and uses these as a basis for deriving person-specific formulations to help understand the maintenance of the problems. Treatment techniques are derived from the formulation and are well described in this text.
  • Chadwick P, Williams C, MacKenzie J. Impact of case formulation in cognitive behavioural therapy for psychosis. fkhav. Res.Therapy 41(6), 671–680 (2003).
  • Morrison AR A Casebook Cognitive Therapy for Psychosis. Brunner-Routledge, NY, USA (2002).
  • Chadwick P, Birchwood M. The omnipotence of voices: a cognitive approach to auditory hallucinations. BE J. Psych. 164,190–201 (1994).
  • Tarrier N, Harwood S, Yusopoff L et al Coping strategy enhancement (CSE): a method of treating residual schizophrenic symptoms. &hay. Ptychother 18(4), 283–293 (1990).
  • John C, Turkington D. A model-building approach in cognitive therapy with a woman with 'chronic schizophrenia' hallucinations: why did it work? Clin. fiychol. fiychother. 3(1), 46–61 (1996).
  • Morrison AP, Renton JC. Cognitive therapy for auditory hallucinations: a theory-based approach. Cogn. Behav. Practice 8,147–160 (2001).
  • Morrison AP. A cognitive analysis of the maintenance of auditory hallucinations: are voices to schizophrenia what bodily sensations are to panic? Behav. Cog. Ptychother. 26,289–302 (1998)
  • Morrison AP. The interpretation of intrusions in psychosis: an intergrative cognitive approach to hallucinations and delusions. &hay. Cog. Ptychother. 29, 257–276 (2001).
  • van-Os J, Hanssen M, Bijl RV et al Straus (1969) revisited: a psychosis continuum in the general population? Schiz. Res. 45 (1–2), 11–20 (2000).
  • Birchwood M, Meaden A, Trower P et al The power and omnipotence of voices: subordination and entrapment by voices and significant others. Psychological Med. 30,337–344 (2000).
  • Trower P, Birchwood M, Meada A et al Cognitive therapy for command hallucinations: randomized controlled trial. Br. Bychiatry184,312–320 (2004).
  • •This randomized clinical trial (RCT) compared CBT against the usual treatment for people experiencing command hallucinations. These are frequently a very distressing experience and often leads to harm to self or others. This research is one of the first to draw on a specific psychological model of voice hearing, in this case social ranking theory, to inform a treatment. CBT was effective in reducing compliance behavior, as well as in reducing conviction in beliefs about voices.
  • Rachman SI DaSilva P Abnormal and normal obsessions. fkhav. Res. Therapy16, 233–248 (1978).
  • Salkovskis P Understanding and treating obsessive compulsive disorder. fkhav. Res. Therapy37, S29—S52 (1999).
  • Turkington D, Siddle R. Cognitive therapy for the treatment of delusions. Advanc. Psychiatric Treat. 4,235–242 (1998).
  • Birchwood M, Smith J, Macmillan F et al Predicting relapse in schizophrenia: the development and implementation of an early signs monitoring system using patients and families as observers: a preliminary investigation. Ptychol Merl 19(3), 649–656 (1989).
  • Gumley A, 0' Gradey M, McNay L et al Early intervention for relapse in schizophrenia: results of a 12-month randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioural therapy. Bychol. Med. 33(3), 419–431 (2003).
  • Bustillo JR, Lauriello J, Horan WP et al The psychosocial treatment of schizophrenia: an update. Am. J. Psychiatry 158(2), 163–175 (2001).
  • Pilling S, Bebbington P, Kuipers E et al Psychological treatments in schizophrenia: I. Meta-analysis of family intervention and cognitive behaviour therapy. Bychol Med. 32,763–782 (2002).
  • Sensky T, Turkington D, Kingdon D et al. A randomised controlled trial of cognitive-behavioural therapy for persistent symptoms in schizophrenia resistant to medication. Atli. Gen. Psych. 57,165–172 (2000).
  • •This RCT compared CBT against a matched control condition of befriending (BF). Both CBT and BF were helpful in reducing psychotic symptoms and overall symptomatology at the end of treatment. However, the gains made in the BF group were lost at follow-up whereas the CBT group continued to show improved well-being.
  • National Institute for Clinical Excellence. Clinical Guideline 1: Schizophrenia. Core interventions in the treatment and management schizophrenia in primary and secondary care. NICE, London, UK (2002).
  • Turkington D, McKenna P Is cognitive- behavioural therapy a worthwhile treatment for psychosis? BE j Psych. 182(6), 477–479 (2003).
  • Beck AT Successful outpatient psychotherapy of a chronic schizophrenic with a delusion based on borrowed guilt. Ptychiatry: Interpersonal Process. 3, 305–312 (1952).
  • Watts FN, Powell GE, Austin SV. The modification of abnormal beliefs. BE J. Med. Ptychol 46,359–363 (1973).
  • Fowler D, Morley S. The cognitive- behavioural treatment of hallucinations and delusions: a preliminary study. Behav. Ptychother. 17(3), 267–282 (1989).
  • Kingdon DG, Turkington D. The use of cognitive behavior therapy with a normalizing rationale in schizophrenia: Preliminary report. J. Nerv. Mental Dis. 179(4), 207–211 (1991).
  • Tarrier N, Beckett R, Harwood S et al. A trial of two cognitive-behavioural methods of treating drug-resistant residual psychotic symptoms in schizophrenic patients: I. Outcome. Br Bych. 162,524–532 (1993).
  • Kuipers E, Garety P, Fowler D et al London—East Anglia randomised controlled trial of cognitive-behavioural therapy for psychosis. I: effects of the treatment phase. Br. fiych. 171,319-327 (1997).
  • Pinto A, La Pia S, Menella R et al. Cognitive behavioural therapy and clozapine for patients with schizophrenia. Psych. Serv. 50(7), 901–904 (1999).
  • Rector NA, Seeman MV, Segal ZV. Cognitive therapy for schizophrenia: a preliminary randomized controlled trial. Schiz. Res. 63(1–2), 1–11 (2003).
  • Costello CG. Research on symptoms versus research on syndromes: arguments in favour of allocating more research time to the study of symptoms. BE j Psych. 160, 304–308 (1992).
  • Bentall RP, Jackson HF, Pilgrim D. Abandoning the concept of 'schizophrenia': Some implications of validity arguments for psychological research into psychotic phenomena. BE J. Clin. Psychol. 27, 303–324 (1988).
  • Bentall RP, Baker GA, Havers S. Reality monitoring and psychotic hallucinations. Br.Clin. Psychol. 30,213–222 (1991).
  • Hoffman RE. Verbal hallucinations and language production processes in schizophrenia. Behav. Brain Sci. 9(3), 503–517 (1986).
  • Dudley RE, John CH, Young AW et al. The effect of self-referent material on the reasoning of people with delusions. BE j Clin. PTchol 364,575–584 (1997).
  • Buchanan A. A two year prospective study of treatment compliance in patients with schizophrenia. Psychol. Med 22,787–797 (1992)
  • Williams L, Newton G, Roberts K et al Clozapine-resistant schizophrenia: a positive approach. BE J. Psych. 181(3), 184–187 (2002).
  • Turkington D, Kingdon D, Turner T Effectiveness of a brief cognitive-behavioural therapy intervention in the treatment of schizophrenia. BE j Psych. 180,523-527 (2002). In this RCT, patients received six individual CBT sessions, with three CBT sessions for family and/or carers. Community psychiatric nurses with specific but limited training in CBT for schizophrenia delivered the intervention. The results indicated a specific benefit for this intervention in depression, insight and in overall symptoms. This study demonstrated the advantages of a combined limited treatment package, delivered by nonCBT specialist practitioners.
  • Kuipers E, Fowler D, Garety P et al London—East Anglia randomised controlled trial of cognitive-behavioural therapy for psychosis: III. Follow-up and economic evaluation at 18 months. BE J. Psych. 173, 61–68 (1998).
  • Safran JD, Segal ZV. Interpersonal Processes in Cognitive Therapy Jason Aronson, Inc., NJ, USA (1996).
  • Elkin I, Shea MT, Watkins JT et al National Institute of Mental Health Treatment of Depression Collaborative Research Programme: general effectiveness of treatments. Arch. Gen. Psych. 46(11) 971–982 (1984).
  • Kingdon D, Turkington D. The CTe Stift* Guide to Cognitive Behaviour Therapy Psychosis: The Wiley Series in Clinical Psychology John Wiley & Sons Ltd, UK (2003).
  • Garety P Fowler D, Kuipers E. Cognitive behavioural therapy for medication resistant symptoms. Schiz. Bull 26,73–86 (2000).
  • Brett-Jones JR, Garety PA, Hemsley DR. A method and its application. BE j Clin. fisychol 26(4), 257–265 (1987).
  • Chadwick PD, Lowe CF. Measurement and modification of delusional beliefs. J. Consult Clin. Psychol. 58(2), 225–232 (1990).
  • David AS. Insight and psychosis. BE j Psych. 156,798–808 (1990).
  • Hum C, Gray NS, Hughes I. Independence of 'reaction to hypothetical contradiction' from other measures of delusional ideation. Br.Clin. Psychol. 41(4), 349–360 (2002).
  • McKenna PJ. Schizophrenia and Relater Syndromes. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK (1994).
  • Durham RC, Guthrie M, Morton RV et al Tayside-fife clinical trial of cognitive-behavioural therapy for medication-resistant psychotic symptoms. BE j Psych. 182,303–311 (2003).
  • Fadden G. Implementation of family interventions in routine clinical practice following staff training programmes: a major cause for concern. J. Mental Health 6,599–612 (1997).
  • Milne D, Gorenski 0, Westerman C et al. What does it take to transfer training? Psych. Rehabil Skills 4,259–281 (2000).
  • Drury V, Birchwood M, Cochrane R et al Cognitive therapy and recovery from acute psychosis: a controlled trial: 1. Impact on psychotic symptoms. BE J. Psych. 169, 593–601 (1996).
  • McGorry P, Yung AR, Phillips LJ et al. Randomised controlled trial of interventions designed to reduce the risk of progression to first episode psychosis in a clinical sample with subthreshold symptoms. Arrh. Gen Psych. 59,921–928 (2002).
  • Morrison AP, Bentall RP, French P et al Randomised controlled trial of early detection and cognitive therapy for preventing transition to psychosis in high risk individuals. BE j fiych. 181\(Suppl. 43), S78—S84 (2002).
  • Bentall RP, Morrison AR More harm than good: the case against using antipsychotic drugs to prevent severe mental illness. J. Mental Health UK 11(4), 351–356 (2002).
  • Garety F Kuipers E, Fowler D et al Cognitive model of the positive symptoms of psychosis. Bychol Med 31 (2), 189–195 (2001).
  • Freeman D, Garety PA, Kuipers E et al. A cognitive model of persecutory delusions. Br.Clin. Psychol. 41,331–347 (2002).
  • Garety P, Kuipers E, Fowler D et al The PRP trial: testing a cognitive model of psychosis. Presented to the Annual Meeting-of BABCRYork, UK (2003).
  • Bach P, Hayes SH. The use of acceptance and commitment therapy to prevent the rehospitalisation of psychotic patients: a randomised controlled trial. j Consult. Clin. Psychol. 70(5), 1129–1139 (2002).
  • Callcott P, Turkington D. Cognitive therapy for traumatic psychosis: a formulation-based approach. In: Casebook of Cognitive Therapy for PTchosis. Routledge, London, UK (2002).
  • Morrison AP, Frame L, Larkin W Relationship between trauma and psychosis: a review and integration. BE j Clin. Psychol. 42(4) 331–353 (2003).
  • Mueser KT, Trumbetta SL, Rosenberg SD et al Trauma and post-traumatic stress disorder in severe mental illness. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 6,493–499 (1998).
  • Barrowclough C, Haddock G, Tarrier N et al Randomised controlled trial of motivational interviewing, cognitive behavioural therapy and family intervention for patients with comorbid schizophrenia and substance use disorders. Am. PTch. 158,1706–1713 (2001).

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.