93
Views
9
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Use of the ketogenic diet as a treatment for epilepsy refractory to drug treatment

Pages 769-775 | Published online: 10 Jan 2014

References

  • Kinsman SL, Vining EP, Quaskey SA, Mellits D, Freeman JM. Efficacy of the ketogenic diet for intractable seizure disorder: review of 58 cases. Epilepsia 33(6), 1132–1136 (1992).
  • Swink TD, Vining EPG, Freeman JM. The ketogenic diet. Adv. Pediatr. 44, 297–329 (1997).
  • Hassan AM, Keene DL, Whiting SE, Jacob PJ, Champagne JR, Humphreys P. Ketogenic diet in the treatment of refractory epilepsy in childhood. Pediatr. Neurol. 21(2), 548–552 (1999).
  • Freeman JM, Vining EPG, Pillas DJ, Pyzik PL, Casey JC, Kelly MT. The efficacy of the ketogenic diet – 1998: a prospective evaluation of intervention in 150 children. Pediatrics 102(6), 1358–1363 (1998).
  • Hemingway C, Freeman JM, Pillas DJ, Pyzik PL. The ketogenic diet: A 3- to 6-year follow-up of 150 children enrolled prospectively. Pediatrics 108(4), 898–905 (2001).
  • Katyal NG, Koehler AN, McGhee B, Foley CM, Crumrine PK. The ketogenic diet in refractory epilepsy: the experience of Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh. Clin. Pediatr. 39, 153–159 (2000).
  • Huttenlocher PR, Hapke RJ. A follow-up study of intractable seizures in childhood. Ann. Neurol. 28, 699–705 (1990).
  • Lefevre F, Aronson N. Ketogenic diet for the treatment of refractory epilepsy in children: a systematic review of efficacy. Pediatrics 105(4), 46 (2000).
  • Hippocrates. The genuine work of Hippocrates: translated from the Greek by Francis Adams. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore MD, 368–369 (1939).
  • Geyelin HR. Fasting as a method for treating epilepsy. Med. Rec. 99, 1037–1039 (1921).
  • Conklin HW. Cause and treatment of epilepsy. J. Am. Osteopath. Assoc. 22, 11–14 (1922).
  • Hoeffel G, Moriarty M. The effect of fasting on the metabolism of epileptic children. Am. J. Dis. Child. 28, 16–24 (1924).
  • Peterman MG. Ketogenic diet in the treatment of epilepsy: a preliminary report. Am. J. Dis. Child. 28, 28–33 (1924).
  • Peterman MG. The ketogenic diet in epilepsy. JAMA 84, 1979–1983 (1925).
  • Peterman MG. The ketogenic diet. JAMA 90, 1427–1429 (1928).
  • Helmoltz HF Goldstein M. Results of 15 years’ experience with the ketogenic diet in the treatment of epilepsy in children. Am. J. Psychiatry 94(2), 1205–1214 (1938).
  • McQuarrie I, Keith HM. Epilepsy in children: relationship of variations in the degree of ketonuria to occurrence of convulsions in epileptic children on ketogenic diets. Am. J. Dis. Child. 34, 1013–1029 (1927).
  • Talbot FB, Metcalf KM, Moriarty ME. Epilepsy, chemical investigations of rational treatment by production of ketosis. Am. J. Dis. Child. 33, 218–225 (1927).
  • Helmholz HF. The treatment of epilepsy in childhood: 5 years experience with the ketogenic diet. JAMA 88, 2028–2032 (1927).
  • Sirven J, Whedon B, Caplan D et al. The ketogenic diet for intractable epilepsy in adults: preliminary results. Epilepsia 40(12), 1721–1726 (1999).
  • Mady MA, Kossoff EH, McGregor AL, Wheless JW, Pyzik PL, Freeman JM. The ketogenic diet: adolescents can do it too. Epilepsia 44(6), 847–851 (2003).
  • Vaisleib II, Buchhalter JR, Zupanc ML. Ketogenic diet: out-patient initiation, without fluid, or caloric restrictions. Pediatr. Neurol. 31(3), 198–202 (2004).
  • Freeman JM, Freeman JB, Kelly MT. The Ketogenic Diet: A Treatment for Epilepsy (Third Edition). Demos Medical Publishing, Inc., NY, USA (2000).
  • Vining EPG. Clinical efficacy of the ketogenic diet. Epilepsy Res. 37, 181–190 (1999).
  • Wirrell EC, Darwish HZ, Williams-Dyjur C, Blackman M, Lange V. Is a fast necessary when initiating the ketogenic diet? J. Child Neurol. 17(3), 179–182 (2002).
  • Kim DW, Kang HC, Park JC, Kim HD. Benefits of the nonfasting ketogenic diet compared with the initial fasting ketogenic diet. Pediatrics 114(6), 1627–1630 (2005).
  • Greene AE, Todorova MT, McGowan R, Seyfried TN. Caloric restriction inhibits seizure susceptibility in epileptic EL mice by reducing blood glucose. Epilepsia 42(1), 1371–1378 (2001).
  • Eagles DA, Suzanne JB, Kotak A, Allan F. Calorie restriction of a high-carbohydrate diet elevates the threshold of PTZ-induced seizures to values equal to those seen with a ketogenic diet. Epilepsy Res. 54, 41–52 (2000).
  • Nordli DR Jr, Kuroda MM, Carroll J et al. Experience with the ketogenic diet in infants. Pediatrics 108(1), 129–133 (2001).
  • Huttenlocher PR. Ketonemia and seizures: metabolic and anticonvulsant effects of two ketogenic diets in childhood epilepsy. Pediatr. Res. 10, 536–540 (1976).
  • Rubenstein JE, Kossoff EH, Pyzik PL, Vining EP, McGrogan JR, Freeman JM. Experience in the use of the ketogenic diet as early therapy. J. Child Neurol. 20(1), 31–35 (2005).
  • Kossoff EH, Pyzik PL, McGrogan JR et al. Efficacy of the ketogenic diet for infantile spasms. Pediatrics 109, 780–783 (2002).
  • MacCracken KA, Scalisi JC. Development and evaluation of a ketogenic diet program. J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 99, 1554–1558 (1999).
  • Semrud-Clikeman M, Wical B. Components of attention in children with complex partial seizures with and without ADHD. Epilepsia 40, 211–215 (1999).
  • Martin R, Kuzniecky R, Ho S et al. Cognitive effects of topiramate, gabapentin, and lamotrigine in healthy young adults. Neurology 52, 321–327 (1999).
  • Austin JK, Dunn DW, Caffrey HM, Perkins SM, Harezlak J, Rose DF. Recurrent seizures and behavioral problems in children with first recognized seizures: a prospective study. Epilepsia 43(12), 1564–1573 (2002).
  • Pulliainen V, Kuikka P, Jokelainen M. Motor and cognitive functions in newly diagnosed seizure patients before anti-epileptic medication. Acta Neurol. Scand. 101, 73–78 (2000).
  • Pulsifer MB, Gordon JM, Brandt J, Vining EPG, Freeman JM. Effects of ketogenic diet on behavior: preliminary report of a prospective study. Dev. Med. Child Neurol. 43, 301–306 (2001).
  • Kwiterovich PO Jr, Vining EP, Pyzik P, Skolasky R Jr, Freeman JM. Effect of a high-fat ketogenic diet on plasma levels of lipids, lipoproteins, and apolipoproteins in children. JAMA 290(7), 912–920 (2003).
  • Vining EP, Pyzik P, McGrogan J et al. Growth of children on the ketogenic diet. Dev. Med. Child Neurol. 44, 796–802 (2002).
  • Liu YMC, Williams S, Basualdo-Hammond C, Stephens D, Curtis R. A prospective study: growth and nutritional status of children treated with the ketogenic diet. J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 103(6), 707–712 (2003).
  • Williams S, Basualdo-Hammond C, Schuller CR. Growth retardation in children with epilepsy on the ketogenic diet: a retrospective chart review. J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 102, 405–407 (2002).
  • Ballaban-Gil K, Callahan C, O’Dell C, Pappo M, Moshe S, Shinnar S. Complications of the ketogenic diet. Epilepsia 39(7), 744–748 (1998).
  • Bough KJ, Eagles DAA. Ketogenic diet increases the resistance to pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures in the rat. Epilepsia 40, 138–143 (1999).
  • Bough KJ, Yao SG, Eagles DA. Higher ketogenic diet ratios confer protection from seizures without neurotoxicity. Epilepsy Res. 38, 15–25 (2000).
  • Likhodii SS, Musa K, Mendonca A, Dell C, Burnham WM, Cunnane SC. Dietary fat, ketosis and seizure resistance in rats on the ketogenic diet. Epilepsia 41, 1400–1410 (2000).
  • Rho JM, Anderson GD, Donevan SD, White HS. Acetoacetate, acetone, and dibenzylamine (a contaminant in L-+-[β]-hydroxybutyrate) exhibit direct anticonvulsant actions in vivo. Epilepsia 43(4), 358–362 (2002).
  • Likhodii SS, Serbanescu I, Cortez MA, Murphy P, Snead OC 3rd, Burnham WM. Anticonvulsant properties of acetone, a brain ketone elevated by the ketogenic diet. Ann. Neurol. 54(2), 219–225 (2003).
  • Murphy P, Likhodii SS, Hatamian M, Burnham WM. Effect of the ketogenic diet on the activity level of Wistar rats. Pediatr. Res. 57(3), 353–357 (2005).
  • Zhao Q, Stafstrom CE, Fu DD, Hu Y, Holmes GL. Detrimental effects of the ketogenic diet on cognitive function in rats. Pediatr. Res. 55(3), 498–506 (2004).
  • Schwartzkroin PA. Mechanisms underlying the antiepileptic efficacy of the ketogenic diet. Epilepsy Res. 37, 171–180 (1999).
  • Stafstrom CE. Animal models of the ketogenic diet: what have we learned, what can we learn? Epilepsy Res. 37, 241–259 (1999).
  • Huttenlocher PR, Wilbourn AJ, Signore JM. Medium-chain triglyceride as a therapy for intractable childhood epilepsy. Neurology 21, 1097–1103 (1971).
  • Schwartz RM, Boynes S, Aynsley-Green A. Metabolic effects of three ketogenic diets in the treatment of severe epilepsy. Dev. Med. Child Neurol. 31, 152–160 (1989).
  • Trauner DA. Medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) diet in intractable seizure disorders. Neurology 35, 237–238 (1985).
  • Schwartz RH, Eaton J, Bower BD, Aynsley-Green A. Ketogenic diets in the treatment of epilepsy: short term clinical effects. Dev. Med. Child Neurol. 31, 145–151 (1989).

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.