Use of long-acting risperidone in psychiatric disorders: focus on efficacy, safety and cost–effectiveness

References

• American Psychiatric Association: practice guidelines for the treatment of patients with schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry154(Suppl. 4), 1–63 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andreasen N, Carpenter W, Kane J et al. Remission in schizophrenia: proposed criteria and rationale for consensus. Am. J. Psychiatry162(2), 441–449 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright E. Non-compliance – or how many aunts has Matilda? Lancet342, 909–913 (1993).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lieberman JA, Stroup TS, McEvoy JP et al. Effectiveness of antipsychotic drugs in patients with chronic schizophrenia. N. Engl. J. Med.353(12), 1209–1223 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiden P, Zygmunt A. Medication noncompliance in schizophrenia. Part I. Assessment. J. Pract. Psychiatry Behav. Health3, 106–110 (1997).
   Google Scholar
• Byerly MJ, Fisher R, Carmody T, Rush AJ. A trial of compliance therapy in outpatients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. J. Clin. Psychiatry66(8), 997–1001 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Remington G, Kwon J, Collins A et al. The use of electronic monitoring (MEMS) to evaluate antipsychotic compliance in outpatients with schizophrenia. Schizophr. Res.90(1–3), 229–237 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keith SJ, Kane JM. Partial compliance and patient consequences in schizophrenia: our patients can do better. J. Clin. Psychiatry64(11), 1308–1315 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Docherty JP, Kozma C, Grogg A, Lasser R. Antipsychotic maintenance in schizophrenia: partial compliance and clinical outcome. Presented at: ACNP 41st Annual Meeting. San Juan, Puerto Rico, December 8–12 2002, 179 Abstract 154.
   Google Scholar
• Kane J. Schizophrenia. N. Engl. J. Med.334(1), 34–41 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kane JM. Treatment adherence and long-term outcomes. CNS Spectr.12(10 Suppl. 17), 21–26 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiden PJ, Kozma C, Grogg A, Locklear J. Partial compliance and risk of rehospitalization among California Medicaid patients with schizophrenia. Psychiatr. Serv.55(8), 886–891 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valenstein M, Copeland LA, Blow FC et al. Pharmacy data identify poorly adherent patients with schizophrenia at increased risk for admission. Med. Care40(8), 630–639 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilmer TP, Dolder CR, Lacro JP et al. Adherence to treatment with antipsychotic medication and health care costs among Medicaid beneficiaries with schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry161(4), 692–699 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Law MR, Soumerai SB, Ross-Degnan D, Adams AS. A longitudinal study of medication nonadherence and hospitalization risk in schizophrenia. J. Clin. Psychiatry69(1), 47–53 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herings RM, Erkens JA. Increased suicide attempt rate among patients interrupting use of atypical antipsychotics. Pharmacoepidemiol. Drug Saf.12(5), 423–424 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ascher-Svanum H, Faries DE, Zhu B et al. Medication adherence and long-term functional outcomes in the treatment of schizophrenia in usual care. J. Clin. Psychiatry67(3), 453–460 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cahn W, Hulshoff Pol HE, Lems EB et al. Brain volume changes in first-episode schizophrenia: a 1-year follow-up study. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry59(11), 1002–1010 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoff AL, Svetina C, Shields G, Stewart J, DeLisi LE. Ten year longitudinal study of neuropsychological functioning subsequent to a first episode of schizophrenia. Schizophr. Res.78(1), 27–34 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson D, Woerner MG, Alvir JM et al. Predictors of relapse following response from a first episode of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry56(3), 241–247 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindenmayer JP, Grochowski S, Mabugat L. Clozapine effects on positive and negative symptoms: a six-month trial in treatment-refractory schizophrenics. J. Clin. Psychopharmacol.14(3), 201–204 (1994).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyer P, Lecrubier Y, Puech A, Dewailly J, Aubin F. Treatment of negative symptoms in schizophrenia with amisulpride. Br. J. Psychiatry166, 68–72 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bilder RM, Goldman RS, Volavka J et al. Neurocognitive effects of clozapine, olanzapine, risperidone, and haloperidol in patients with chronic schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. Am. J. Psychiatry159(6), 1018–1028 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barkic J, Filakovic P, Radanovic-Grguric L et al. The influence of risperidone on cognitive functions in schizophrenia. Coll. Antropol.27 (Suppl. 1), 111–118 (2003).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Peuskens J, Van Baelen B, De Smedt C, Lemmens P. Effects of risperidone on affective symptoms in patients with schizophrenia. Int. Clin. Psychopharmacol.15(6), 343–349 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buckley P. Efficacy of quetiapine for the treatment of schizophrenia: a combined analysis of three placebo-controlled trials. Curr. Med. Res. Opin.20(9), 1357–1363 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leucht S, Pitschel-Walz G, Abraham D, Kissling W. Efficacy and extrapyramidal side-effects of the new antipsychotics olanzapine, quetiapine, risperidone, and sertindole compared to conventional antipsychotics and placebo. A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Schizophr. Res.35(1), 51–68 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bagnall AM, Jones L, Ginnelly L et al. A systematic review of atypical antipsychotic drugs in schizophrenia. Health Technol. Assess.7(13), 1–193 (2003).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Molina V, Reig S, Sanz J et al. Increase in gray matter and decrease in white matter volumes in the cortex during treatment with atypical neuroleptics in schizophrenia. Schizophr. Res.80(1), 61–71 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Haren NE, Hulshoff Pol HE, Schnack HG et al. Focal gray matter changes in schizophrenia across the course of the illness: a 5-year follow-up study. Neuropsychopharmacology32(10), 2057–2066 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lieberman JA, Perkins DO, Jarskog LF. Neuroprotection: a therapeutic strategy to prevent deterioration associated with schizophrenia. CNS Spectr.12(3 Suppl. 4), 1–13 (2007).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Derry S, Moore RA. Atypical antipsychotics in bipolar disorder: systematic review of randomised trials. BMC Psychiatry7, 40 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith LA, Cornelius V, Warnock A, Tacchi MJ, Taylor D. Acute bipolar mania: a systematic review and meta-analysis of co-therapy vs. monotherapy. Acta Psychiatr. Scand.115(1), 12–20 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perlis RH, Welge JA, Vornik LA, Hirschfeld RM, Keck PE Jr. Atypical antipsychotics in the treatment of mania: a meta-analysis of randomized, placebo-controlled trials. J. Clin. Psychiatry67(4), 509–516 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sernyak MJ, Leslie DL, Alarcon RD, Losonczy MF, Rosenheck R. Association of diabetes mellitus with use of atypical neuroleptics in the treatment of schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry159(4), 561–566 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newcomer JW. Second-generation (atypical) antipsychotics and metabolic effects: a comprehensive literature review. CNS Drugs19 (Suppl. 1), 1–93 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dolder CR, Lacro JP, Dunn LB, Jeste DV. Antipsychotic medication adherence: is there a difference between typical and atypical agents? Am. J. Psychiatry159(1), 103–108 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Voruganti LP, Baker LK, Awad AG. New generation antipsychotic drugs and compliance behaviour. Curr. Opin. Psychiatry21(2), 133–139 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knox ED, Stimmel GL. Clinical review of long-acting, injectable formulation of risperidone. Clin. Ther.26(12), 1994–2002 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parellada E. Clinical experience and management considerations with long-acting risperidone. Curr. Med. Res. Opin.22(2), 241–255 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Möller HJ. Long-acting injectable risperidone for the treatment of schizophrenia: clinical perspectives. Drugs67(11), 1541–1566 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramstack J, Grandolfi G, D’Hoore P, Mannaert E, Lasser R. Long-acting risperidone: prolonged-release injectable delivery of risperidone using Medisorb® microsphere technology. Schizophr. Res.60 (Suppl. 1), 314 (2003).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ereshefsky L, Mannaert E. Pharmacokinetic profile and clinical efficacy of long acting risperidone: potential benefits of combining an atypical antipstychotic and a new delivery system. Drugs RD6(3), 129–137 (2005).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ereshefsky L, Lacombe S. Pharmacological profile of risperidone. Can. J. Psychiatry38(Suppl. 3), S80–S88 (1993).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eerdekens M, Karcher K, Remmerie B, Mannaert E. Pharmacokinetics and tolerability of long-acting injectable risperidone in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Res.70, 91–100 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gefvert O, Eriksson B, Persson P et al. Pharmacokinetics and D2 receptor occupancy of long-acting injectable risperidone (Risperdal Consta™) in patients with schizophrenia. Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol.8(1), 27–36 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mannaert E, Vermeulen A, Remmerie B, Bouhours P, Levron JC. Pharmacokinetic profile of long-acting injectable risperidone at steady-state: comparison with oral administration. Encephale31(5 Pt 1), 609–615 (2005).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Reidel M, Schwarz MJ, Strassnig M et al. Risperidone plasma levels, clinical response and side effects. Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci.255, 261–268 (2005).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kapur S, Zipursky RB, Remington G. Clinical and theoretical implications of 5-HT2 and D2 receptor occupancy of clozapine, risperidone, and olanzapine in schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry156(2), 286–293 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kapur S, Zipursky R, Jones C, Remington G, Houle S. Relationship between dopamine D(2) occupancy, clinical response, and side effects: a double-blind PET study of first-episode schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry157(4), 514–520 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Remington G, Mamo D, Labelle A et al. A PET study evaluating dopamine D2 receptor occupancy for long-acting injectable risperidone. Am. J. Psychiatry163(3), 396–401 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kane JM, Eerdekens M, Lindenmayer JP et al. Long-acting injectable risperidone: efficacy and safety of the first long-acting atypical antipsychotic. Am. J. Psychiatry160(6), 1125–1132 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fleischhacker W, Eerdekens M, Karcher K et al. Treatment of schizophrenia with long-acting injectable risperidone: a 12 month evaluation of the first long-acting 2nd generation antipsychotic. J. Clin. Psychiatry64, 1250–1257 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Os J, Bossie C, Lasser R. Improvements in stable patients with psychotic disorders switched from oral conventional antipsychotics therapy to long-acting risperidone. Int. Clin. Psychopharmacol.19(4), 229–232 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindenmayer JP, Eerdekens E, Berry SA, Eerdekens M. Safety and efficacy of long-acting risperidone in schizophrenia: a 12-week, multicenter, open-label study in stable patients switched from typical and atypical oral antipsychotics. J. Clin. Psychiatry65(8), 1084–1089 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gastpar M, Masiak M, Latif MA et al. Sustained improvement of clinical outcome with risperidone long-acting injectable in psychotic patients previously treated with olanzapine. J. Psychopharmacol.19(5 Suppl.), 32–38 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lasser R, Bossie C, Gharabawi G, Turner M. Patients with schizophrenia previously stabilized on conventional depot antipsychotics experience significant clinical improvements following treatment with long-acting risperidone. Eur. Psychiatry19, 219–225 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner M, Eerdekens E, Jacko M, Eerdekens M. Long-acting injectable risperidone: safety and efficacy in stable patients switched from conventional depot antipsychotics. Int. Clin. Psychopharmacol.19(4), 241–249 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lasser R, Bossie C, Gharabawi G, Baldessarini R. Clinical improvement in 336 stable chronically psychotic patients changed from oral to long-acting risperidone: a 12-month open trial. Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol.8, 1–12 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marinis TD, Saleem PT, Glue P et al. Switching to long-acting injectable risperidone is beneficial with regard to clinical outcomes, regardless of previous conventional medication in patients with schizophrenia. Pharmacopsychiatry40(6), 257–263 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmauss M, Sacchetti E, Kahn JP, Medori R. Efficacy and safety of risperidone long-acting injectable in stable psychotic patients previously treated with oral risperidone. Int. Clin. Psychopharmacol.22(2), 85–92 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Möller H, Llorca PM, Sachetti E, Martin SD, Medori R, Parellada E. Efficacy and safety of direct transition to risperidone long-acting injectable in patients treated with various antipsychotic therapies. Int. Clin. Psychopharmacol.20(3), 121–130 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubio G, Martinez I, Ponce G et al. Long-acting injectable risperidone compared with zuclopenthixol in the treatment of schizophrenia with substance abuse comorbidity. Can. J. Psychiatry51(8), 531–539 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chue P, Eerdekens M, Augustyns I et al. Comparative efficacy and safety of long-acting risperidone and risperidone oral tablets. Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol.15(1), 111–117 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bai YM, Chen TT, Wu B et al. A comparative efficacy and safety study of long-acting risperidone injection and risperidone oral tablets among hospitalized patients: 12-week randomized, single-blind study. Pharmacopsychiatry39(4), 135–141 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Medori R, Wapenaar R, de Arce R et al. Relapse prevention and effectiveness in schizophrenia with risperidone long-acting injectable (RLAI) versus quetiapine. Presented at: The Annual Meeting of the American Psychiatric Association. Washington, DC, USA, 3–8 May, 2008.
   Google Scholar
• Nasrallah H, Duchesne I, Mehnert A, Janagap C. Health-related quality of life with schizophrenia during treatment with long-acting risperidone injection. J. Clin. Psychiatry65, 531–536 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fleischhacker WW Rabinowitz J, Lasser R, Mehnert A. Perceived functioning and well-being and association with psychiatric symptomatology in clinically stable schizophrenia patients treated with long-acting risperidone for 1 year. Br. J. Psychiatry187, 131–136 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pecenak J, Tuma I, de Groot-Stam L et al. Improvement in personal and social functioning in schizophrenia patients treated with risperidone long-acting injectable: 6-month results from E-STAR. Presented at: The American Psychiatric Association Annual Meeting. Washington, DC, USA, 3–8 May 2008.
   Google Scholar
• Morosini PL. Development, reliability and acceptability of a new version of the DSM-IV Social and Occupational Functioning Assessment Scale (SOFAS) to assess routine social functioning. Acta Psychiatr. Scand.101(4), 323–329 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lasser RA, Bossie CA, Gharabawi GM, Kane JM. Remission in schizophrenia: results from a 1-year study of long-acting risperidone injection. Schizophr. Res.77(2–3), 215–227 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kissling W, Heres S, Lloyd K et al. Direct transition to long-acting risperidone – analysis of long-term efficacy. J. Psychopharmacol.19(5 Suppl.), 15–21 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Llorca PM, Sacchetti E, Lloyd K, Kissling W, Medori R. Long-term remission in schizophrenia and related psychoses with long-acting risperidone: results obtained in an open-label study with an observation period of 18 months. Int. J. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther.46(1), 14–22 (2008)
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Möller HJ. Long-acting risperidone: focus on safety. Clin. Ther.28(5), 633–651 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kane JM, Aguglia E, Altamura AC et al. Guidelines for depot antipsychotic treatment in schizophrenia. European Neuropsychopharmacology Consensus Conference in Siena, Italy. Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol.8(1), 55–66 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patel MX, Nikolaou V, David AS. Psychiatrists’ attitudes to maintenance medication for patients with schizophrenia. Psychol. Med.33(1), 83–89 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glazer WM. Review of incidence studies of tardive dyskinesia associated with typical antipsychotics. J. Clin. Psychiatry61(Suppl. 4), 15–20 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Consensus development conference on antipsychotic drugs and obesity and diabetes. Diabetes Care27(2), 596–601 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moller HJ, Llorca PM, Sacchetti E et al. Efficacy and safety of direct transition to risperidone long-acting injectable in patients treated with various antipsychotic therapies. Int. Clin. Psychopharmacol.20(3), 121–130 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gharabawi GM, Bossie CA, Zhu Y, Mao L, Lasser RA. An assessment of emergent tardive dyskinesia and existing dyskinesia in patients receiving long-acting, injectable risperidone: results from a long-term study. Schizophr. Res.77(2–3), 129–139 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindenmayer JP, Jarboe K, Bossie CA et al. Minimal injection site pain and high patient satisfaction during treatment with long-acting risperidone. Int. Clin. Psychopharmacol.20(4), 213–221 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Han C, Lee MS, Pae CU et al. Usefulness of long-acting injectable risperidone during 12-month maintenance therapy of bipolar disorder. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry31(6), 1219–1223 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yatham LN, Fallu A, Binder CE. A 6-month randomized open-label comparison of continuation of oral atypical antipsychotic therapy or switch to long acting injectable risperidone in patients with bipolar disorder. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. (Suppl. 434), 50–56 (2007).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Alphs L, Kujawa M, Macfadden W et al. Frequently relapsing bipolar disorder: evidence for an effective treatment using adjunctive risperidone long-acting injectable. Presented at: The American Psychiatric Association Annual Meeting. Washington, DC, USA, 3–8 May 2008.
   Google Scholar
• Lasser RA, Bossie CA, Zhu Y et al. Efficacy and safety of long-acting risperidone in elderly patients with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry19(9), 898–905 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lasser RA, Bossie CA, Zhu Y, Locklear JC, Kane JM. Long-acting risperidone in young adults with early schizophrenia or schizoaffective illness. Ann. Clin. Psychiatry19(2), 65–71 (2007).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Parellada E, Andrezina R, Milanova V et al. Patients in the early phases of schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorders effectively treated with risperidone long-acting injectable. J. Psychopharmacol.19(Suppl. 5), 5–14 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Emsley R, Medori R, Koen L et al. Long-acting injectable risperidone in the treatment of subjects with recent-onset psychosis: a preliminary study. J. Clin. Psychopharmacol.28(2), 210–213 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lasser R, Bossie CA, Gharabawi G, Eerdekens M, Nasrallah HA. Efficacy and safety of long-acting risperidone in stable patients with schizoaffective disorder. J. Affect. Disord.83(2–3), 263–275 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohl A, Westlye K, Opjordsmoen S et al. Long-acting risperidone in stable patients with schizoaffective disorder. J. Psychopharmacol.19(Suppl. 5), 22–31 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ciliberto N, Bossie CA, Urioste R, Lasser RA. Lack of impact of race on the efficacy and safety of long-acting risperidone versus placebo in patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. Int. Clin. Psychopharmacol.20(4), 207–212 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masand PS, Gupta S. Long-acting injectable antipsychotics in the elderly. Guidelines for effective use. Drugs Aging20(15), 1099–1110 (2003)
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masand PS. Side effects of antipsychotics in the elderly. J. Clin. Psychiatry61(8), 43–49 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leal A, Rosillon D, Mehnert A, Jarema M, Remington G. Healthcare resource utilization during 1-year treatment with long-acting, injectable risperidone. Pharmacoepidemiol. Drug Saf.13(11), 811–816 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chue P, Llorca P, Duchesne I et al. Hospitalization rates in patients during long-term treatment with long-acting risperidone injection. J. Appl. Res.5(2), 266–274 (2005).
   Google Scholar
• Niaz OS, Haddad PM. Thirty-five months experience of risperidone long-acting injection in a UK psychiatric service including a mirror-image analysis of in-patient care. Acta Psychiatr. Scand.116(1), 36–46 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor M, Currie A, Lloyd K, Price M, Peperell K. Impact of risperidone long- acting injection on resource utilization in psychiatric secondary care. J. Psychopharmacol.22(2), 128–131 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kozma C, Vallow S. Health resource utilization and costs pre/post risperidone long-acting injectable in a commercially insured population. Presented at: US Psychiatric and Mental Health Congress. New Orleans, LA, USA, 16–19 November 2006.
   Google Scholar
• Fuller M, Shermock K, Secic M. Hospitalization and resource utilization in schizophrenia following initiation of risperidone long-acting injection in the Veterans Affairs healthcare system. Presented at: Collegium Internationle Neuro-Psychopharmacologium (CINP) 25th Biennial Congress. Chicago, IL, USA, 9–13 July 2006.
   Google Scholar
• Eriksson L, Almqvist A, Mehnert A, Eriksson B. Long-acting risperidone significantly reduces the need for institutional psychiatric care. Presented at: American College of Neuropsychopharmacologists, 42nd Annual Meeting. San Juan, Puerto Rico, 7 December 2003.
   Google Scholar
• Olfson M, Marcus SC, Ascher-Svanum H. Treatment of schizophrenia with long-acting fluphenazine, haloperidol, or risperidone. Schizophr. Bull.33(6), 1379–1387 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young CL, Taylor DM. Health resource utilization associated with switching to risperidone long-acting injection. Acta Psychiatr. Scand.114, 14–20 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edwards NC, Locklear JC, Rupnow MF, Diamond RJ. Cost effectiveness of long-acting risperidone injection versus alternative antipsychotic agents in patients with schizophrenia in the USA. Pharmacoeconomics23(Suppl. 1), 75–89 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chue PS, Heeg B, Buskens E, van Hout BA. Modelling the impact of compliance on the costs and effects of long-acting risperidone in Canada. Pharmacoeconomics23 (Suppl. 1), 62–74 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Graeve D, Smet A, Mehnert A et al. Long-acting risperidone compared with oral olanzapine and haloperidol depot in schizophrenia: a Belgian cost–effectiveness analysis. Pharmacoeconomics23 (Suppl. 1), 35–47 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laux G, Heeg B, van Hout B, Mehnert A. Costs and effects of long-acting risperidone compared with oral atypical and conventional depot formulations in Germany. Pharmacoeconomics23(1), 49–61 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marder SR, Conley R, Ereshefsky L, Kane JM, Turner M. Clinical guidelines: dosing and switching strategies for long-acting risperidone. J. Clin. Psychiatry64(Suppl. 16), 41–46 (2003)
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Barnes T, Curson D. Long-term depot antipsychotics – a risk–benefit assessment. Drug Saf.10(6), 464–479 (1994).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pope HG Jr, Keck PE Jr, McElroy SL. Frequency and presentation of neuroleptic malignant syndrome in a large psychiatric hospital. Am. J. Psychiatry143(10), 1227–1233 (1986).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deng MZ, Chen GQ, Phillips MR. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome in 12 of 9,792 Chinese inpatients exposed to neuroleptics: a prospective study. Am. J. Psychiatry147(9), 1149–1155 (1990).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marder SR. Depot neuroleptics: side effects and safety. J. Clin. Psychopharmacol.6(Suppl. 1), 24S–29S (1986).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Glazer WM. Depot fluphenazine: risk/benefit ratio. J. Clin. Psychiatry45(5 Pt 2), 28–35 (1984).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glazer WM, Kane JM. Depot neuroleptic therapy: an underutilized treatment option. J. Clin. Psychiatry53(12), 426–433 (1992).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pereira S, Pinto R. A survey of the attitudes of chronic psychiatric patients living in the community toward their medication. Acta Psychiatr. Scand.95(6), 464–468 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marland GR, Sharkey V. Depot neuroleptics, schizophrenia and the role of the nurse: is practice evidence based? A review of the literature. J. Adv. Nurs.30(6), 1255–1262 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Svedberg B, Backenroth-Ohsako G, Lutzen K. On the path to recovery: patients’ experiences of treatment with long-acting injections of antipsychotic medication. Int. J. Ment. Health Nurs.12(2), 110–118 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wistedt B. How does the psychiatric patient feel about depot treatment, compulsion or help. Nord. J. Psychiatry49(Suppl. 35), 41–46 (1995).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walburn J, Gray R, Gournay K, Quraishi S, David AS. Systematic review of patient and nurse attitudes to depot antipsychotic medication. Br. J. Psychiatry179, 300–307 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamann GL, Egan TM, Wells BG, Grimmig JE. Injection site reactions after intramuscular administration of haloperidol decanoate 100 mg/ml. J. Clin. Psychiatry51(12), 502–504 (1990).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bloch Y, Mendlovic S, Strupinsky S et al. Injections of depot antipsychotic medications in patients suffering from schizophrenia: do they hurt? J. Clin. Psychiatry62(11), 855–859 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amdur MA. Impractical features of long-acting risperidone. Psychiatr Serv.55(12), 1443 (2004); author reply 1443–1444 (2004).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Keith S. Impractical features of long-acting risperidone. Psychiatr. Serv.55, 1443–1444 (2004).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Taylor D. Risperidone long-acting injection in practice – more questions than answers? Acta Psychiatr. Scand.114, 1–2 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nesvag R, Hendset M, Refsum H, Tanum L. Serum concentrations of risperidone and 9-OH risperidone following intramuscular injection of long-acting risperidone compared with oral risperidone medication. Acta Psychiatr. Scand.114(1), 21–26 (2006)
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simpson GM, Mahmoud RA, Lasser RA et al. A 1-year, double-bind study of 2 doses of long-acting risperidone in stable patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. J. Clin. Psychiatry67, 1194–1203 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keith SJ, Pani L, Nick B et al. Practical application of pharmacotherapy with long-acting risperidone for patients with schizophrenia. Psychiatr. Serv.55(9), 997–1005 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keith SJ, Kane JM, Turner M, Conley RR, Nasrallah HA. Academic highlights: guidelines for the use of long-acting injectable atypical antipsychotics. J. Clin. Psychiatry65(1), 120–131 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gharabawi GM, Lasser RA, Bossie CA, Zhu Y, Amador X. Insight and its relationship to clinical outcomes in patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder receiving long-acting risperidone. Int. Clin. Psychopharmacol.21(4), 233–240 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhanji NH, Tempier R. Managing schizophrenia during the stable phase: is there consensus among practice guidelines? Can. J. Psychiatry47(1), 76–80 (2002).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Citrome L. Olanzapine pamoate: a stick in time? Int. J. Clin. Pract. DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-1241.2008.01900.x (2008) (Epub ahead of print).
   Google Scholar
• Lauriello J, Lambert T, Andersen S, Lin D, Taylor CC, McDonnell D. An 8-week, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled study of olanzapine long-acting injection in acutely ill patients with schizophrenia. J. Clin. Psychiatry69, 790–799 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gopal S, Lindenmayer JP, Hough D et al. Safety and tolerability profiles of paliperidone palmitate injected into either the deltoid or gluteal muscle in patients with schizophrenia. Poster presented at: The American Psychiatric Association Annual Meeting, Washington, DC, USA, 3–8 May 2008.
   Google Scholar
• Nasrallah HA, Gopal S, Gassmann-Mayer C et al. Efficacy and safety of three doses of paliperidone palmitate, an investigational long-acting injectable antipsychotic in schizophrenia. Poster presented at: The American Psychiatric Association Annual Meeting. Washington, DC, USA, 3–8 May, 2008.
   Google Scholar
• Nahata T, Saini TR. Optimization of formulation variable for the development of long-acting microsphere based depot injection of olanzapine. Microencapsul.35(6), 426–433 (2008)
   Google Scholar
• Ereshefsky L, Mascarenas CA. Comparison of the effects of different routes of antipsychotic administration on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. J. Clin. Psychiatry64 (Suppl. 16), 18–23 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerlach J. Oral versus depot administration of neuroleptics in relapse prevention. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. (Suppl. 382), 28–32 (1994).
   Google Scholar
• Roy A. Suicide in chronic schizophrenia. Br. J. Psychiatry141, 171–177 (1982).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilkinson DG. The suicide rate in schizophrenia. Br. J. Psychiatry140, 138–141 (1982).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Altamura AC, Bassetti R, Bignotti S, Pioli R, Mundo E. Clinical variables related to suicide attempts in schizophrenic patients: a retrospective study. Schizophr. Res.60(1), 47–55 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar